Villebrunaster

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Villebrunaster
Temporal range: Early Ordovician,
~480  Ma
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Villebrunaster thorali MNHN A47188 2.jpg
Fossil of V. thorali
Cantabrigiaster fezouataensis YPM IP 535547.jpg
Fossil of V. fezouataensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Phylum:
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Family:
Fell, 1963 [1]
Genus:
Villebrunaster

Spencer, 1951
Type species
Villebrunaster thorali
Spencer, 1951
Other species
  • V. fezouataensis(Hunter & Ortega-Hernández, 2021)
Synonyms
  • AmpullasterFell, 1963
  • CantabrigiasterHunter & Ortega-Hernández, 2021

Villebrunaster is an extinct genus of starfish-like animal belonging to Asterozoa that lived around 480 million years ago during Early Ordovician Period in modern-day southern France and Morocco. As of 2022, it contains two species, namely V. thorali and V. fezouataensis. [2] V. thorali was described in 1951 and V. fezouataensis was described in 2021. Villebrunaster represents one of the oldest members of asterozoans, and perhaps, according to a description in 2021, the earliest divergent stem-group (ancestral members) of Asterozoa. [3]

Contents

Discovery and species

The first species was discovered and described by British palaeontologist William Kingdon Spencer in 1951. [4] The fragmentary specimens were collected from Saint-Chinian Formation in southern France. [5] Spencer recognised it as among "the earliest starfish known." [4] Another British palaeontologist, Juliette Dean Shackleton, identified new specimens as Ampullaster ubaghsi in 2005, [5] which were later reclassified as V. thorali. [6]

The second species, V. fezouataensis, was described by Aaron W. Hunter and Javier Ortega-Hernández at the University of Cambridge as Cantabrigiaster fezouataensis in 2021. [3] [7] The specimens, originally collected from Fezouata Shale Formation in Morocco, were reanalysed by American palaeontologists Daniel B. Blake and Frederick H.C.Hotchkiss who moved to taxonomic position the genus Villebrunaster in 2022. [2]

Description

Reconstruction of V. fezouataensis Hunter & Ortega-Hernandez 2021 sf04.jpg
Reconstruction of V. fezouataensis

The body of Villebrunaster is that of a typical starfish having five radiating arms with the mouth at the centre of the body, facing the substrate. The mouth region is composed of three types of endoskeletons called ossicles, such as the half-cylinders or ambulacrals, the virgals that form skeleton between the ambulacrals, and a pair of mouth plates that radiate into the mouth opening. [4] The arms are broad and evenly arranged to form pentagonal structure. [5]

The presence of multiple virgal ossicles in each series running perpendicular to the ambulacra is a feature of the Somasteroidea. However, Villebrunaster lacks axially oriented ossicles along the lateral margins of the arms, which are found in other somasteroids. This suggests that it is a primitive member of the group. [3] The radial water channels are large and run close to the ventral side of the body, while the transverse water channels are small and difficult to recognize. The ossicle series are larger in V. fezouataensis than in V. thorali. [2]

Evolutionary importance

Phylogenetic analysis indicate that Villebrunaster is oldest known and the earliest diverging group among Asterozoa, a group that includes starfish, brittle stars and basket stars. The absence of some ambulacral ossicles but presence of virgal ossicles show that the development and variation of ossicles are the important features in the evolution of later asterozoans. [3] [8] However, the genus does not necessarily represent the common ancestor of Asterozoa. [2]

References

  1. H. B. Fell. (1963). A new family and genus of Somasteroidea. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Zoology 3(13):143-146
  2. 1 2 3 4 Blake, Daniel B.; Hotchkiss, Frederick H.C. (2022). "Origin of the subphylum Asterozoa and redescription of a Moroccan Ordovician somasteroid". Geobios. 72–73: 22–36. doi: 10.1016/j.geobios.2022.07.002 .
  3. 1 2 3 4 Hunter, Aaron W.; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2021). "A new somasteroid from the Fezouata Lagerstätte in Morocco and the Early Ordovician origin of Asterozoa". Biology Letters. 17 (1): 20200809. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0809. PMC   7876607 . PMID   33465330.
  4. 1 2 3 Spencer, W. K. (1951). "Early Palaeozoic starfish". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 235 (623): 87–129. doi:10.1098/rstb.1951.0001. PMID   24539794. S2CID   30005013.
  5. 1 2 3 Dean Shackleton, Juliette (2005). "Skeletal homologies, phylogeny and classification of the earliest asterozoan echinoderms" . Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 3 (1): 29–114. doi:10.1017/S1477201905001525. ISSN   1477-2019. S2CID   86667795.
  6. Blake, Daniel B.; Guensburg, Thomas E. (2015). "The class Somasteroidea (Echinodermata, Asterozoa): morphology and occurrence" . Journal of Paleontology. 89 (3): 465–486. doi:10.1017/jpa.2015.22. ISSN   0022-3360. S2CID   86222950.
  7. Hunter, Aaron; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (9 November 2017). "A primitive starfish ancestor from the Early Ordovician of Morocco reveals the origin of crown group Echinodermata". bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/216101. S2CID   90197999 . Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  8. Blake, Daniel B.; Ettensohn, Frank R. (2009). "The complex morphology of a new Lower Silurian asteroid (Echinodermata)" . Journal of Paleontology. 83 (1): 63–69. doi:10.1666/08-038RR.1. ISSN   0022-3360.