Turrid

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A shell of Zonulispira chrysochildosa Zonulispira chrysochildosa 002.jpg
A shell of Zonulispira chrysochildosa

Turrid, plural turrids, is a common name for a very large group of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks which until recently were all classified in the family Turridae. However, recently the family was discovered to be polyphyletic and therefore was split into a number of families.

Contents

The original family Turridae used to contain more than 4,000 species. [1] the Turridae (sensu Powell 1966) [2] It was the largest mollusk family and the largest group of marine caenogastropods. [3] There were approximately 27,000 described scientific names (accepted names plus synonyms) within the family Turridae. [4] Turrids constituted more than half of the predatory species of gastropods in some parts of the world (Taylor et al. 1980). [5] However, this very large family was shown to be polyphyletic, and in 2011 it was divided into 13 separate families by Bouchet, Kantor, Sysoev and Puilandre.

The single most complete collection of turrids in museums worldwide is in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia malacology collection; this is because of specialized collecting by the American malacologist Virginia Orr Maes (1920-1986). [4]

Distribution

Turrids are found worldwide in every sea and ocean from both poles to the tropics. They occur from the low-intertidal zone to depths of more than eight thousand metres (e.g., Xanthodaphne levis Sysoev, 1988, collected between 7974–8006 m, in the Bougainville Trench). However, most species of turrids are found in the neritic zone.

Shell description

Most turrids are rather small, with a height under 2 cm, but the adult shells of different species are between 0.3 and 11.4 cm in height.

The shape of the shells is more or less fusiform, varying from very high-spired to broadly ovate. The whorls are elongate to broadly conical.

The sculpture is very variable in form, but most have axial sculpture or spiral sculpture (or a combination of both). Others may be reticulate, beaded, nodulose, or striate.

The aperture of the shell very often has a V-shaped sinus or notch, an indentation on the upper end of the outer lip. This accommodates the anal siphonal notch, commonly known as the "turrid notch". The siphonal canal is usually open, varying from short and stocky to long and slender. The position of the turrid notch of the shell and the form and sculpture of the whorls have traditionally been the primary methods of classifying the turrids.

The columella is usually smooth and only seldom shows labial plicae. The operculum is horny, but is not always present.

Turrids are carnivorous, predatory gastropods. Most species have a poison gland used with the toxoglossan radula, used to prey on vertebrates and invertebrate animals (mostly polychaete worms) or in self-defense. [6] Some turrids have lost the radula and the poison gland. The radula, when present, has two or three teeth in a row. It lacks lateral teeth and the marginal teeth are of the wishbone or duplex type. The teeth with a duplex form are not shaped from two distinct elements but grow from a flat plate, by thickening at the edges of the teeth and elevation of the rear edge from the membrane. [7]

Female turrids lay their eggs in lens-shaped capsules.

History of the taxonomy

The turrids were perceived as one of the most difficult groups to study because of a large number of supra-specific described taxa, [8] which are complicated by their species diversity. [9] Although some species of turrids are relatively common, many are rare, some being known only from single specimens; this is another factor that makes studying the group difficult.

2011 taxonomy

The previous (2005) classification system for the group was thoroughly changed by the publication in 2011 of the article Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011) A new operational classification of the Conoidea. Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308. The authors presented a new classification of the Conoidea on the genus level, based on anatomical characters but also on the molecular phylogeny as presented by Puillandre N., et al., 2008. [10] The polyphyletic family Turridae was resolved into 13 monophyletic families (containing 358 currently recognized genera and subgenera) :

2005 taxonomy

According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, which attempted to set out a stable taxonomy, this group consisted of the following five subfamilies: [11]

Genera

Genera in the family Turridae used to include: [12] [13]

Related Research Articles

Conidae Family of sea snails

Conidae, with the current common name of "cone snails", is a taxonomic family of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Conoidea.

Conoidea Superfamily of predatory sea snails

Conoidea is a superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the suborder Hypsogastropoda. This superfamily is a very large group of marine mollusks, estimated at about 340 recent valid genera and subgenera, and considered by one authority to contain 4,000 named living species.

Pseudomelatomidae Family of gastropods

Pseudomelatomidae is a family of predatory sea snails, marine gastropods included in the superfamily Conoidea and part of the Neogastropoda.

Drilliidae Family of gastropods

The Drilliidae are a taxonomic family of small predatory sea snails with high-spired shells. They are classified as marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.

Cochlespirinae Subfamily of gastropods

Cochlespirinae was a subfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, belonging to the family Turridae, commonly named turrids.

Turrinae Subfamily of gastropods

Turrinae is a former subfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae the turrids.

Crassispirinae Subfamily of gastropods

Crassispirinae is a subfamily of small predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, belonging to the family Turridae, commonly named turrids.

Clathurellinae was a subfamily of small to quite large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.

Mangeliidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized, predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.

<i>Agladrillia</i> Genus of gastropods

Agladrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Drilliidae.

<i>Splendrillia</i> Genus of gastropods

Splendrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Drilliidae.

<i>Syntomodrillia</i> Genus of gastropods

Syntomodrillia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Drilliidae.

<i>Lucerapex</i> Genus of gastropods

Lucerapex is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.

Fusiturricula is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Drilliidae.

Borsoniidae Family of sea snails

Borsoniidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.

Horaiclavidae Family of gastropods

Horaiclavidae is a family of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.

Cochlespiridae Family of gastropods

Cochlespiridae is a taxonomic family of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.

Raphitomidae family of sea snails

Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.

Turridae Family of gastropods

Turridae is a taxonomic family name for a number of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.

<i>Microdrillia</i> Genus of gastropods

Microdrillia is a genus of very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Borsoniidae.

References

  1. ↑ Des Beechey (2003). Family Turridae. Turrids. Accessed 30 November 2007.
  2. ↑ Powell, A.W.B. (1966) The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 5, 1–184, 23 pls
  3. ↑ Bouchet, P. (1997) Inventorying the molluscan diversity of the world: what is our rate of progress? The Veliger, 40, 1–11.
  4. 1 2 Robertson R. (1987). "Virginia Orr Maes (1920-1986): Biography and <Malacological Bibliography". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 139: 527-532.
  5. ↑ Taylor, J.D., Morris, N.J. & Taylor, C.N. (1980) Food specialization and the evolution of predatory prosobranch gastropods. Palaeontology, 23, 375–409
  6. ↑ Duda, T.F., Jr., Kohn, A.J. & Palumbi, S.R. (2001) Origins of diverse feeding ecologies within Conus, a genus of venomous marine gastropods. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 73, 391–409.
  7. ↑ Kantor, Yuri I.; Taylor, John D. (2000). "Formation of marginal radular teeth in Conoidea (Neogastropoda) and the evolution of the hypodermic envenomation mechanism". Journal of Zoology . 252 (2): 251–262. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00620.x.
  8. ↑ Sysoev, A.V. (1993) Appendix 2 Genus-group taxa of Recent Turridae S.L. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London, Zoology, 59, 163–169
  9. ↑ Sysoev, A.V. (1991) Preliminary analysis of the relationship between turrids (Gastropoda, Toxoglossa, Turridae) with different types of radular apparatus in various Recent and fossil faunas. Ruthenica, 1, 53–66.
  10. ↑ Puillandre N., et al., 2008 " Starting to unravel the toxoglossan knot: molecular phylogeny of the “turrids” (Neogastropoda: Conoidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2008;47:1122-1134
  11. ↑ Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard; Ponder, Winston; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia . Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks. 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN   3-925919-72-4. ISSN   0076-2997.
  12. ↑ Turridae. WoRMS, accessed 3 October 2010]
  13. ↑ Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN   0-00-216906-1.

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