Torque teno sus virus

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Torque teno sus virus
Informal group of swine viruses
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: incertae sedis
Kingdom: incertae sedis
Phylum: incertae sedis
Class: incertae sedis
Order: incertae sedis
Family: Anelloviridae
Groups included
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa

Torque teno virus (TTSuV, swine TTV, porcine anellovirus), belonging to the family Anelloviridae , is a group of virus strains that are non-enveloped, with a single-stranded circular DNA genome ranging from 2.6 to 2.8 kb in size. [1] These swine infecting anelloviruses are divided into two genera: Iotatorquevirus and Kappatorquevirus . [2] Torque teno sus virus has been found in pigs (Sus domesticus) worldwide. TTSuVs are mainly transmitted by fecal-oral route. [3] The prevalence of these viruses is relatively high. For now, there is not known disease caused exclusively by TTSuV. There is the possibility that TTSuV may worsen the progression of other diseases and therefore increase the economic losses for pig industry. [4]

Contents

History

In the nineties, Torque teno virus (TTV) was first found in a Japanese patient. In 2002, the genome of Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV), isolated from swine serum, was first sequenced in Japan. [2]

Taxonomy

TTSuVs belong to the family Anelloviridae . Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) is subdivided into two genera and three species. The genus Iotatorquevirus (TTSuV1) includes TTSuV1a, and the genus Kappatorquevirus comprises TTSuVk2a and TTSuVk2b. [5]

Structure

Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) is a non‐enveloped virus with a circular single‐stranded DNA genome of negative polarity ranging from 2.6 to 2.8 kb in size. [2] [1] The genome has three open reading frames, ORF1 (capsid), ORF2 and ORF3 and a highly conserved untranslated region. [2] Open reading frames (ORFs) encode approximately 500 (ORF1), 100 (ORF2) and 200 (ORF3) aminoacids. [2]

Viral spread

The virus is transmitted mainly by the fecal-oral route. The virus has been detected in a number of tissues including liver, brain, sera, semen, nasal secretion, lymph node, heart, liver, bone marrow, lung or spleen. [3] It was confirmed that the TTSuV can be detected also in bile. [4]

TTSuV is ubiquitous in pig farms worldwide. The prevalence varies between 31 and 90% for TTSuVk2 and between 17 and 100% for TTSuV1. Generally, the prevalence increases with the age of animals. [6] [4]

Clinical

TTSuV is commonly detected in healthy pigs. For now, there is not known disease caused exclusively by TTSuV. However, the co-infection with other swine pathogens is described. Probably, TTSuV could trigger the development of certain diseases or increase the severity of diseases. [7] Studies have shown that TTSuV could serve as a trigger in the pathogenesis of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) caused by Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). [8] However, it is still unclear whether the co-infection contributes to the PMWS or vice versa. [9]

Related Research Articles

Circoviridae is a family of DNA viruses. Birds and mammals serve as natural hosts. There are 101 species in this family, assigned to 2 genera. Diseases associated with this family include: PCV-2: postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome; CAV: chicken infectious anemia.

Porcine circoviral disease (PCVD) and porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD), is a disease seen in domestic pigs. This disease causes illness in piglets, with clinical signs including progressive loss of body condition, visibly enlarged lymph nodes, difficulty in breathing, and sometimes diarrhea, pale skin, and jaundice. PCVD is very damaging to the pig-producing industry and has been reported worldwide. PCVD is caused by Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2).

Betaarterivirus suid 1, commonly Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), is a virus that causes a disease of pigs, called porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), also known as blue-ear pig disease. This economically important, panzootic disease causes reproductive failure in breeding stock and respiratory tract illness in young pigs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Porcine circovirus</span> Species of virus

Porcine circovirus (PCV) is a group of four single-stranded DNA viruses that are non-enveloped with an unsegmented circular genome. They are members of the genus Circovirus that can infect pigs. The viral capsid is icosahedral and approximately 17 nm in diameter.

Porcine parvovirus (PPV), a virus in the species Ungulate protoparvovirus 1 of genus Protoparvovirus in the virus family Parvoviridae, causes reproductive failure of swine characterized by embryonic and fetal infection and death, usually in the absence of outward maternal clinical signs. The disease develops mainly when seronegative dams are exposed oronasally to the virus anytime during about the first half of gestation, and conceptuses are subsequently infected transplacentally before they become immunocompetent. There is no definitive evidence that infection of swine other than during gestation is of any clinical or economic significance. The virus is ubiquitous among swine throughout the world and is enzootic in most herds that have been tested. Diagnostic surveys have indicated that PPV is the major infectious cause of embryonic and fetal death. In addition to its direct causal role in reproductive failure, PPV can potentiate the effects of porcine circovirus type II (PCV2) infection in the clinical course of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS).

Kobuvirus is a genus of viruses in the order Picornavirales, in the family Picornaviridae. Humans and cattle serve as natural hosts. There are six species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: gastroenteritis. The genus was named because of the virus particles' lumpy appearance by electron microscopy; "kobu" means "knob" in Japanese.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Veterinary virology</span> Study of viruses affecting animals

Veterinary virology is the study of viruses in non-human animals. It is an important branch of veterinary medicine.

Anelloviridae is a family of viruses. They are classified as vertebrate viruses and have a non-enveloped capsid, which is round with isometric, icosahedral symmetry and has a triangulation number of 3.

Alphatorquevirus is a genus of viruses in the family Anelloviridae, in group II in the Baltimore classification. It encompasses many species of the virus formerly known as TTV, transfusion transmitted virus, or torque teno virus, SENV, SANBAN, and others. The genus contains 26 species.

Betatorquevirus is a genus of viruses in the family Anelloviridae, in group II in the Baltimore classification. The genus Betatorquevirus includes all "torque teno mini viruses" (TTMV), numbered from 1 to 38 as 38 species.

Gammatorquevirus is a genus of viruses in the family Anelloviridae, in group II in the Baltimore classification. It contains 15 species. The fifteen species are all named "torque teno midi virus" (TTMDV), number 1–15.

Iotatorquevirus is a genus of viruses in the family Anelloviridae, in group II in the Baltimore classification. It includes one species: Torque teno sus virus 1a.

Tetraparvovirus are a genus of viruses in the family Parvoviridae. There are six recognized species: Chiropteran tetraparvovirus 1, Primate tetraparvovirus 1, Ungulate tetraparvovirus 1, Ungulate tetraparvovirus 2, Ungulate tetraparvovirus 3, and Ungulate tetraparvovirus 4.

<i>Circovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Circovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Circoviridae. Birds and pigs serve as natural hosts, though dogs have been shown to be infected as well. It is a single stranded DNA virus (ssDNA). There are 49 species in this genus. Some members of this genus cause disease: PCV-1 is non pathogenic, while PCV-2 causes postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS).

<i>Coronavirus HKU15</i> Species of virus

Coronavirus HKU15, sometimes called Porcine coronavirus HKU15 is a virus first discovered in a surveillance study in Hong Kong, China, and first reported to be associated with porcine diarrhea in February 2014. In February 2014, PorCoV HKU15 was identified in pigs with clinical diarrhea disease in the U.S. state of Ohio. The complete genome of one US strain has been published. Since then, it has been identified in pig farms in Canada. The virus has been referred to as Porcine coronavirus HKU15, Swine deltacoronavirus and Porcine deltacoronavirus.

Kappatorquevirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Anelloviridae. Pigs serve as natural hosts. There are two species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: possibly post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS).

Canine circovirus, first isolated in 2012, is a small non-enveloped, icosahedral, single-stranded DNA virus that infects domestic dogs and wild canids exclusively. It is a member of the Circoviridae family and the genus Circovirus. There are currently 11 species of known circoviruses that have been identified to affect a wide variety of birds and mammals. As seen with all extensively studied circoviruses, the diameter ranges between approximately 15 and 25 nanometers. The icosahedral triangulation number is 1, the smallest size a viral capsid can be, in which there are a total of 60 protein subunits that make up the capsid. CaCV is not to be confused with canine coronavirus, another diarrhea-causing agent within the family Coronaviridae, or porcine circoviruses which are a members of the same genus as CaCV but only seen in pigs. CaCV was the first Circovirus to be identified that infects a mammal species other than pigs.

Betaarterivirus suid 2 is a species of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect domestic pigs. Members of the species are also known as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2. Member viruses are a type of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSV). The two types of PRRSV are distinguished by which genomic cluster they are associated with. Type 1 is associated with a LV cluster. Type 2 is associated with a VR2332 cluster.

<i>Redondoviridae</i> Family of viruses

Redondoviruses are a family of human-associated DNA viruses. Their name derives from the inferred circular structure of the viral genome . Redondoviruses have been identified in DNA sequence based surveys of samples from humans, primarily samples from the oral cavity and upper airway.

Xiang-Jin Meng, also known as X.J. Meng, is a Chinese-born American virologist. He is a university distinguished professor at Virginia Tech. He studies emerging, re-emerging and zoonotic viruses of veterinary and human public health significance. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2016, a Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors in 2014, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology in 2012.

References

  1. 1 2 Singh P, Ramamoorthy S (August 2016). "Lack of strong anti-viral immune gene stimulation in Torque Teno Sus Virus1 infected macrophage cells". Virology. 495: 63–70. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2016.04.028. PMC   4912913 . PMID   27179346.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Okamoto H, Takahashi M, Nishizawa T, Tawara A, Fukai K, Muramatsu U, Naito Y, Yoshikawa A (June 2002). "Genomic characterization of TT viruses (TTVs) in pigs, cats and dogs and their relatedness with species-specific TTVs in primates and tupaias". The Journal of General Virology. 83 (Pt 6): 1291–7. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-6-1291 . PMID   12029143.
  3. 1 2 Rogers AJ, Huang YW, Heffron CL, Opriessnig T, Patterson AR, Meng XJ (December 2017). "Prevalence of the Novel Torque Teno Sus Virus Species k2b from Pigs in the United States and Lack of Association with Post-Weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome or Mulberry Heart Disease" (PDF). Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 64 (6): 1877–1883. doi:10.1111/tbed.12586. hdl: 20.500.11820/7b9c4021-82e0-4e74-8378-b623e8ca54fc . PMID   27878979. S2CID   5078371.
  4. 1 2 3 Monini M, Vignolo E, Ianiro G, Ostanello F, Ruggeri FM, Di Bartolo I (December 2016). "Detection of Torque Teno Sus Virus in Pork Bile and Liver Sausages". Food and Environmental Virology. 8 (4): 283–288. doi:10.1007/s12560-016-9249-1. PMID   27294982. S2CID   24421736.
  5. ↑ "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  6. ↑ de Menezes Cruz AC, Silveira RL, Baez CF, Varella RB, de Castro TX (November 2016). "Clinical aspects and weight gain reduction in swine infected with porcine circovirus type 2 and torque teno sus virus in Brazil". Veterinary Microbiology. 195: 154–157. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.09.012. PMID   27771061.
  7. ↑ Nieto D, Martínez-Guinó L, Jiménez-Melsió A, Segalés J, Kekarainen T (October 2015). "Development of an indirect ELISA assay for the detection of IgG antibodies against the ORF1 of Torque teno sus viruses 1 and 2 in conventional pigs". Veterinary Microbiology. 180 (1–2): 22–7. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.08.023. PMID   26358897.
  8. ↑ Zheng S, Shi J, Wu X, Peng Z, Xin C, Zhang L, et al. (April 2018). "Presence of Torque teno sus virus 1 and 2 in porcine circovirus 3-positive pigs". Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 65 (2): 327–330. doi: 10.1111/tbed.12792 . PMID   29285888.
  9. ↑ Ozawa M, Kawabata T, Okuya K, Nagano K, Kanda T, Kanazawa N, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Taneno A, Deguchi E (December 2015). "Full genome sequences of torque teno sus virus strains that coinfected a pig with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in Japan: implications for genetic diversity". Archives of Virology. 160 (12): 3067–74. doi:10.1007/s00705-015-2593-x. PMID   26335893. S2CID   196109.
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