Typhoon Viola (1969)

Last updated
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

At 00:00 UTC (8:00 am CST) on July 20, the China Meteorological Agency started to monitor an area of convection, located nearly 535 miles to the southwest of Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia. [2] At the same time, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center started to monitor the disturbance, which was located unusually near the equator. [3] The system slowly moved to the northwest, due to a subtropical ridge, which was located near Mindanao. [3] There, it quickly organized with its convection wrapping near its obscured low-level circulation center as being seen by radar imagery, which is located on Guam. [3] Easterly wind shear also started to impact the system during that time, although the disturbance developed further. [3] At 12:00 UTC (08:00 pm CST) that day, the CMA upgraded the system to a minor tropical depression, with their estimates of 55 km/h (34 mph) on the disturbance. [2] On the next day, the system's organization became obscured due to moderate wind shear, although the CMA upgraded the depression to a tropical storm at 12:00 UTC (8:00 pm CST) based on their estimates of 65 km/h (40 mph). [2] Shortly before midnight, at 23:00 UTC (9:00 am ChST, the JTWC started to issue their first routined advisory as Tropical Depression 05W, based on synoptic data by the Caroline Islands and the same estimate by the CMA of 55 km/h (34 mph). [3] Early the next day, it was estimated that 05W is located, approximately 340 miles to the south of Guam. [4] Between 09:00 and 11:00 UTC (7:00 pm – 9:00 pm ChST), the system was upgraded to a tropical storm by the JTWC and was named Viola. [3]

After being named Viola, Viola brushed some islands, reefs, and shoals of the Caroline Islands as it moved to the northwest. A trough to its south turned the system to the north-northwest before intensifying to a severe tropical storm as it entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility, assigning the name Elang by the PAGASA. Shortly after, it further strengthened to a typhoon following an eye forming over the center, before rapidly intensifying to a Category 4 super typhoon as it battered the Northern Philippines, particularly the Batanes on July 26. It then reached its peak intensity early the next day, with maximum sustained winds of 240 km/h (150 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 896 hPa, equivalent to a super typhoon on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. Interaction with Taiwan and South China, unfavorable environment, and lack of outflow weakened Viola below super typhoon status until it made landfall near Hong Kong as a minimal typhoon on July 28. It rapidly weakened to a tropical storm and remained in that intensity until it further weakened on the midday of the same day below gale-force winds. Viola then degenerated to a remnant low afterward before dissipating on July 31 near Vietnam.[ citation needed ]

Impact

Philippines
Over 28 individuals died and 17 were missing due to the large circulation of Viola (known as Elang) in the Philippines. [5] [6] A boat capsized somewhere near Baguio due to large waves and strong winds from the typhoon, killing 7 out of 23 passengers. [7] Another landslide in the summer capital of the country killed three persons as they were trapped inside a house, never being rescued back. [8] [9] A woman was reported dead in an unknown place due to a mudslide. [10] Many towns and cities in the northern and central part of the country were isolated by floods from overflowed rivers. [5] Highways and main roads were also washed out and destroyed due to the floodwaters. [5] Power outages were also experienced by residents throughout Northern and Central Luzon. [10] Crops and farmlands were also destroyed, which costs thousands of dollars. [10] Low-lying floods were also seen in Manila. [11] Four provinces sustained the most catastrophic damages from the typhoon, although the total numbers were unknown. [11]
The typhoon struck during the visit of American president Richard Nixon in the Philippines. [11] [12] At the time the president visited the Malacañang Palace, foot-high waters were experienced by him. [13] [14] [15]
However, this was described as victory by the first woman to fly into the eye of Viola, which is Second Lieutenant Clemmer T. Slaton. [16] This also helped to estimate the lowest barometric pressure of the typhoon, which she and her team recorded at 896 mbar. [16] They went back into the Clark Air Base safe after the exploration. [16]
Formosa, British Hong Kong, and South China
In Formosa (present-day Taiwan), the outer circulation of Viola also affected the country. [6] [17] [18] The cliiffside highways were blocked and ferry services were suspended due to the typhoon. [17] Torrential rainfalls led to flash floods up to four meters throughout Formosa. [19] Over 1,292 houses were destroyed and seawater intrusion were seen and reported in Chiayi County. [20] A massive storm surge also destroyed houses and resorts in the southern part of the country, which described by some officials there as the most destructive tidal wave to hit Formosa in 50 years. [20] [21] 11 individuals were reported dead due to Viola throughout the country, while 63 more were injured. [20] The total damages were estimated at millions, but the numerical values were unknown. [20] [21]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1990 Pacific typhoon season</span> Typhoon season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1990 Pacific typhoon season was another active season. It has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1990, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1987 Pacific typhoon season</span> Typhoon season in the Pacific Ocean

The 1987 Pacific typhoon season was a below average season, though it featured a relatively high amount of typhoons. It had no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1987, but most tropical cyclones formed between May and November. Tropical storms that formed in the entire basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA. This can often result in the same storm having two names.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1978 Pacific typhoon season</span> Typhoon season in the Northwestern Pacific ocean

The 1978 Pacific typhoon season was a very active season that produced 31 tropical storms, 16 typhoons and one intense typhoon. It ran year-round in 1978, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1951 Pacific typhoon season</span>

The 1951 Pacific typhoon season was a generally average season with multiple tropical cyclones striking the Philippines. With the exception of January, each month saw at least one tropical system develop; October was the most active month with four tropical cyclones forming. Overall, there were 31 tropical depressions, of which 25 became tropical storms; of those, there were 16 typhoons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Zeb</span> Pacific typhoon in 1998

Typhoon Zeb, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Iliang, was a powerful typhoon that struck the island of Luzon in October 1998. It is tied with Cyclone Ron and Cyclone Susan in terms of minimum pressure, for the most intense tropical cyclone worldwide for 1998. The tenth tropical storm of the season, Zeb formed on October 10 from the monsoon trough near the Caroline Islands. It moved westward initially and quickly intensified. Zeb's inflow briefly spawned another tropical storm, which it ultimately absorbed. Developing an eye, Zeb rapidly intensified into a super typhoon, officially reaching maximum sustained winds of 205 km/h (125 mph); one warning agency estimated winds as high as 285 km/h (180 mph). After reaching peak intensity, the typhoon struck northern Luzon and quickly weakened over land. Turning to the north, Zeb brushed the east coast of Taiwan at a reduced intensity, and after accelerating to the northeast it moved through Japan. It became extratropical on October 18 and moved eastward over open waters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Babs (1998)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1998

Typhoon Babs, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Loleng, was a powerful typhoon that struck the Philippines days after Typhoon Zeb hit the same area. The seventh typhoon of the inactive 1998 Pacific typhoon season, Babs formed on October 14 between the Philippines and Guam. The storm moved westward initially, failing to intensify initially due to the outflow from Typhoon Zeb to the northwest. Babs slowed and briefly turned to the south before advancing to the northwest, whereupon it rapidly intensified into a strong typhoon. On October 20, the official Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) estimated peak 10‑minute winds of 155 km/h (96 mph), while the unofficial Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) estimated peak 1‑minute winds of 250 km/h (160 mph), making Babs an unofficial super typhoon. The storm struck the Philippine island of Catanduanes at that intensity and weakened slightly before hitting Luzon. Babs turned northward once in the South China Sea, later weakening due to unfavorable conditions and transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on October 27 in the Taiwan Strait.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2008 Pacific typhoon season</span>

This timeline documents all the storm formations, strengthening, weakening, landfalls, extratropical transitions, as well as dissipation during the 2008 Pacific typhoon season. The 2008 Pacific typhoon season officially started on January 1, 2008 and ended on January 1, 2009. The first tropical cyclone of the season formed on January 13. The timeline also includes information which was not operationally released, meaning that information from post-storm reviews by the various warning agencies, such as information on a storm that was not operationally warned on, has been included.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Angela (1989)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1989

Typhoon Angela, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Rubing, was an intense tropical cyclone that formed in late September 1989. The storm developed from a tropical disturbance in the monsoon trough and moved generally westward throughout its duration. The storm ultimately peaked in intensity as a super typhoon and struck northern Luzon in the Philippines. After weakening and traversing the South China Sea, Angela bypassed Hainan to the south and struck Vietnam before dissipating. The storm caused severe damage and 119 fatalities in the Philippines. Thousands of houses were damaged, and hundreds of thousands of residents were impacted by the typhoon. Monetary damage is placed at $8 million.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 Pacific typhoon season</span> Typhoon season in the Western Pacific Ocean

The 2018 Pacific typhoon season was at the time, the costliest Pacific typhoon season on record, until the record was beaten by the following year. The season was well above-average, producing twenty-nine storms, thirteen typhoons, seven super typhoons and six Category 5 tropical cyclones. The season ran throughout 2018, though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and October. The season's first named storm, Bolaven, developed on January 3, while the season's last named storm, Man-yi, dissipated on November 28. The season's first typhoon, Jelawat, reached typhoon status on March 29, and became the first super typhoon of the year on the next day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Gay (1992)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1992

Typhoon Gay, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Seniang, was the strongest and longest-lasting storm of the 1992 Pacific typhoon season and most intense globally in 1992. It formed on November 14 near the International Date Line from a monsoon trough, which also spawned two other systems. Typhoon Gay later moved through the Marshall Islands as an intensifying typhoon, and after passing through the country it reached its peak intensity over open waters. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) estimated peak winds of 295 km/h (183 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 872 mb (25.8 inHg). However, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), which is the official warning center in the western Pacific, estimated winds of 205 km/h (127 mph), with a pressure of 900 mbar (27 inHg). Gay weakened rapidly after peaking because of interaction with another typhoon, and it struck Guam with winds of 160 km/h (99 mph) on November 23. The typhoon briefly re-intensified before weakening and becoming extratropical south of Japan on November 30.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Francisco (2013)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2013

Typhoon Francisco, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Urduja, was a powerful typhoon that strengthened to the equivalent of a Category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson scale, according to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. The 25th named storm and the 10th typhoon of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season, Francisco formed on October 16 east of Guam from a pre-existing area of convection. With favorable conditions, it quickly intensified into a tropical storm before passing south of Guam. After stalling to the southwest of the island, Francisco turned to the northwest into an environment of warm waters and low wind shear, becoming a typhoon. The JTWC upgraded it to super typhoon status on October 18, while the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) estimated peak 10-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (121 mph). Gradual weakening ensued, and after the typhoon turned to the northeast, Francisco deteriorated into a tropical storm on October 24. Passing southeast of Okinawa and mainland Japan, the storm accelerated and became extratropical on October 26, dissipating later that day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Kim (1980)</span> Pacific typhoon in 1980

Typhoon Kim, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Osang, was the second typhoon in a week to directly affect the Philippines during July 1980. Like Typhoon Joe, Kim formed from the near equatorial monsoon trough in the northwestern Pacific Ocean on July 19. The disturbance tracked quickly westward-northwest underneath a subtropical ridge, reaching tropical storm strength on the July 21 and typhoon strength on July 23. After developing an eye, Kim began to rapidly intensify, and during the afternoon of July 24, peaked in intensity as a super typhoon. Several hours later, Kim made landfall over the Philippines, but the storm had weakened considerably by this time. Throughout the Philippines, 40 people were killed, 2 via drownings, and 19,000 others were directly affected. A total of 12,000 homes were destroyed and 5,000 villages were flooded. Less than a week earlier, the same areas were affected by Joe; however, Kim was considered the more damaging of the two typhoons. Land interaction took its toll on Kim, and upon entering the South China Sea, the storm was down below typhoon intensity. Kim continued northwestward but its disrupted circulation prevented re-intensification, and it remained a tropical storm until hitting southern China July 27 to the northeast of Hong Kong, where only slight damage was reported. Later that day, Kim dissipated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Lingling (2001)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2001

Typhoon Lingling, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Nanang, was a deadly typhoon that struck the Philippines and Vietnam in 2001 and caused 379 deaths. The name "Lingling" was given by Hong Kong. The 39th tropical depression, 22nd named storm, and 13th typhoon of the 2001 Pacific typhoon season, Lingling developed into a tropical depression on November 6 and given the local name Nanang by the PAGASA. The next day, it was upgraded into a tropical storm and given the name Lingling by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Lingling's intensity briefly stagnated as it moved over Visayas before resuming intensification and intensifying into a severe tropical storm on November 8. One day later, both the JMA and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) upgraded Lingling to a typhoon as it exited the Philippine archipelago and moved into the South China Sea. After intensifying into a typhoon, Lingling began to quickly intensify, peaking with 10-min sustained winds of 155 km/h (96 mph) and 1-min sustained winds of 215 km/h (134 mph), with a minimum central pressure of 940 mbar (28 inHg). Lingling began to weaken as it approached the Vietnamese coast, before making landfall on November 11 at 18:00 UTC. Lingling rapidly weakened afterward, dissipating on November 12.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2015 Pacific typhoon season</span>

This timeline documents all of the events of the 2015 Pacific typhoon season. Most of the tropical cyclones formed between May and November. The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator between 100°E and the International Date Line. This area, called the Western Pacific basin, is the responsibility of the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA). They host and operate the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC), located in Tokyo. The Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) is also responsible for assigning names to all tropical storms that are formed within the basin. However, any storm that enters or forms in the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) will be named by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) using a local name. Also of note - the Western Pacific basin is monitored by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), which gives all Tropical depressions a number with a "W" suffix.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Songda (2004)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2004

Typhoon Songda, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Nina, was the fifth-costliest typhoon on record. The 18th named storm of the 2004 Pacific typhoon season, Songda developed on August 26 near the Marshall Islands. Following a path that Typhoon Chaba took nine days prior, Songda moved west-northwestward and strengthened quickly amid favorable conditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Nock-ten</span> Pacific typhoon in 2016

Typhoon Nock-ten, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Nina, was the strongest Christmas Day tropical cyclone worldwide in terms of 1-minute sustained winds. Forming as a tropical depression southeast of Yap and strengthening into the twenty-sixth tropical storm of the annual typhoon season on December 21, 2016, Nock-ten intensified into the thirteenth typhoon of the season on December 23. Soon afterwards, the system underwent explosive intensification and became a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon early on December 25. Nock-ten weakened shortly afterwards before making eight landfalls over the Philippines. The typhoon weakened rapidly due to the landfalls as it entered the South China Sea on December 26, turned southwest, and ultimately dissipated on December 28 due to the winter monsoon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Wutip (2019)</span> Pacific typhoon in 2019

Typhoon Wutip, known in the Philippines as Tropical Depression Betty, was the most powerful February typhoon on record, surpassing Typhoon Higos of 2015. The third tropical cyclone, second tropical storm, and the first typhoon of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season, Wutip originated from a low-pressure area on February 16, 2019, that generally tracked westward, passing just south of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), before organizing into a tropical depression on February 18. The depression was later classified a tropical storm a day later, attaining the name Wutip from the Japan Meteorological Agency. The storm gradually intensified as it turned northwest, before it underwent rapid intensification on February 23, while passing to the southwest of Guam, and reached its first peak intensity. With winds of 270 km/h (165 mph) estimated by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, Wutip became the first Category 5-equivalent super typhoon on record in the month of February. Wutip underwent an eyewall replacement cycle shortly afterward and weakened. The storm finished its cycle on February 24, rapidly intensifying once again. Wutip reached a secondary peak intensity the following day, again attaining Category 5-equivalent winds. Thereafter, Wutip rapidly weakened for the rest of its lifespan from strong vertical wind shear, before dissipating over the Philippine Sea on March 2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Jane</span> 1950 Pacific typhoon

Typhoon Jane was a catastrophic and deadly tropical cyclone that left significant effects to Japan during the 1950 Pacific typhoon season. It caused over 398 reported deaths and 141 to be missing, mainly due to the landslides and flooding. It also destroyed some battle and cargo ships. The sixth reported typhoon of the season, Jane was first mentioned in weather maps as a tropical depression to the east of the Philippines. It quickly strengthened to a tropical storm as it moved to the northwest. It then curved to the northeast, reaching its peak intensity of 185 km/h before weakening and striking Minami in Tokushima Prefecture on September 3 as a Category 2 typhoon. It quickly weakened, passing through the Awaji Island and Kobe before becoming extratropical in the Sea of Japan on the same day. The extratropical remnants of the system persisted until it was no longer tracked on September 7.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Kyle (1993)</span> Western Pacific typhoon in 1993

Typhoon Kyle, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Luring, was the first of five deadly tropical cyclones that affected and impacted the Philippines and Vietnam during the 1993 Pacific typhoon season. The twenty-seventh named storm and thirteenth typhoon of the season, Kyle formed from a monsoon depression near Palau, associated with bursts of scattered convection. It then drifted west-northwest, strengthening to a tropical storm the next day. Land interaction prevented further intensification, and it crossed through the central Philippines while maintaining its intensity on November 20. Upon entering the South China Sea, the system strengthened to a severe tropical storm before rapidly intensifying to a typhoon, three days later. It soon reached its peak intensity that day, with one-minute maximum sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph), equivalent to a mid-level Category 2 typhoon. It held its strength until landfall in Vietnam later that evening. Weakening through the mountainous terrain of the country, it dissipated near the Cambodia–Thailand border on November 24.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoon Manny</span> Pacific typhoon in 1993

Typhoon Manny, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Naning, was a long-lived and deadly tropical cyclone that struck the Philippines during the 1993 Pacific typhoon season. It was the second typhoon to hit the Visayas, in the central Philippines, that year, following Kyle. The twenty-ninth named storm and fifteenth typhoon of the season, the system formed from a near-equatorial trough that also spawned Lola during the month in the east Caroline Islands on December 3. Moving northwestwards, it strengthened to a tropical storm on the next day before intensifying further to a severe tropical storm that night. The system attained typhoon status on December 8, while making an anticyclonic loop, nearly the same as Pamela, 11 years later. It then rapidly intensified while moving to the southwest, with the typhoon reaching its peak of 220 km/h (135 mph) and an unusually high barometric pressure of 960 mbar before crossing the central Philippines on December 10 and 11. It soon moved through the South China Sea as a tropical storm before weakening to a tropical depression as it encountered high wind shear. However, it restrengthened back to a tropical storm as it moved back again to a favorable environment before passing to the south of Vietnam as the system weakened back below gale-force winds. It then dissipated on December 16 as it passed through Thailand.

References

  1. ↑ "Typhoon Kills 10,000". The Miami Herald. 1969-08-18. p. 86. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  2. 1 2 3 "IBTrACS - International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship". ibtracs.unca.edu. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Annual Tropical Cyclone Report of 1969" (PDF). Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  4. ↑ "METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS OF 1969" (PDF). Hong Kong Observatory . Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  5. 1 2 3 "28 Filipinos Die In Typhoon Viola". The Des Moines Register. 1969-07-29. p. 5. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  6. 1 2 "Digest of the News". The Town Talk. 1969-07-28. p. 1. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  7. ↑ "TYPHOON VIOLA". The Des Moines Register. 1969-07-28. p. 8. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  8. ↑ "Typhoon Viola Hits Philippines". Los Angeles Evening Citizen News. 1969-07-28. p. 3. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  9. ↑ "Typhoon Kills Seven". The Spokesman-Review. 1969-07-28. p. 12. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  10. 1 2 3 "11 dead in Philippines; Viola heads for China". Arizona Republic. 1969-07-28. p. 2. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  11. 1 2 3 "Typhoon Viola Leaves Northern Philippines". Tampa Bay Times. 1969-07-28. p. 3. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  12. ↑ "Typhoon Rains To Fall During Nixon's Visit". The Bee. 1969-07-25. p. 7. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  13. ↑ "Nixon cites new self-help policy". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 1969-07-27. p. 1. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  14. ↑ "Warning Is Issued By Nixon". The Times Recorder. 1969-07-27. p. 1. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  15. ↑ "Nixon: Asia Chief War Danger Spot". The Press Democrat. 1969-07-27. p. 1. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  16. 1 2 3 "First Woman To Fly Into Eye-And-Teeth-Of Typhoon". Guam Daily News. 1969-08-17. p. 16. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  17. 1 2 "Typhoon Viola Rains Lash Formosan Coast". The Springfield News-Leader. 1969-07-28. p. 5. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  18. ↑ "Typhoon Viola Batters Formosa". The Courier-Journal. 1969-07-28. p. 2. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  19. ↑ "Formosa Battered By Typhoon Viola". The Tennessean. 1969-07-28. p. 8. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  20. 1 2 3 4 "Wave smashes Formosa". The Minneapolis Star. 1969-07-29. p. 1. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  21. 1 2 "Typhoon Routs Formosans". The News Journal. 1969-07-29. p. 34. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
Typhoon Viola (Elang)
ViolaJuly261969.jpg
Viola nearing peak intensity on July 26, with the system starting to batter the Northern Luzon that day.