Timeline of the Ilkhanate

Last updated March 17, 2023

13th century

1210s

Year	Date	Event
1217	15 October	Hulagu Khan is born to Tolui and Sorghaghtani Beki ^[1]
1218	autumn	Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia : Muhammad II of Khwarezm's forces clash with a Mongol army led by Jochi and Subutai, the battle ending inconclusively^[2]
1218	winter	Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia : A Muslim merchant delegation sent by Genghis Khan arrives at Otrar and the governor Inalchuq kills them, seizing their goods for himself; a sole survivor reaches Mongolia and alerts Genghis, who sends three more envoys to demand custody of Inalchuq - they are also killed^[2]
1219	fall	Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia : Ögedei and Chagatai take Otrar and massacres its population; Genghis Khan dispatches Jochi to conquer Syr Darya and another army to conquer Fergana ^[3]

1220s

Year	Date	Event
1220	15 February	Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia : Genghis Khan takes Bukhara and places Yelü Ahai in control of Transoxiana ^[3]
	16 March	Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia : Genghis Khan takes Samarkand and Muhammad II of Khwarezm flees to Nishapur; Genghis Khan dispatches Jebe and Subutai to destroy the sultan^[3]
	May	Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia : Jebe and Subutai take Balkh and capture Muhammad II of Khwarezm's mother Terken Khatun and family in the Zagros Mountains ^[4]
	winter	Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia : Muhammad II of Khwarezm dies^[3]
1221	March	Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia : Tolui destroys Merv ^[3]
	April	Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia : Jochi, Chagatai, and Ögedei destroy Urgench while Tolui takes Nishapur and Herat ^[3]
	spring	Battle of Parwan : Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu defeats a Mongol army led by Shikhikhutug in the Hindu Kush ^[3]
		Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia : Genghis Khan takes Termez ^[3]
		Siege of Bamyan (1221) : Genghis Khan takes Bamyan; Chagatai's son Mutukan dies in the process^[5]
	November	Battle of Indus : Genghis Khan defeats Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, who swims across the Indus River and escapes^[3]

1230s

Year	Date	Event
1231	August	Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia : Chormaqan defeats Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, who escapes only to be killed by an unknown Kurd; so ends the Khwarazmian dynasty ^[4]
1232		Tolui is struck by sickness and dies^[6]
1236		Mongol invasions of Georgia : Chormaqan subjugates Georgia and Armenia ^[7]

1240s

Year	Date	Event
1242		Mongol invasions of Anatolia : Mongols take Erzurum ^[8]
1243	26 June	Battle of Köse Dağ : Baiju defeats Kaykhusraw II and subjugates the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia ^[9]
1244		The Ayyubid dynasty gives tribute to the Mongols^[8]
1244		Badr al-Din Lu'lu' of Mosul submits to the Mongol Empire ^[10]

1250s

Year	Date	Event
1251	fall	Möngke Khan places Hulagu Khan in charge of North China ^[1]
1252	summer	Möngke Khan charges Hulagu Khan with the invasion of taking Baghdad ^[11]
1256	20 November	Hulagu Khan takes Alamut from the Assassins ^[1]
1256		Mongols defeat Kaykaus II at Aksaray and enthrone Kilij Arslan IV ^[12]
1258	17 January	Siege of Baghdad (1258) : Hulagu Khan sends a Mongol contingent across the Tigris River which suffers a defeat against Aybak ^[13]
	18 January	Siege of Baghdad (1258) : Baiju floods the enemy camp and attacks, driving them back^[13]
	29 January	Siege of Baghdad (1258) : Hulagu Khan lays siege to Baghdad ^[13]
	1 February	Siege of Baghdad (1258) : Mongol siege weapons breach Baghdad's Ajami tower^[14]
	3 February	Siege of Baghdad (1258) : Mongol forces take Baghdad's walls^[14]
	10 February	Siege of Baghdad (1258) : Al-Musta'sim, his sons, and 3,000 dignitaries surrender^[14]
	13 February	Siege of Baghdad (1258) : Mongols sack Baghdad ^[14]
	20 February	Siege of Baghdad (1258) : Al-Musta'sim and his family are executed; so ends the first Abbasid Caliphate ^[14]
		Hulagu Khan takes the title of Ilkhan, meaning "obedient khan"^[14]
	March	Öljei Khatun's brother Bukha-Temur sacks Wasit ^[1]

1260s

Year	Date	Event
1260	January	Siege of Aleppo (1260) : Hulagu Khan takes Aleppo from An-Nasir Yusuf; so ends the Ayyubid dynasty ^[1]
		The Principality of Antioch submits to the Mongol Empire ^[15]
	6 June	Hulagu Khan receives news of Möngke Khan's death and retreats to Ahlat ^[16]
	26 July	Battle of Ain Jalut : Qutuz of the Mamluks advance into Palestine and drive the Mongols from Gaza ^[16]
	spring	Hulagu Khan's son Yoshmut and commander Elege of the Jalayir take Mayyafaraqin and Mardin ^[1]
	August	Kitbuqa sacks Sidon ^[15]
	3 September	Battle of Ain Jalut : Qutuz of the Mamluks defeats Mongol forces under Kitbuqa and push them back to the Euphrates ^[16]
	10 December	First Battle of Homs : Baibars defeats a Mongol expedition into Syria ^[1]
		Toluid Civil War : Berke of the Golden Horde allies with Ariq Böke and declares war on Hulagu Khan ^[17]
1261		Mosul and Cizre rebel^[1]
1262	summer	Rebellions in Mosul and Cizre are suppressed^[1]
	November	Hulagu Khan kills his vizier Saif-ud-Din Bitigchi and replaces him with Shams al-Din Juvayni ^[18]
		Berke–Hulagu war : Berke of the Golden Horde allies with the Mamluks and invades Azerbaijan ^[17]
		Hulagu Khan gives Khorasan and Mazandaran to his son Abaqa and Azerbaijan to his other son Yoshmut ^[18]
1263	13 January	Berke–Hulagu war : Berke defeats Hulagu Khan's army on the Terek River ^[18]
1265	8 February	Hulagu Khan dies and is succeeded by his son Abaqa Khan ^[19]
1266		Berke–Hulagu war : Berke dies in Tbilisi and is succeeded by his grandnephew Mengu-Timur ^[19]

1270s

Year	Date	Event
1270		Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq of the Chagatai Khanate invades the Ilkhanate but suffers defeat at the battle of Qara-Su near Herat ^[20]
1271		Samagar raids Qalaat al-Madiq ^[21]
1273	January	Yisüder, brother of Abaqa, sacks Bukhara ^[22]
1277	15 April	Battle of Elbistan : Mamluks defeat Mongol forces at Elbistan ^[19]

1280s

Year	Date	Event
1281	29 October	Second Battle of Homs : Abaqa's brother Möngke Temur is defeated by Mamluk forces^[19]
1282		Abaqa dies and is succeeded by his brother Tekuder, a Muslim ^[19]
1284		Arghun, son of Abaqa, deposes Tekuder ^[19]

1290s

Year	Date	Event
1290		Golden Horde attacks Ilkhanate but is defeated by Arghun ^[19]
1290		Nawrūz rebels and fails^[19]
1291	7 March	Arghun is murdered by the very unpleasant Taghachar of the Baarin, who then enthrones Gaykhatu, Arghun's brother^[19]
1294		Gaykhatu copies the Yuan dynasty and tries to introduce paper money, which fails fantastically^[19]
1295		Taghachar deposes Gaykhatu and enthrones Baydu ^[19]
1295	October	Ghazan, son of Arghun, deposes Baydu and becomes ruler; also a Muslim ^[19]
1299	22–23 December	Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar : Ghazan defeats An-Nasir Muhammad of the Mamluks ^[23]

14th century

1300s

Year	Date	Event
1301		Ghazan makes a failed attempt to take Aleppo ^[24]
1303	20 April	Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303) : Mongol army under Kutlushah is defeated by the Mamluks ^[24]
1304	11 May	Ghazan dies and is succeeded by his brother Öljaitü ^[19]
1307	June	Ilkhanate tributizes Gilan, Ghazni, and Sistan ^[22]
1308	winter	Öljaitü converts to Twelver Shi'ism ^[22]

1310s

Year	Date	Event
1310		Kurds and Arabs in Erbil massacre the Christian population with the Ilkhanate's permission^[10]
1312		Ilkhanate seizes Ghazni ^[25]
1316		Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war : Conflict breaks out between the Chagatai Khanate and the Yuan dynasty and Ilkhanate ^[26]
1316	16 December	Öljaitü dies and is succeeded by his son Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan ^[22]
1318		Chagataid elements rebel in Khorasan ^[22]
1318		Öz Beg Khan attacks the Ilkhanate ^[22]
1319	13 July	Chupan defeats Mongol rebellions at the battle of Zanjan-Rud^[22]

1320s

Year	Date	Event
1323		Ilkhanate makes peace with the Mamluk Sultunate ^[22]

1330s

Year	Date	Event
1335	30 November	Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan dies and Ghiyas al-Din ibn Rashid al-Din enthrones Arpa Ke'un, a descendant of Ariq Böke; effective end of the Ilkhanate ^[27]
1336		Arpa Ke'un is defeated by 'Ali Padsah of Baghdad, who enthrones Musa ^[27]
1337		Musa is deposed by Hasan Buzurg, who enthrones Muhammad Khan ^[27]
1338		Muhammad Khan is deposed by Hasan Kuchak, who enthrones Jahan Temür ^[27]

1340s

Year	Date	Event
1346		Black Plague spreads to the Ilkhanate ^[27]

1350s

Year	Date	Event
1356		Shaikh Awais Jalayir sets up his own Jalairid Sultanate; so ends the Ilkhanate ^[27]

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References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Atwood 2004, p. 225.
1 2 Atwood 2004, p. 431.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Atwood 2004, p. 307.
1 2 Atwood 2004, p. 308.
↑ Atwood 2004, p. 81.
↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 372.
↑ Atwood 2004, p. 196.
1 2 Jackson 2005, p. 74.
↑ Atwood 2004, p. 331.
1 2 Atwood 2004, p. 323.
↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 405.
↑ Jackson 2005, p. 116.
1 2 3 Atwood 2004, p. 28.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Atwood 2004, p. 29.
1 2 Jackson 2005, p. 117.
1 2 3 Atwood 2004, p. 6.
1 2 Twitchett 1994, p. 412.
1 2 3 Atwood 2004, p. 226.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Atwood 2004, p. 234.
↑ Atwood 2004, p. 231.
↑ Jackson 2005, p. 167.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Atwood 2004, p. 235.
↑ Atwood 2004, p. 341.
1 2 Jackson 2005, p. 170.
↑ Atwood 2004, p. 86.
↑ Twitchett 1994, p. 504.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Atwood 2004, p. 236.

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[FOOTNOTEAtwood2004225-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Atwood 2004, p. 225.

[FOOTNOTEAtwood2004431-2] 1 2 Atwood 2004, p. 431.

[FOOTNOTEAtwood2004307-3] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Atwood 2004, p. 307.

[FOOTNOTEAtwood2004308-4] 1 2 Atwood 2004, p. 308.

[FOOTNOTEAtwood200481-5] Atwood 2004, p. 81.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994372-6] Twitchett 1994, p. 372.

[FOOTNOTEAtwood2004196-7] Atwood 2004, p. 196.

[FOOTNOTEJackson200574-8] 1 2 Jackson 2005, p. 74.

[FOOTNOTEAtwood2004331-9] Atwood 2004, p. 331.

[FOOTNOTEAtwood2004323-10] 1 2 Atwood 2004, p. 323.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994405-11] Twitchett 1994, p. 405.

[FOOTNOTEJackson2005116-12] Jackson 2005, p. 116.

[FOOTNOTEAtwood200428-13] 1 2 3 Atwood 2004, p. 28.

[FOOTNOTEAtwood200429-14] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Atwood 2004, p. 29.

[FOOTNOTEJackson2005117-15] 1 2 Jackson 2005, p. 117.

[FOOTNOTEAtwood20046-16] 1 2 3 Atwood 2004, p. 6.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994412-17] 1 2 Twitchett 1994, p. 412.

[FOOTNOTEAtwood2004226-18] 1 2 3 Atwood 2004, p. 226.

[FOOTNOTEAtwood2004234-19] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Atwood 2004, p. 234.

[FOOTNOTEAtwood2004231-20] Atwood 2004, p. 231.

[FOOTNOTEJackson2005167-21] Jackson 2005, p. 167.

[FOOTNOTEAtwood2004235-22] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Atwood 2004, p. 235.

[FOOTNOTEAtwood2004341-23] Atwood 2004, p. 341.

[FOOTNOTEJackson2005170-24] 1 2 Jackson 2005, p. 170.

[FOOTNOTEAtwood200486-25] Atwood 2004, p. 86.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994504-26] Twitchett 1994, p. 504.

[FOOTNOTEAtwood2004236-27] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Atwood 2004, p. 236.

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