Uzes (people)

Last updated

Uzes were a group of medieval Turkic people in East Europe. They were known as Tork in Russian chronicles. [1] Like most medieval Turkic people, they were Tengrists.

Contents

Early years

The roots of Uzes can be traced back to Oghuz Yabgu State (750-1055) located to the east of Caspian Sea. Oghuz State was the neighbour of the Khazar Khaganate in the west and north of the Caspian Sea. Oghuz-Khazar relations were not stable. Oghuz State was sometimes an ally and sometimes an enemy of the powerful Khazar Khaganate. In the 10th century a group of Oghuz people fought in the Khazar army. [2] (Dukak, the father of Seljuk was one of them.) They fought mainly against Pechenegs, a rival Turkic people. After the Khazar Khaganate disintegrated, they had to move west because of Kypchaks raids from the east. [3]

Later years

In 1054 they settled around Dnieper river. However five years later they were defeated by the Kievan Rus. They further moved west to Danube river where they were repelled by their old enemy the Pechenegs in 1065. After 1065 they paid homage to Byzantine Empire and the Russian princes. Most of them converted to Christianity. They served as soldiers in the Byzantine Empire. During the battle of Manzikert between the Byzantines and the Seljuks in 1071 they served in the right flank of the Byzantine army. However, according to some accounts they switched sides and contributed to the Seljuks victory. [1]

Uzes settled in Marmara, Western Black Sea, Central Black Sea, Central Anatolia and Thrace, most of them hybrid with Turkmens and assimilated to Muslim Oghuz Turks. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [ excessive citations ]

Aftermath

Some Turkologists including Vasily Radlov proposed that Gagauz people and some of the Manav People are descendant of Uzes. [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] According to that view the origin of the name Gagauz is Gök Oguz ("Sky Oghuz"). However this view is not universally accepted by other scholars. [1]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oghuz Turks</span> Western Turkic people

The Oghuz Turks were a western Turkic people who spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family. In the 8th century, they formed a tribal confederation conventionally named the Oghuz Yabgu State in Central Asia. Today, much of the populations of Turkey, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan are descendants of Oghuz Turks. Byzantine sources call them Uzes. The term Oghuz was gradually supplanted by the terms Turkmen and Turcoman by 13th century.

Seljuk, variously romanized, was an Oghuz Turk warlord. He was the eponymous founder of the Seljuk dynasty and the namesake of Selçuk, the modern town near the ruins of ancient Ephesus in Turkey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kipchaks</span> Medieval Turkic nomadic tribe of Central Asia and Europe

The Kipchaks or Qipchaqs, also known as Kipchak Turks or Polovtsians, were Turkic nomads and then a confederation that existed in the Middle Ages inhabiting parts of the Eurasian Steppe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Akçakoca</span> Municipality in Düzce, Turkey

Akçakoca is a town in Düzce Province, in the West Black Sea Region of Turkey, located about 200 km east of Istanbul. It is the seat of Akçakoca District. Its population is 27,878 (2022). The town was named after a Turkish chieftain of the 14th century CE who captured the area for the Ottoman Empire, and sports a statue in his honor. The town features a modern mosque of unusual design. Tourist attractions include beaches and a small ruined Genoese castle. It is the regional center of hazelnut cultivation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pechenegs</span> Extinct Oghuz Turkic people

The Pechenegs or Patzinaks were a semi-nomadic Oghuz Turkic people from Central Asia who spoke the Pecheneg language. In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Pechenegs controlled much of the steppes of southeast Europe and the Crimean Peninsula. In the 9th century the Pechenegs began a period of wars against Kievan Rus', and for more than two centuries launched raids into the lands of Rus', which sometimes escalated into full-scale wars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anatolian beyliks</span> Historical, small Turkic principalities in Anatolia

Anatolian beyliks were small principalities in Anatolia governed by beys, the first of which were founded at the end of the 11th century. A second and more extensive period of establishment took place as a result of the decline of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm in the latter half of the 13th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cumans</span> Turkic nomadic people

The Cumans or Kumans were a Turkic nomadic people from Central Asia comprising the western branch of the Cuman–Kipchak confederation who spoke the Cuman language. They are referred to as Polovtsy in Rus', Cumans in Western and Kipchaks in Eastern sources.

Cuman or Kuman was a West Kipchak Turkic language spoken by the Cumans and Kipchaks; the language was similar to today's various languages of the West Kipchak branch. Cuman is documented in medieval works, including the Codex Cumanicus, and in early modern manuscripts, like the notebook of Benedictine monk Johannes ex Grafing. It was a literary language in Central and Eastern Europe that left a rich literary inheritance. The language became the main language of the Golden Horde.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karamanlides</span> Greek Orthodox Turkish-speaking ethnic group

The Karamanlides, also known as Karamanli Greeks or simply Karamanlis, are a traditionally Turkish-speaking Greek Orthodox people native to the region of Karaman in Anatolia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seljuk dynasty</span> Oghuz Turkic dynasty

The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids, Seljuqs, also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans or the Saljuqids, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture in West Asia and Central Asia. The Seljuks established the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194), the Sultanate of Kermân (1041–1186) and the Sultanate of Rum (1074–1308), which stretched from Iran to Anatolia and were the prime targets of the First Crusade.

The Turkic migrations were the spread of Turkic tribes and Turkic languages across Eurasia between the 4th and 11th centuries. In the 6th century, the Göktürks overthrew the Rouran Khaganate in what is now Mongolia and expanded in all directions, spreading Turkic culture throughout the Eurasian steppes. Although Göktürk empires came to an end in the 8th century, they were succeeded by numerous Turkic empires such as the Uyghur Khaganate, Kara-Khanid Khanate, Khazars, and the Cumans. Some Turks eventually settled down into sedentary societies such as the Qocho and Ganzhou Uyghurs. The Seljuq dynasty settled in Anatolia starting in the 11th century, resulting in permanent Turkic settlement and presence there. Modern nations with large Turkic populations include Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, and Turkic populations also exist within other nations, such as Chuvashia, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan and the Sakha Republic of Siberia in Russia, Northern Cyprus, the Crimean Tatars, the Kazakhs in Mongolia, the Uyghurs in China, and the Azeris in Iran.

The name for the country Turkey is derived from the Medieval Latin Turchia, Turquia, from Medieval Greek [Τουρκία] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |t= (help), itself being Τούρκος. It is first recorded in Middle English, attested in Chaucer, c. 1369. The Ottoman Empire was commonly referred to as Turkey or the Turkish Empire among its contemporaries. The word ultimately originates from the autonym Türk, first recorded in the Bugut inscription and the Hüis Tolgoi Inscription of the 6th century, and later, in the Orkhon inscriptions and the Tariat inscriptions (𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜) of the 8th century.

The Seljuk Empire, or the GreatSeljuk Empire, was a high medieval, culturally Turco-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, established and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks. The empire spanned a total area of 3.9 million square kilometres from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asia in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south, and it spanned the time period 1037–1308, though Seljuk rule beyond the Anatolian peninsula ended in 1194.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chaghri Beg</span> 11th-century Seljuk co-ruler and governor of Khorasan

Abu Suleiman Dawud Chaghri Beg ibn Mikail, widely known simply as Chaghri Beg (989–1060), Da'ud b. Mika'il b. Saljuq, also spelled Chaghri, was the co-ruler of the early Seljuk Empire. The name Chaghri is Turkic and literally means "small falcon", "merlin".

The martolos was an internal security force of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans (Rumelia), mostly active between the 15th to 17th centuries. It initially constituted out of the local mostly Christian populations, but over time members converted into Islam. For their military service, they were given privileged status, in relation to the Rayah. Their commanders were predominantly Muslim.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Qiniq (tribe)</span> Oghuz-Turkmen tribe

The Qiniq were an Oghuz Turkic ("Turkmen") tribe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the western steppe</span>

This article summarizes the History of the western steppe, which is the western third of the Eurasian steppe, that is, the grasslands of Ukraine and southern Russia. It is intended as a summary and an index to the more-detailed linked articles. It is a companion to History of the central steppe and History of the eastern steppe. All dates are approximate since there are few exact starting and ending dates. This summary article does not list the uncertainties, which are many. For these, see the linked articles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkoman (ethnonym)</span> Medieval ethnohistorical term used for the people of Oghuz Turkic origin

Turkoman, also known as Turcoman, was a term for the people of Oghuz Turkic origin, widely used during the Middle Ages. Oghuz Turks were a western Turkic people that, in the 8th century A.D, formed a tribal confederation in an area between the Aral and Caspian seas in Central Asia, and spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkic history</span> History of the Turkic peoples

Turkic history is the systematic documentation and study of events involving the Turkic peoples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manavs</span> Turkic people

Manavs or Manav Turks are a Turkic people living in northwest Anatolia, especially in Sakarya, Bilecik, Balıkesir, Bursa, Çanakkale, Kocaeli, Eskişehir, Bolu and Düzce provinces. It is proposed that Manavs descend from Cumans and Kipchaks who settled in the Byzantine Empire.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Sümer, Faruk (2007). "Oğuzlar". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 33 (Nesi̇h – Osmanlilar) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 325–330. ISBN   978-975-389-455-5.
  2. ↑ "Selçuk Bey ve Hazarlar: Kim Kime Ne Yaptı?" (in Turkish). 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  3. ↑ "Uzlar (Oğuzlar)". Türk Tarihi (in Turkish). 17 June 2013. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  4. ↑ "Paid Turkic Soldiers in the Byzantine Army (XI.-XII. Centuries)", Selçuk University Journal of Turkic Studies, P. 25, 2009, p. 53-69.
  5. ↑ "The Byzantine Empire's Transfer of Cuman-Area Communities from the Balkans to Anatolia Against the Turkish Expansion in Western Anatolia"
  6. ↑ "IV. Two Rivals Struggling in Western Anatolia After the Crusade: The Latin Kingdom of Istanbul and the Empire of Nicaea", Cihannüma Journal of History and Geography Studies, p.1, July, 2015, p. 9-25.
  7. ↑ The Late Byzantine Army Arms and Society 1204-1453, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1992
  8. ↑ BASKICI, M. Murat, Anatolian Economic and Social Structure in the Byzantine Era (900-1261), 2nd Edition, Phoenix Publishing House, Ankara, 2009.
  9. ↑ BELDICEANU-STEINHERR, Irene, "Non-Muslim Population in Bithynia (second half of 14th century - first half of 15th century)", Ottoman Principality 1300-1389, ed. Elizabeth A. Zacharadou, trans. Gul Cagali Guven, Ismail Yergun, Tülin Altinova, 2nd Edition, History Foundation Yurt Publishing, Istanbul, 1997, p. 8-22.
  10. ↑ GOLUBOVSKİY, P.V., Peçenegi, Torki i Polovtsı Rus i Step Do Nashestviya Tatar, Veche, Moskva, 2011.
  11. ↑ The Last Centuries of Byzantium 1261-1453, trans. . Bilge Umar, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2016.
  12. ↑ ÖZTÜRK, Meriç T., The Provincial Aristocracy In Byzantine Asia Minor (1081-1261), Boğaziçi University, Unpublished Master Thesis, İstanbul, 2013 .
  13. ↑ VASARY, Istvan, Cumans and Tatars Eastern Soldiers in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans (1185-1365), 2nd Edition, trans. Ali Cevat Akkoyunlu, Yapı Kredi Publications, Istanbul, 2015
  14. ↑ WOLF, Robert Lee, "The Latin Empire Of Constantinople 1204-1261", A History Of The Crusaders, Volume II Later Crusades (1189-1311), General ed. Kenneth M. Setton, ed. by. Robert Lee Wolf and Harry W. Hazard, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Milwaukee and London, 1969, p. 187-233.
  15. ↑ "A Broken Mirror: The Kipchak World In The Thirteenth Century", The Other Europe in the Middle Ages, Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans, ed. by. Florin Curta, Roman Kovalev, Brill, Leiden-Boston, 2008, p. 379-412.
  16. ↑ KEÇİŞ, Murat, "XIII.-XIV. Northwest Anatolian Road Networks According to Century Byzantine and Islamic Sources", Belleten, C. LXXVII, P. 280, 2013, Ankara, p. 849-874.
  17. ↑ Özdemİr, Mustafa (2017). "14-17. Yüzyillar Arasinda Anadolu'ya Gelen Türk Göçlerİ Ve Anadolu'nun Doğusunda Meydana Gelen Demografİk Değİşmeler" [Between The 14th And 18th Centuries, Turkish Migration In Anatolia And Changes In The Demographic Structure Of The Eastern Anatolia]. Akra International Journal of Culture Art Literature and Educational Sciences (in Turkish). 5 (12): 51–76.
  18. ↑ Yalvar, C. (2021). "ANADOLU'DA SON TÜRK İSKÂNI: İZNİK İMPARATORLUĞU'NDA KUMAN-KIPÇAKLAR VE YALOVA KAZIMİYE (YORTAN) İLE ELMALIK (SARUHANLI) KÖYLERİNDEKİ VARLIKLARI" [LAST TURKISH SETTLEMENT IN ANATOLIA: KUMAN-KIPÇAKS IN THE İZNİK EMPIRE AND ITS ASSETS IN THE VILLAGES OF YALOVA KAZIMİYE (YORTAN) AND ELMALIK (SARUHANLI) VILLAGES]. Turkish World Studies (in Turkish). 127: 11–36. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  19. ↑ "Anadolu'ya yerleştirilen Kumanlar (Manavlar)".
  20. ↑ Yilmaz, Adil (2018). "Bızans'in Anadolu'ya Yerleştırdığı Son Türkler" [The Last Turks Settled in Anatolia by Byzantium]. Eski̇çağ Araştirmalari Dergi̇si̇[Journal of Ancient Researches] (in Turkish) (3): 29–32.
  21. ↑ "Acar, Kenan (2010). Kuzeybatı Anadolu Manav Türkmen Ağızları Üzerine Birkaç Not" (PDF).
  22. ↑ "Muharrem ÖÇALAN SAKARYA- İZMİT YÖRESİ YERLEŞİK TÜRKMENLERİ MANAV AĞIZLARINDA ÖTÜMSÜZ PATLAYICI ÜNSÜZ DEĞİŞMELERİ" (PDF).
  23. ↑ Acar, Kenan (January 2022). "GAGAVUZ TÜRKÇESİ İLE KOCAELİ YERLİ (MANAV) AĞIZLARI ARASINDAKİ PARALELLİKLER, 2022, VI. Uluslararası Türklerin Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyumu, PARALLELS BETWEEN GAGAVUZ TURKISH AND KOCAELİ NATİVE TURK (MANAV) DİALECTS, Kenan Acar, 2022, VI. International Turkish World Social Sciences Symposium". Vi. Uluslararası Türklerin Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyumu.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.