Tube-dwelling anemone

Last updated

Tube-dwelling anemones
Cerianthidae sp.jpg
Cerianthus sp.
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Subphylum: Anthozoa
Subclass: Ceriantharia
Subgroups

See text.

Tube-dwelling anemones or ceriantharians look very similar to sea anemones but belong to an entirely different class of anthozoans. They are solitary, living buried in soft sediments. Tube anemones live inside and can withdraw into tubes, which are composed of a fibrous material made from secreted mucus and threads of nematocyst-like organelles known as ptychocysts. Within the tubes of these ceriantharians, more than one polyp is present, which is an exceptional trait because species that create tube systems usually contain only one polyp per tube. [1] Ceriantharians were formerly classified in the taxon Ceriantipatharia along with the black corals [2] but have since been moved to their own class, Ceriantharia.

Contents

Ceriantharians have a crown of tentacles that are composed of two whorls of distinctly different sized tentacles. The outer whorl consists of large tentacles that extend outwards. These tentacles taper to points and are mostly used in food capture and defence. The smaller inner tentacles are held more erect than the larger lateral tentacles and are used for food manipulation and ingestion. [3]

A few species such as Anactinia pelagica are pelagic and are not attached to the bottom; instead, they have a gas chamber within the pedal disc, allowing them to float upside down near the surface of the water. [4] [5]

Taxonomy

Order Spirularia
Order Penicillaria [8]

A 2020 integrative study incorporating molecular phylogenetic reconstructions and morphological assessment across the three families recovered Arachnactidae as a well-supported clade, but did not recover Cerianthidae and Botrucnidiferidae as monophyletic, drawing into question the validity of the Spirularia suborder [9]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anthozoa</span> Class of cnidarians without a medusa stage

Anthozoa is a class of marine invertebrates which includes the sea anemones, stony corals and soft corals. Adult anthozoans are almost all attached to the seabed, while their larvae can disperse as part of the plankton. The basic unit of the adult is the polyp; this consists of a cylindrical column topped by a disc with a central mouth surrounded by tentacles. Sea anemones are mostly solitary, but the majority of corals are colonial, being formed by the budding of new polyps from an original, founding individual. Colonies are strengthened by calcium carbonate and other materials and take various massive, plate-like, bushy or leafy forms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Actiniidae</span> Family of sea anemones

Actiniidae is the largest family of sea anemones, to which most common, temperate, shore species belong. Most members of this family do not participate in symbioses with fishes. Three exceptions are the bubble-tip anemone, snakelocks anemone and Urticina piscivora.

<i>Pachycerianthus fimbriatus</i> Species of sea anemone

Pachycerianthus fimbriatus is a cerianthid anemone that burrows in substrate and lives in a semi-rigid tube made of felted nematocysts. The anemone is often seen in bright orange to red.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sea anemone</span> Marine animals of the order Actiniaria

Sea anemones are a group of predatory marine invertebrates of the order Actiniaria. Because of their colourful appearance, they are named after the Anemone, a terrestrial flowering plant. Sea anemones are classified in the phylum Cnidaria, class Anthozoa, subclass Hexacorallia. As cnidarians, sea anemones are related to corals, jellyfish, tube-dwelling anemones, and Hydra. Unlike jellyfish, sea anemones do not have a medusa stage in their life cycle.

<i>Peachia</i> Genus of sea anemones

Peachia is a genus of sea anemone in the family Haloclavidae. Members of this genus typically burrow into soft substrates. The only part of the animal that is normally visible is the oral disc and tentacles which lie flat on the sand in a star shape. The type species is Peachia cylindrica.

<i>Cerianthus</i> Genus of sea anemones

Cerianthus is a genus of tube-dwelling anemones in the family Cerianthidae. Members of the genus are found worldwide. They are predators, scavengers and omnivores.

Cerianthus lloydii is a species of tube-dwelling sea anemone in the family Cerianthidae. It is sometimes called the lesser cylinder anemone and is found in shallow seas around the coasts of north west Europe.

<i>Ceriantheopsis</i> Genus of sea anemones

Ceriantheopsis is a genus of tube-dwelling anemones in the family Cerianthidae. Members of the genus are found only in the Atlantic Ocean. They are predators, scavengers and omnivores.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Burrowing anemone</span> Species of sea anemone

The burrowing anemone is a species of tube-dwelling anemone in the family Cerianthidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cerianthidae</span> Family of sea anemones

Cerianthidae is a family of tube-dwelling anemones in the order Spirularia of the subclass Ceriantharia.

Ceriantheomorphe is a genus of tube-dwelling anemones in the family Cerianthidae.

<i>Ceriantheomorphe brasiliensis</i> Species of sea anemone

Ceriantheomorphe brasiliensis is a species of tube-dwelling anemones in the family Cerianthidae. It is found in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. It is currently listed as endangered based on a lack of evidence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arachnactidae</span> Family of sea anemones

Arachnactidae is a family of tube-dwelling anemones in the order Ceriantharia. It is the only family in the monotypic order Penicillaria and comprises around 38 species. They differ from other ceriantharians in the makeup of their cnidome, the relative sizes of the oral discs and the shape and structure of the mesenteries. These tube anemones dwell in parchment-like tubes immersed in soft sediment, and have two whorls of tentacles, the outer ones being much longer than the inner ones.

<i>Arachnanthus</i> Genus of sea anemones

Arachnanthus is a genus of tube-dwelling anemones in the family Arachnactidae. Members of the genus are found worldwide.

<i>Arachnanthus sarsi</i> Species of sea anemone

Arachnanthus sarsi is a species of tube-dwelling anemone in the family Arachnactidae. This species is found in the North Atlantic in subtidal sand or muddy sand at depths of 15–130 m.

<i>Pachycerianthus</i> Genus of sea anemones

Pachycerianthus is a genus of marine tube-dwelling anemones in the family Cerianthidae.

Isodactylactis is a genus of cnidarians belonging to the family Cerianthidae.

Cerianthula is a genus of cnidarians belonging to the family Botrucnidiferidae.

Botrucnidiferidae is a family of cnidarians belonging to the order Spirularia.

References

  1. ↑ Ceriello, Hellen; Costa, Gabriel G.; Bakken, Torkild; Stampar, Sérgio N. (October 2020). "Corals as substrate for tube-dwelling anemones". Marine Biodiversity. 50 (5): 89. doi:10.1007/s12526-020-01116-1. ISSN   1867-1616. S2CID   221885210.
  2. ↑ Appeltans, Ward (2010). "Ceriantipatharia". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 2017-12-21.
  3. ↑ Brusca, R.C. & Brusca, G.J. 2002. Invertebrates Second Edition Sinauer Associates. ISBN   0-87893-097-3
  4. ↑ Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 150–157. ISBN   0-03-056747-5.
  5. ↑ Annandale, N. (1909). "A pelagic sea-anemone without tentacles". Records of the Indian Museum. 3 (10): 157–162.
  6. ↑ Molodtsova, T. (2015). Botrucnidiferidae Carlgren, 1912. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2016-02-10.
  7. ↑ Molodtsova, T. (2015). Cerianthidae. In: Fautin, Daphne G. (2011) Hexacorallians of the World. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2016-02-10
  8. ↑ Tina Molodtsova (2011). "Penicilaria". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved January 20, 2012.
  9. ↑ Forero Mejia, Anny C.; Molodtsova, Tina; Östman, Carina; Bavestrello, Giorgio; Rouse, Greg W. (2020). "Molecular phylogeny of Ceriantharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) reveals non-monophyly of traditionally accepted families". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 190 (2): 397–416. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz158 .

Hickman; et al. (2008), Integrated Principles of Zoology (14th ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill, ISBN   978-0-07-297004-3

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.