Unyeada Kingdom

Last updated

Unyeada
Ancient Kingdom
Nigeria location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Unyeada
Coordinates: 4°31′51″N7°26′40″E / 4.53083°N 7.44444°E / 4.53083; 7.44444
CountryNigeria
State Rivers State
LGA Andoni
Elevation
9 m (30 ft)

The Unyeada Kingdom, sometimes referred to as "Ayanda" a corrupted version of Unyeada, some literal version interpreted it as (Unye Eda) "prowess of Edabiri". Unyeada is an ancient riverine settlement (Kingdom) located in western part of Obolo Land, administratively in Andoni Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. [1] Situated in the south of Ogoni tribe and Kingdom of Bonny to the west and Eastern Obolo to the east. Unyeada territory stretches from Iburubu Sea near the mouth of Andoni River to Okwan Obbu or Imo River.

Contents

Geography

The Kingdom of Unyeada is densely populated among Obolo (Andoni) cluster. In the Pre-colonial era, Unyeada Kingdom spanned from the east of Bonny Island to Ikot-Abasi and Eastern Obolo to the west and bounded by Ogoni people to the north and to the south is the Andoni Island. The natural boundaries of Unyeada Kingdom stretches from the Iburubu Sea (mouth of Andoni River) to the Imo River covering a total area of approximately 146km2. [2]

The topography is generally a low lying mangroves swamp with occasional islands among the network of brackish creeks. This area potends an unusual ecotourism potential and enormous oil and gas reserves. Demographically, Unyeada people (as recorded in the 1963 Nigerian population census) had a population growth figure of 25,442. [3] The number doesn't include the population of migrant fishermen.The projected figures for 1999 population census in Nigeria recorded a total of 80,651 for Unyeada Kingdom. Similarly, using Regression Analysis and the assumption of 2.5 percent annual growth rate, the population of Unyeada Kingdom was estimated at 93,053 by 2002. [4]

Andoni after Nigerian Independence was divided into three Clans (Unyeada, Ngo and Okorotte) in the Eastern Region, Nigeria.

Unyeada Town is the traditional headquarters of Unyeada Kingdom. in the time past, Unyeada Town was the administrative headquarters of Unyeada Clan which comprises Asarama, Egendem and Dema communities. Presently, There are many communities that made up Unyeada Kingdom, prominent towns include, Isiodum, Egbomu, Dema, Ibot-irem, Samanga and Ajakajak. It's administratively divided into two namely: Unyeada District and Isi-Okwan District.

History

Origin and Migration

Oral tradition in Unyeada suggests that the ancestors of Unyeada led by the progenitor Edabiri, a warrior migrated through the Old Benin Empire and Ijaw contraption from Egypt to settled in a place near the present Itsekiri and later to the Ayama (Nyamkpo) around 12th century BC. They are believed to be among the first settlers in the Eastern Delta, King Edabiri and his men discovered upper Andoni River and settled at a place called Ebon-Isebeke and later to Ebon-Akpon, (the site of Old Unyeada). [5]

Another account claimed the migration took them along with other Obolo leaders, Ede, Asa, Alama, Efop, and Abah through to Urombi (Ramby) in the coastal contraption of the present Nigeria-Cameroon border, where they were faced with economic hardship as a result of war with the Bantu peoples before receding westward to Eastern Delta where they are today. The later is widely acceptable by major historical works on Obolo people. The Unyeada people speak Obolo language classified as Cross River language, the attrition of their original Ijaw language alluded to this fact. [6] [7]

Lineages in Unyeada Kingdom

These are four ancestral lineages that laid the foundation of Unyeada Kingdom, each were led by allies of King Edabiri of Old Unyeada.

Old Unyeada (Ayanda)

The name Old Unyeada connotes power and wealth, it was the cradle of Obolo nation in the Pre-colonial Eastern Delta. Many antiques from the site of Old Unyeada (Ebon-Akpon) are similar to the Obolo sacred item collected from the alter of the Obolo National god called Yok-Obolo at Agwut-Obolo during the 1904 British Punitive Expedition Against Obolo people. Unyeada was a notable contemporary to Eastern Delta's city-states especially the Kingdom of Bonny. [8]

Recorded evidence shows that Old Unyeada featured prominently in the Trans-Atlantic trade. Owing to its location on the estuaries of Andoni River and Imo River which access major hinterland markets hence Old Unyeada possess a significant controls to the hinterland market. Adadonye Fombo, in his historiography describes Unyeada as "the most prosperous" of Andoni settlements during the pre-colonial era. Thus, Old Unyeada was by its strategic location in the Trans-Atlantic trade route, potends an economic and historical relevance in Eastern Delta and Obolo (Andoni) leadership.

Reign of King Otuo Ogbolakon

According to Silas Eneyo in his work, "King Otuo Ogbalakon and the Leadership of Pre-colonial Obolo (Andoni)", King Otuo Ogbolakon of Unyeada was born at Old Unyeada in Egwe Eda (lineage of Eda) Eda in 1770. He was the Blue Blood to royalty of the Old Unyeada through his mother, Princess Ariaunwa, who, according to many writers, had inherited the rulership of Old Unyeada from her father, King Ikana Kpok probably as a regent. She married Prince Ogbolakon of Alabie (Agwut-Obolo) and begat Otuo.

King Edabiri Dynasty

The young King Otuo Ogbalakon inherited a well-organized monarchy and was trained in the mastery of warfare of Old Unyeada. The King or Okaan-Ama is the traditional head of all the heads Okaan-Ibirinya of lineages. Each of the lineages (Ibirinya) possesses a number of major War-canoe Houses (Egwe) which are manned by Okaan-Egwe. The Okaan-Egwes who more-or-less High Chiefs control fleet of family chiefs who take charge of the family units (Otoko).

Though, King Otuo Ogbolakon ascended the throne at a tender age but he was able to reorganized some traditional institutions and safeguards such as the Ofiokpo cult and Emen Ogbologbo in Old Unyeada.

He was faced with significant challenges. Internally, the regency of his mother Queen Ariaunwa was negatively affected by the ambitions of leaders of some of the political leaders of Old Unyeada. During the Interregnum the leaders of Ibirinya Otibok were already challenging the supremacy of the royal cult of Ofiokpo with their own cult of Agriba.Agriba, was a war deity of Bonny ancestry was said to have captured from the Ibani tribe by the Otibok War canoe during the reign of Ikana. Old Unyeada oral evidence proved that King Otuo Ogbalakon eventually tested his royal power of Eda Dynasty. Agriba was defeated and the political leadership of Otibok withdrawn their coup d'état.

Externally, the trend of event during the reign of King Otuo Ogbolakon coincided with the period of transition from Trans-Atlantic slaves trading to the trade in palm oil. The quest to control the trade in Africa by the European superpowers was the major factor that breeds competition and belligerent among different Kingdoms in the Eastern Niger Delta. The Kingdom of Bonny was at this time the commercial and political centre of the Niger Delta and maintained the lead in the new trade. The primary concern of King Otuo Ogbolakon appears to be the consolidation of Andoni participation in the trade. He presented an affordable trading access and established his presence in the Ogoni hinterland markets of Ewe Ekoro, Ewe Atat (Du Nyere) and Ewe Isen. He also traded with the Ndoki people. [9]

Bonny-Andoni War (1839–1846)

[10]

Different writers on this economic war all agreed that it lasted for seven years, Silas Eneyo did extensively on the periods of interval between the writers " E. M. T. Epelle, an Opobo historian put the period at 1836 to 1846 while Dr. N. C Ejituwu places it between 1839 and 1846. Professor Kenneth Dike specifically refers to 1846 the date of famous" Bonny – Andoni War". The war was fueled by agitation to control the emerging palm-oil trade. It was recorded that Bonny middle men had refused the Andoni traders to carry out their transactions directly with the European marchants at Bonny port. In retaliation, King Otuo Ogbalakon led the famous trade blockage against the Bonny traders preventing them from accessing the hinterland markets through the Unyeada territory. This resulted in seven years of economic war in the Eastern Delta between the Kingdom of Bonny and Unyeada. According to E. N Ejituwu, the effect of the war was severe on British palm-oil trading interest in the Niger Delta. Most of the marchants at Liverpool who rely on the shipments from Bonny port recorded low business during the war.

New Unyeada

Due to the effect of the seven years war, King Otuo Ogbalakon relocated the Unyeada which was at that time the Seat of power of Obolo people. He moved across to Iborong-Akama Island and founded the New Unyeada in 1827. He introduced many martial strategies to protect the newly built town. The New Unyeada Town, the traditional seat of Unyeada Kingdom was fortified with seven rows of hard wood stockade capable of preventing cannon shot from the enemy war canoes. King Otuo Ogbolakon died in 1849 and his descendants who have ruled as King "Okaan – Ama", are as follows:

King Otuo Ogbolakon Dynasty


Language

Unyeada people speak Obolo language. Though lexicography of Unyeada Obolo slightly varies from that of the Ngo and Eastern Obolo but they are one language and easily understood or spoken by all.

Number from Zero to Ten

No.EnglishObolo Language
0.ZeroOkpot
1.OneGe
2.TwoIba
3.ThreeItita
4.FourIning
5.FiveGo
6.SixGweregwen
7.SevenJawa
8.EightJeta
9.NineAnange
10.TenAkop

In the pre-colonial era, the Unyeada (Obolo) people used the Nsibidi signs and symbols to communicate with one another.

Rulership

Unyeada fishing festival

Unyeada Fishing Festival (ijok-Irin)

Source [11]

Unyeada Fishing Festival – Ijok-Irin is an annual cultural fishing festival celebrated by the Obolo people of Unyeada Kingdom in Andoni Local Government Area of Rivers State which showcase the rich cultural heritage of the Obolo peopleple as the most creative and prosperous fishing communities in Niger Delta and Nigeria.

Ijok-Irin is literally interpreted as "fish feast", marks the end of traditional fishing season of the Obolo people between the months of July and August.

Historical background

The origin of the festival is traced to existence of the people. Obolo people occupied the longest stretch of the Niger Delta coastal area, they are  predominantly fishermen and are widely spread across the Gulf of Guinea .

Unyeada people are mostly migrant fishermen who embark on fishing expedition to the length and breath of the African largest Delta; the Niger Delta, during each fishing season and must return home at the expiration of the season. It's traditionally required of every fishermen to bring with them their biggest catch to celebrate the festival. Before the advent of Christianity, It was regarded as a taboo in Obolo tradition for a fisherman to solely eat or sells his biggest catch.

Fisherman with the biggest catch in the Kingdom receives an award and blessing from the King (Okaan Ama) and elders of the land with a traditional the title of "Ogu-isi-mbom", (King of Fish). The royal blessing, is believed to attract bounty harvest in the next fishing season. Another important part of the festival is the sharing of a sacred feast called "Ogo" which is usually prepared by certain octogenarian women known as "Ugane-Ukuru-ekwet", the meal is madeup of local salad with smoked fish (preferably of Barracuda specie) which is served with locally refined gin among the chiefs and elders of each lineages (Ibirinya) of the Kingdom. [12]

Obolo savory culinary culture is adjudged the best in Rivers State. Most delicacies here are essentially made from freshly caught organic Seafood (crab, prewinkcle, shrimp, cockle etc.) abound in the marine environment of Niger Delta. A Nigerian cuisine known as Native soup (Adaijong) originated from Andoni Local Government Area of Rivers State.

The festival which is week-long event culminated with the beating of the "Akama", a historic African war drum on every 5 July. The Akama traditional drum has now becomes the symbol of unity Unyeada Kingdom. It is believed that when the Akama is beaten, it's awaken spirit of ancestors of the ancient Kingdom.

In 1930, it was recorded by M. D. W Jeffreys, (Colonial administrator who later became an ethnographer) in his Intelligence report on the Andoni tribe, that the Andoni drum-lore (Akama) resonate the praise and remembrance of the 17th century BC Andoni King (Okan-Obolo), King Otuo Ogbalakon of Unyeada Kingdom. Saying as: "Otuo Ogbolakon, the great and famous warrior, when you get your enemy, hold him fast".

The "Ijimangi", is a spectacular procession of Unyeada warriors of different age group usually dressed in traditional george wrapper forming a colorful. parades showcasing the Cultural heritage of Unyeada Kingdom on the street of Unyeada Town, the ancestral Headquarters of the kingdom which usually attract admiration from visitors and tourists. This procession marked the end of the Ijok-Irin and signal the beginning of the new fishing season. Other activities which precede Ijimangi include; "Uji-edonti" (Canoe regatta) each from the five ancestral lineages (Ibirinya) or from a major War canoe house (Egwe) in Unyeada Kingdom. The regatta commences from Iburubu Sea and ends at "Okwan-Ebu" (Imo River), each of the about 72 settlements that madeup the kingdom will receive the regatta with two bottles of local gin.

The "Ogbo-njiin" is a choreographed fishing competition by net casting fishermen who cast their net not necessarily for the biggest catch but to showcase strength and mastery for skills in the fishing expedition. This part of the festival usually attract both local and foreign tourists and culture enthusiasts to Unyeada Kingdom.[ citation needed ]

Other events include a swimming competition, the "Miss Ijok-Irin Beauty Pageant" and an art exhibition.[ citation needed ]

Unyeada Fishing Festival in recent times, had been rebranded in line with the program of Rivers State Tourism Development Agency to promote cultural and ecotourism in Rivers State. In 2016, the festival was endorsed by the Government of Rivers State and was flagged off by Governor of Rivers State, Chief Barr Nyesom Wike CON, through the Commissioner, Rivers State Ministry of Agriculture Barr. Onimim Jacks. [13]

List of Towns and Villages in Unyeada Kingdom [14]

Notable people

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ijaw people</span> Nigerian ethnic group

The Ijaw people, otherwise known as the Ijo people, are an ethnic group found in the Niger Delta in Nigeria, with significant population clusters in Bayelsa, Delta, and Rivers. They also occupy Edo, Ondo, and small parts of Akwa Ibom. Many are found as migrant fishermen in camps as far west as Sierra Leone and as far east as Gabon. They account for about 1.8% of the Nigerian population according to CIA Factbook. The Ijaws are one of the most populous tribes inhabiting the Niger Delta region and the eighth largest ethnic group in Nigeria.

The Defaka are a small ethnic group of south-eastern Nigeria, numbering fewer than a thousand people. They live in the eastern part of the Niger Delta, Rivers State, Bonny District; part of them in the Defaka ward of Nkoroo town in close relationship with the Nkoroo people, and another part of them on the isolated island of Iwoma Nkoro, near Kono. Present neighbours of the Defaka, apart from the Nkoroo people, are: at Iwoma, the Ogoni people, and to the east, the Obolo. The Defaka have a less cordial relationship with these peoples than with the Nkoroo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Okrika</span> LGA and town in Rivers State, Nigeria

Okrika is an island in Rivers State, Nigeria, capital of the Local Government Area of the same name. The town is situated on an island south of Port Harcourt, making it a suburb of the much larger city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bonny, Nigeria</span> City in Rivers State, Nigeria

Bonny is a traditional, coastal town and a Local Government Area in Rivers State in southern Nigeria, on the Bight of Bonny. It is also the capital of the Kingdom of Bonny

Bonny Island is situated at the southern edge of Rivers State in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria near Port Harcourt. Ferries are the main form of transport, though recently an airstrip has been built and it’s fully functional - with flights from Lagos, Abuja and Port Harcourt respectively to and from the island. The local dialect spoken in Bonny Island is Igbo and Ibani, an Ijaw language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Obolo people</span> Ethnic group in Niger Delta, Nigeria

The Obolo people also known as Andoni or Doni, is a multi ethnic group in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Obolo people are primarily found in Rivers State and Akwa Ibom State, however, they are also present in the states of Bayelsa, Cross River, Abia, and Enugu.

The Bille tribe of the Ijaw people lives in central Rivers State, Nigeria. Bille is one of the Ancient Ijaw Kingdoms in the Eastern Niger Delta region. The tribal seat is the town of Bille. Bille Town is the headquarters of the Ancient Bille Kingdom founded by Queen Ikpakiaba in the 9th century. It is a choice place for tourism because of its rich unadulterated culture of the Ijaw people. The people are friendly, accommodating and fun loving. Bille is one of the places on earth where the dignity of womanhood is upheld. Democracy is enshrined in its culture and therefore there is a practice of equal rights.

The Ibani tribe are an Ijaw ethnic group who live in the Bonny and Opobo areas of Rivers State, Nigeria, on the Atlantic coast. Bonny town is the tribal seat of the Ibani which is located on the bight of Bonny River. Ibani language is spoken predominantly by residents of Bonny and Opobo. Igbo is also widely spoken amongst the people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abua</span>

Abua (Abuan) is a riverine kingdom which is currently located in the Abua–Odual LGA of Rivers State, Nigeria. It is located 10 miles away from Port Harcourt. The main occupation of resident of Abua includes: fishing, hunting and farming.

Eastern Obolo is a Local Government Area (LGA) in southern Nigeria, with its headquarters at Okoroete. It is a coastal local government area in Akwa-Ibom State under great tidal influence from the Bight of Bonny. Eastern Obolo LGA was mapped out of Ikot Abasi LGA by the Federal Government of Nigeria on 4 December 1996 with over 30,000 residents across a total area of approximately 17,000 km2. It comprises 16 villages, divided into two clans, namely Okoroete and Iko. It has ten political wards. All the villages in Eastern Obolo are of the Obolo ethnic group, there exist a common ancestral lineage which allows for peaceful coexistence and inter-relationship amongst them.

Ogu–Bolo is a local government area (LGA) in Rivers State, Nigeria with headquarters in the town of Ogu. It is located on the Eastern Niger Delta.

The Kingdom of Bonny, otherwise known as Grand Bonny, is a traditional state based on the town of Bonny in Rivers State, Nigeria. In the pre-colonial period, it was an important slave trading port, later trading palm oil products. During the 19th century the British became increasingly involved in the internal affairs of the kingdom, in 1886 assuming control under a protectorate treaty. Today the King of Bonny has a largely ceremonial role.

Obolo is a major Cross River language of Nigeria. Obolo is the indigenous name of a community in the eastern Delta of the River Niger, better known as Andoni. Obolo refers to the people, the language as well as the land. It is an agglutinative and an SVO language.

John Ikuru (1877–1947) was the son of king Ikuru Efuya, founder of Ikuru Town and Madam Obiringene of Opobo; his mother came from Ekede. He was born in 1877 in Ikuru Town, and had his primary school education at St. Paul's School, Opobo/Nkoro, from 1887 to 1895, and secondary school education at the Wesley Boys’ High School, in Lagos. At that time, Christianity was already sweeping through the entire Western Region of now Nigeria and the Niger Delta, through the evangelistic activities of the Church Missionary Society with Bishop Ajayi Crowther as the pioneer Missionary. So, trained in Lagos, John Ikuru embraced Christianity and became exposed to Christian ethics and philosophy.

Asarama is a riverine city in Andoni, Rivers State, Nigeria. It borders Bori to the north, Nkoro to the east, Ngo to the south, and Bonny and the Kalabari Kingdom to the west.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South South</span> Place in Nigeria

The South South is one of the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria representing both a geographic and political region of the country's eastern coast. It comprises six states – Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, and Rivers.

The Andoni River is one of the many rivers in Rivers State, Nigeria. Andoni River is located between the New Calabar River and Imo River. It is believed to have derived its name from St. Anthony, a European explorer who visited the area in 15th century. The mouth of the river gives way to large mangroves which are an important habitat for aquatic animals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">King Otuo Ogbalakon</span> Okaan-Ama of Unyeada Kingdom

King Otuo Ogbalakon (Ogbolakon) or King Otuo was the 17th-century warrior-king of Obolo (Andoni) people in the Eastern Niger Delta. He was unpopular for fighting against Bonny and their colonial allies. Her mother, princess Ariaunwa Okpok-Ogbolikan of Old Unyeada was recorded by history as the first Obolo (Andoni) Princess to rule as a monarch (Okaan-Ama) after the demise of her father, King Ikana Okpok of Edabiri dynasty in the 17th century. Princess Ariaunwa married Prince Ogbolaikon of Alabie now known as Agwut-Obolo and begat Otuo. In 1792, when Otuo became of age he was crowned as the King of Old Unyeada Kingdom.

Agwut-Obolo Town (Alabie) is literally interpreted in Obolo language as. Also, the tribal seat of the Obolo people. Located in Andoni Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Agwut-Obolo is an ancient religious centre in the pre-colonial Eastern Niger Delta where the deity of "Yok-OBolo", the National god of the Obolo Nation is situated. Following the exit King Jaja of Opobo and his group from the Kingdom of Bonny in 1869 seeking refuge in Obolo (Andoni) Land, Jaja entered a traditional oath of allegiance to venerate the deity of " Yok-Obolo" at Agwut-Obolo or Alabie as condition of his acceptance into the Obolo territory.

Ijok-irin also known as Unyeada Fishing Festival is an annual cultural and fishing festival of the Obolo people. Ijok-irin means "Fish Fest", in Obolo languages is peculiar to Unyeada Kingdom in Andoni Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. The festival celebrated during the Summer period in Nigeria between the months of July and August to ushered in the new Fishing season of the Obolo people who are predominantly fishermen. The tradition of migrant fishermen returning home from fishing expedition cross the Gulf of Guinea with their biggest catch to observe the Ijok-irin is till visible with the Unyeada people.

References

  1. ↑ Enemugwem, JH; Sara, RB (24 June 2009). "Obolo (Andoni) Women in Overseas Trade and Traditional Politics, 1400–1800". African Research Review. 3 (2). doi: 10.4314/afrrev.v3i2.43616 . ISSN   2070-0083.
  2. ↑ Judgement Delivered at the Supreme Court of Nigeria in Suit No. P/32/1949. Also, WACA No. 115/1953: Chief Aaron Nwizuk and others versus Chief Waribo Eneyok and others (complete record of proceedings, Supreme Court Registry, Lagos), p.106
  3. ↑ MABOGUNJE, A.L. (1976), "The Population Census of Nigeria, 1973", Spatial Dimensions of Public Policy, Elsevier, pp. 207–226, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-020629-5.50021-5, ISBN   9780080206295 , retrieved 19 June 2022
  4. ↑ Itatat, Loveday S. (2003). The Golden Key to the Development of Unyeada Kingdom. Portharcourt, Rivers State: Celwill Nigeria. pp. 5–6. ISBN   978-37379-3-7.
  5. ↑ Eneyo, Silas (1991). "Andoni monarchy: an introduction to the history of the kingship institution of the Andoni people". Smithsonian Libraries and Archives. siris_sil_727699: xiv, 188 p. : ill., maps, 25 cm – via 175 Smithsonian.
  6. ↑ Contributor, Pulse (9 December 2021). "A brief walk into the lives of one of Nigeria's Adoni people". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 29 September 2022.{{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  7. ↑ Ejituwu, Nkparom C. (January 1995). "Yók-Òbòlò: the influence of a traditional religion on the socio-cultural life of the Andoni People". Africa. 65 (1): 97–113. doi:10.2307/1160909. ISSN   0001-9720. JSTOR   1160909. S2CID   154501414.
  8. ↑ "inauthor:"Ebiegberi Joe Alagoa" – Google Search". www.google.com.ng. Retrieved 27 March 2022.[ better source needed ]
  9. ↑ Jeffreys, M. D. W (1930). 'Intelligence report on Andoni tribe', NAE, EP, 7238,Minloc.6/1/135
  10. ↑ Enemugwem, John H.; Okere, Darlington K. (2008). "The Role of N. C Ejituwu in the Development of Niger Delta Historiography". History in Africa. 35: 191–207. doi:10.1353/hia.0.0016. JSTOR   25483722. S2CID   163050297 – via Cambridge University Press.
  11. ↑ Punch, Newspapers (29 June 2019). "rivers-cancels...Rivers cancels fishing festival over insecurity – Punch Newspapers". Punch Newspapers. p. 1. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  12. ↑ "KossyDerrickEnt" . Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  13. ↑ "Unyeada Fish Festival takes center stage". apodion.net. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  14. ↑ https://www.medianigeria.com  › and... Andoni L.G.A Polling Units/Wards – Media Nigeria
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.