| Tisamenus draconinus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Tisamenus draconinus, pair of a breeding stock from Cagayan | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Phasmatodea |
| Family: | Heteropterygidae |
| Subfamily: | Obriminae |
| Tribe: | Obrimini |
| Genus: | Tisamenus |
| Species: | T. draconinus |
| Binomial name | |
| Tisamenus draconinus (Westwood, 1848) | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
| |
Tisamenus draconinus is a species of stick insect in the family Heteropterygidae native to the Philippines. [1]
The species is elongated and is described as the spiniest of the genus. Females reach a length of 47 to 56 millimetres (1.9 to 2.2 in) and vary in color between dark and light brown. Dark brown specimens sometimes only have a light median line on the thorax. Males are 32 to 42 millimetres (1.3 to 1.7 in) long and are not quite as variable in color. The triangle on the mesonotum typical of the genus is flat and ends, as in Tisamenus lachesis , with interposterior mesonotal spines. The two front angles of the triangle in compound spines forming a toothed crest, the largest element of which is slightly removed from the actual angles. A pair of median metanotals, that is, middle spines on the metanotum, are present. The side edges of the meso- and metanotum are reinforced with long spines. There are only four spines on each side of the mesonatal margins, while there are usually five in similar species. On each side of the metathorax there is a lateral spine and a very large supraoxal spine, i.e. a spine located above the coxa. In contrast to many other Tisamenus species, Tisamenus draconina lacks median spines on the upper surface of the anterior segments of the abdomen. Instead, there are only flat nodules or tubercles here. A spine is attached to each side of the first four abdominal segments, with the front spines being longer and more pronounced than the rear ones. [2] [3]
While the first description only mentions the Philippines as a distribution area, James Abram Garfield Rehn and his son John William Holman Rehn specify this and state the sub-province of Apayao on Luzon as the locality of the eight specimens they examined. [3] [4] The origin of the breeding stock is in the neighboring province of Cagayan. The localities of Taiwan and Borneo seem doubtful. [1] [2]
John Obadiah Westwood described the species in 1848 under the basionym Phasma ( Pachymorpha ) draconinum and depicts a female. [4] As early as 1859 he transferred it to the genus Acanthoderus established by George Robert Gray in 1834. [1] Carl Stål names the species in 1875 as belonging to the genus Tisamenus described by him. However, in the combination of the generic and species names, he only names the newly described Tisamenus serratorius and Acanthoderus deplanatus, also described by Westwood, abbreviated as T. deplanato (today Tisamenus deplanatus ) and counts Acanthoderus draconinusWestw. only at the end as belonging to this genus. [5] While William Forsell Kirby followed this assignment in 1904 and named the species for the first time in combination with the genus name as Tisamenus draconinus, [6] Josef Redtenbacher 1906, Lawrence Bruner 1915 and also Philip Edward Bragg 1995 cite Stål with an alleged assignment of the species to Hoploclonia and calls it Hoploclonia draconina. In fact, Stål only names their type species Hoploclonia gecko in this genus. Redtenbacher mentions 1906 neither the work of Kirby nor its genus assignment and treats the species as a representative of Hoploclonia. He again depicts a female of the species and names specimens from Westwood from the Hofmuseum Vienna (now the Natural History Museum in Vienna) as well as specimens from Borneo from the collection of Staudinger (probably Otto Staudinger) and his own collection as the material examined. [2] Because Tisamenus draconinus does not occur on Borneo, Bragg assumes in 1995 and 1998 that the material was at least partially confused or mixed with Hoploclonia cuspidata , [7] although this was described by Redtenbacher in the same work using a female. [2] In 1939, Rehn and Rehn cite Stål's correct assignment, but transfer the species to Hoploclonia, just like all other representatives of this genus, and synonymize Tisamenus with it. The Philippine representatives they lead in Hoploclonia divide them into different groups according to morphological aspects. In the so-called Draconina group, they placed with Hoploclonia draconina, as well as the newly described Hoploclonia hystrix (today Tisamenus hystrix ) and Hoploclonia lachesis (today Tisamenus lachesis), very strongly spined, elongated and long-legged species. [3] Up to 2004, Tisamenus draconinus is continued in almost all works in Hoploclonia. [1] It was Oliver Zompro who put it back in Tisamenus as Tisamenus draconina together with all the other Philippine representatives, thus following both Stål and Kirby's assignment. [8] The use of the originally masculine species name ending "-us", adapted to the also masculine gender of the genus name, was only reintroduced in 2024. [1]
A female lectotype and a male paralectotype are found in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Both were selected as types by Bragg in 1995. Location information or further collection data are missing for both. Only the name of the collector is given as D. Cuming. [1]
On November 5, 2014, Thierry Heitzmann and Albert Kang collected two very differently colored adult females in a protected area near the Callao Cave in Cagayan Province. From the eggs laid by these females, a sexual breeding stock was established, which was distributed as Tisamenus sp. 'Cagayan'. It is one of the most widespread species of the genus. Frank H. Hennemann noted in 2023 that Tisamenus draconinius must be a breeding species and examined the breeding stock from Cagayan as well as another one from the island of Palaui, which is also located in Cagayan Province. The result showed that the breeding stock from Palaui belongs to a new species that has yet to be described, while the one from Cagayan was identified as Tisamenus draconinus.
The species is very easy to keep and breed. Various forage plants such as bramble, hazel, firethorn, ivy and St. John's-worts are eaten.
The Heteropterygidae is a family of stick insects belonging to the suborder Euphasmatodea. Species can be found in Australasia, East and Southeast Asia. About 150 valid species have been described.
Pylaemenes is a genus of stick insects in the family Heteropterygidae and subfamily Dataminae. It combines small to medium-sized, often brightly colored Phasmatodea species. Their representatives are found in large parts of Southeast Asia.
The Obriminae are the most species-rich subfamily of the Phasmatodea family Heteropterygidae native to Southeast Asia. It is divided into two tribe.
Hoploclonia is the only genus of the tribe Hoplocloniini and brings together relatively small and darkly coloured Phasmatodea species.
The genus Tisamenus native to the Philippines combines small to medium-sized species of stick insects.
Theramenes is a genus of medium-sized stick insects in the tribe Obrimini, which is native to the Philippines and to the Indonesian Talaud Islands.
Orestes mouhotii is an insect species belonging to the order of Phasmatodea. Because of its synyonym Orestes verruculatus, it is the type species of the genus Orestes. Because of its compact body shape, the species is sometimes referred to as small cigar stick insect.
Aretaon muscosus is a stick insect species from the family Heteropterygidae, which is native to Borneo.
Tisamenus serratorius is a stick insect species that occurs on the Philippine island Luzon. It is the type species of the genus Tisamenus.
Tisamenus deplanatus is a stick insect species native to the Philippine islands Luzon and Mindanao occurs.
Tisamenus fratercula is a stick insect species native to the Philippine island Luzon.
Tisamenus clotho is a stick insect species native to the Philippines.
Heterocopus is a monotypic stick insect genus, containing Heterocopus leprosus as the only valid species.
Haaniella saussurei is a species of stick insect native to Borneo and a typical representative of the subfamily Heteropteryginae. The occasionally used common name Saussure's Haaniella refers to the species name.
Pterobrimus is a monotypic genus of stick insects (Phasmatodea), containing the species Pterobrimus depressus, which is native to Fiji.
Tisamenus ranarius is a stick insect species (Phasmatodea), in the family of the Heteropterygidae native to the Philippines.
Tisamenus armadillo is a stick insect species (Phasmatodea) in the family Heteropterygidae, endemic to the Philippines.
Tisamenus hystrix is a stick insect species (Phasmatodea), in the family of the Heteropterygidae endemic to the Philippines.
Tisamenus lachesis is a stick insect species (Phasmatodea), in the family of the Heteropterygidae endemic to the Philippine islands Luzon and Polillo.
Obrimus mesoplatus is a stick insect species from the family of the Heteropterygidae native to the Philippine island of Luzon.
Data related to Tisamenus draconinus at Wikispecies
Media related to Tisamenus draconinus at Wikimedia Commons