Tube-dwelling anemone

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Tube-dwelling anemones
Cerianthidae sp.jpg
Cerianthus sp.
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Subphylum: Anthozoa
Subclass: Ceriantharia
Subgroups

See text.

Tube-dwelling anemones or ceriantharians look very similar to sea anemones but belong to an entirely different class of anthozoans. They are solitary, living buried in soft sediments. Tube anemones live inside and can withdraw into tubes, which are composed of a fibrous material made from secreted mucus and threads of nematocyst-like organelles known as ptychocysts. Within the tubes of these ceriantharians, more than one polyp is present, which is an exceptional trait because species that create tube systems usually contain only one polyp per tube. [1] Ceriantharians were formerly classified in the taxon Ceriantipatharia along with the black corals [2] but have since been moved to their own class, Ceriantharia.

Contents

Ceriantharians have a crown of tentacles that are composed of two whorls of distinctly different-sized tentacles. The outer whorl consists of large tentacles that extend outwards. These tentacles taper to points and are mostly used in food capture and defense. The smaller inner tentacles are held more erect than the larger lateral tentacles and are used for food manipulation and ingestion. [3] The tentacles of Ceriantharians are also venomous, similar to Cnidarians, which allows them to protect themselves from predators. The recent exploration of Ceriantharians and their venomous tentacles permits the exploration of the lineage of venom genes in Anthozoas. [4]

A few species such as Anactinia pelagica are pelagic and are not attached to the bottom; instead, they have a gas chamber within the pedal disc, allowing them to float upside down near the surface of the water. [5] [6]

Taxonomy

Order Spirularia
Order Penicillaria [9]

A 2020 integrative study incorporating molecular phylogenetic reconstructions and morphological assessment across the three families recovered Arachnactidae as a well-supported clade, but did not recover Cerianthidae and Botrucnidiferidae as monophyletic, drawing into question the validity of the Spirularia suborder [10]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cnidaria</span> Aquatic animal phylum having cnydocytes

Cnidaria is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic invertebrates found both in fresh water and marine environments, including jellyfish, hydroids, sea anemones, corals and some of the smallest marine parasites. Their distinguishing features are a decentralized nervous system distributed throughout a gelatinous body and the presence of cnidocytes or cnidoblasts, specialized cells with ejectable flagella used mainly for envenomation and capturing prey. Their bodies consist of mesoglea, a non-living, jelly-like substance, sandwiched between two layers of epithelium that are mostly one cell thick. Cnidarians are also some of the few animals that can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anthozoa</span> Class of cnidarians without a medusa stage

Anthozoa is a class of marine invertebrates which includes sessile cnidarians such as the sea anemones, stony corals, soft corals and sea pens. Adult anthozoans are almost all attached to the seabed, while their larvae can disperse as planktons. The basic unit of the adult is the polyp; this consists of a cylindrical column topped by a disc with a central mouth surrounded by tentacles. Sea anemones are mostly solitary, but the majority of corals are colonial, being formed by the budding of new polyps from an original, founding individual. Colonies are strengthened by calcium carbonate and other materials and take various massive, plate-like, bushy or leafy forms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hexacorallia</span> Class of cnidarians with 6-fold symmetry

Hexacorallia is a class of Anthozoa comprising approximately 4,300 species of aquatic organisms formed of polyps, generally with 6-fold symmetry. It includes all of the stony corals, most of which are colonial and reef-forming, as well as all sea anemones, and zoanthids, arranged within five extant orders. The hexacorallia are distinguished from another class of Anthozoa, Octocorallia, in having six or fewer axes of symmetry in their body structure; the tentacles are simple and unbranched and normally number more than eight. These organisms are formed of individual soft polyps which in some species live in colonies and can secrete a calcite skeleton. As with all Cnidarians, these organisms have a complex life cycle including a motile planktonic phase and a later characteristic sessile phase. Hexacorallia also include the significant extinct order of rugose corals.

<i>Edwardsia</i> Genus of sea anemones

Edwardsia is a genus of sea anemones, the type of the family Edwardsiidae. They have eight mesenteries and live in tubes in the sand. The name, in Neo-Latin, commemorates the French zoologist Henri Milne-Edwards.

<i>Pachycerianthus fimbriatus</i> Species of sea anemone

Pachycerianthus fimbriatus is a cerianthid anemone that burrows in substrate and lives in a semi-rigid tube made of felted nematocysts. The anemone is often seen in bright orange to red.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sea anemone</span> Marine animals of the order Actiniaria

Sea anemones are a group of predatory marine invertebrates constituting the order Actiniaria. Because of their colourful appearance, they are named after the Anemone, a terrestrial flowering plant. Sea anemones are classified in the phylum Cnidaria, class Anthozoa, subclass Hexacorallia. As cnidarians, sea anemones are related to corals, jellyfish, tube-dwelling anemones, and Hydra. Unlike jellyfish, sea anemones do not have a medusa stage in their life cycle.

<i>Cerianthus</i> Genus of sea anemones

Cerianthus is a genus of tube-dwelling anemones in the family Cerianthidae. Members of the genus are found worldwide. They are predators, scavengers and omnivores.

<i>Ceriantheopsis</i> Genus of sea anemones

Ceriantheopsis is a genus of tube-dwelling anemones in the family Cerianthidae. Members of the genus are found only in the Atlantic Ocean. They are predators, scavengers and omnivores.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Burrowing anemone</span> Species of sea anemone

The burrowing anemone is a species of tube-dwelling anemone in the family Cerianthidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cerianthidae</span> Family of sea anemones

Cerianthidae is a family of tube-dwelling anemones in the order Spirularia of the subclass Ceriantharia.

Ceriantheomorphe is a genus of tube-dwelling anemones in the family Cerianthidae.

<i>Ceriantheomorphe brasiliensis</i> Species of sea anemone

Ceriantheomorphe brasiliensis is a species of tube-dwelling anemones in the family Cerianthidae. It is found in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. It is currently listed as endangered based on a lack of evidence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arachnactidae</span> Family of sea anemones

Arachnactidae is a family of tube-dwelling anemones in the order Ceriantharia. It is the only family in the monotypic order Penicillaria and comprises around 38 species. They differ from other ceriantharians in the makeup of their cnidome, the relative sizes of the oral discs and the shape and structure of the mesenteries. These tube anemones dwell in parchment-like tubes immersed in soft sediment, and have two whorls of tentacles, the outer ones being much longer than the inner ones.

<i>Arachnanthus</i> Genus of sea anemones

Arachnanthus is a genus of tube-dwelling anemones in the family Arachnactidae. Members of the genus are found worldwide.

<i>Pachycerianthus</i> Genus of sea anemones

Pachycerianthus is a genus of marine tube-dwelling anemones in the family Cerianthidae.

Isodactylactis is a genus of cnidarians belonging to the family Cerianthidae.

Cerianthula is a genus of cnidarians belonging to the family Botrucnidiferidae.

Botrucnidiferidae is a family of cnidarians belonging to the order Spirularia.

<i>Ceriantheomorphe ambonensis</i> Species of sea anemone

Ceriantheomorphe brasiliensis is a species of tube-dwelling anemones in the family Cerianthidae. Very little is known about the species.

References

  1. ↑ Ceriello, Hellen; Costa, Gabriel G.; Bakken, Torkild; Stampar, Sérgio N. (October 2020). "Corals as substrate for tube-dwelling anemones". Marine Biodiversity. 50 (5): 89. Bibcode:2020MarBd..50...89C. doi:10.1007/s12526-020-01116-1. ISSN   1867-1616. S2CID   221885210.
  2. ↑ Appeltans, Ward (2010). "Ceriantipatharia". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 2017-12-21.
  3. ↑ Brusca, R.C. & Brusca, G.J. 2002. Invertebrates Second Edition Sinauer Associates. ISBN   0-87893-097-3
  4. ↑ Stampar, S. N.; Broe, M. B., Macrander, J.; Reitzel, A. M.; Brugler, M. R.; Daly, M. (2019). "Linear Mitochondrial Genome in Anthozoa (Cnidaria): A Case Study in Ceriantharia". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 6094–6094. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.6094S. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42621-z. PMC   6465557 . PMID   30988357.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 150–157. ISBN   0-03-056747-5.
  6. ↑ Annandale, N. (1909). "A pelagic sea-anemone without tentacles". Records of the Indian Museum. 3 (10): 157–162.
  7. ↑ Molodtsova, T. (2015). Botrucnidiferidae Carlgren, 1912. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2016-02-10.
  8. ↑ Molodtsova, T. (2015). Cerianthidae. In: Fautin, Daphne G. (2011) Hexacorallians of the World. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2016-02-10
  9. ↑ Tina Molodtsova (2011). "Penicilaria". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved January 20, 2012.
  10. ↑ Forero Mejia, Anny C.; Molodtsova, Tina; Östman, Carina; Bavestrello, Giorgio; Rouse, Greg W. (2020). "Molecular phylogeny of Ceriantharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) reveals non-monophyly of traditionally accepted families". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 190 (2): 397–416. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz158 .

Hickman; et al. (2008), Integrated Principles of Zoology (14th ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill, ISBN   978-0-07-297004-3

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