Wildlife of Haiti

Last updated

Labadee beach, Haiti, close to Cap-Haitien Labadee Haiti.jpg
Labadee beach, Haïti, close to Cap-Haïtien
Sepioteuthis sepioidea (Caribbean reef squid). La Fague, Cap-Haitien Sepioteuthis sepioidea (Caribbean Reef Squid).jpg
Sepioteuthis sepioidea (Caribbean reef squid). La Fague, Cap-Haitien

The wildlife of Haiti is important to the country because of its biodiversity. According to the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Haiti is considered to be "one of the most biologically significant countries of the West Indies". With an estimated 5,600 plant species on the island of Hispaniola, some of which only occur in Haiti, 36% are considered as endemic to the island. [1] A mountainous area country, it is situated in the western three-eighths of Hispaniola and shares a border with the Dominican Republic. [2] [3] There are nine life zones, from low desert to high cloud forests, as well as four mountain ranges, and hundreds of rivers and streams and the coral reefs in the seas that surround the islands. [4] [5] Issues of environmental damage, expanding population, deforesting and erosion are of concern; [6] less than 2% of the original forest remains on account of deforestation. [7] This degradation is traced from the 17th century to 19th century starting with the French colonization of the Haiti and population explosion during the 20th century and for the purpose of forestry and sugar-related industries, degraded the forests. and the environment. [8] [9]

Contents

Geography

The features of the island terrain (generally mountainous) varies from Caribbean Sea elevation of 0 metres (0 ft) to the highest point on the Chaine de la Selle mountain of 2,680 metres (8,790 ft). The land use distribution reported is of arable land 36.04%, permanent crops 10.09% and others 53.87%, with an irrigated area of 97,000 ha. [10] The Massif de la Hotte (of 2.5 million years age) is part of the far-southwestern mountain range of the island, has a few vestiges of cloud forests (within Pic Macaya National Park) and are known for endemic plant and reptile species. The gray-crowned palm-tanager is one of the rare endemic bird species here. [11]

Climate is tropical; mountains in the east cut off trade winds and cause semiarid conditions in some areas. The average annual precipitation is 1,461 millimetres (57.5 in) which varies with topography and wind direction. [12] Hispaniola lies within the Main Development Region for tropical cyclone activity, hence Haiti experiences severe storms from June to November. Occasional floods and earthquakes also take place, and in some years droughts are also experienced. [10]

Protected areas

Pinus occidentalis Pinus occidentalis Jarabacoa.jpg
Pinus occidentalis

The regions of extreme biodiversity in Haiti have been brought under legal law (under legal enactment of June 23, 1983) of protection and preservation of the ecology and the biodiversity of the identified areas. These regions are declared as national parks, and specifically the two large gazetted national parks are the Morne La Visite National Park as part of the Massif de La Selle (mountain range) and Pic Macaya National Park in the Massif de la Hotte (hill massif) is also an integral part. Apart from the major aspect of conservation of plants and animals in general, the park administration are also entrusted with the task of preserving the endangered species of mammals such as Plagiodontia aedium and Solenodon paradoxus . [13] [14] In addition there are two other parks the Pine Forest National Park, in the eastern Massif de la Selle, and the Historic Citadel National Park in the Massif du Nord. In these four parks no hunting, illegal logging and transfer of land for any development activity are allowed; however, enforcement of the laws has not been stringent due inadequate funding for maintenance and security arrangements. However, visitors are allowed to see the wild life, the water falls and the general rain forest vistas in these parks. [15]

While the four national parks protect an area of 25,000 hectares (62,000 acres), there are proposals on the anvil to bring 18 more areas of the country under protective cover which encompass an area of another 23,000 hectares (57,000 acres). [16]

La Visite National Park

La Visite National Park covers an area of 2,000 hectares (4,900 acres) (established in 1983 [15] [17] ) along the ridge of the Massif de la Selle range between the hill peaks of Morne d’Enfer (elevation 1,900 metres (6,200 ft)) and Morne Kadenau (2,155 metres (7,070 ft)) with the highest mountain of Pic Cabayo lying within the park rising to an elevation 2,130 metres (6,990 ft). It is at distance of 45 kilometres (28 mi) to the south of Port-au-Prince. According to the floristic survey carried out by Walter S. Judd of the University of Florida, the plants recorded in the park are 326 species of tracheophytes that includes 262 species of angiosperms, 76 species of mosses, 19 species of liverworts. In addition, the vascular plant species reported are 112 of which 32% are endemic species to Haiti. [14] Reforestation programme has been undertaken since 2011 under which 300,000 seedlings were under planting in memory of the 300,000 people who perished in Haiti in the earthquake of 12 January 2010. [17]

Pic Macaya National Park

The Pic Macaya National Park, on the southern peninsula, which is 198 kilometres (123 mi) from Port-au-Prince and 36 kilometres (22 mi) to the northwest of Les Cayes, has a designated area of 5,500 hectares (14,000 acres) that includes a ravine formation located between the mountain peaks of Pic Formon (2,219 metres (7,280 ft)) and Pic Macaya (2,347 metres (7,700 ft)). [14] [15] [18] The park receives an annual average rainfall of 4,000 millimetres (160 in). The Rivere Ravine Sud rises from these mountains and flows through the park. Karst limestone formations and agricultural areas are also part of the park. There are two major types of vegetation in the park – the wet forests on limestone formations (in an elevation range of 800-1200m), and the cloud forest combined with pine forest including endemic plant species. The largest broad leaf trees are of pine some of which are 45 metres (148 ft) in height. [14] [18] Detailed floristic surveys have recorded 470 species of tracheophytes, which include 367 species of anglosperms, 99 species of mosses, 63 species of liver worts. In addition, the vascular plant species reported are 136, of which 29% are endemic to Haiti. [14] Orchids are also found in large numbers. Other wildlife consists of birds and amphibians which are mostly endemic. The most productive agricultural lands of the Plaine de Cayes are within the park area. The park has many trekking paths including to the mountain trek to peak Pic Macaya (2,347 metres (7,700 ft)). [18]

Coral reefs

Gorgonia ventalina (Purple Gorgonian Seafan).jpg
Callyspongia plicifera (Azure vase sponge).jpg
Left: Gorgonia ventalina (purple gorgonian seafan); right: Callyspongia plicifera (azure vase sponge)

Coral reefs in Haiti cover a stretch of 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) of coast. While it is assessed that the coral reefs are over exploited for fishing, with elkhorn coral put on the US Endangered Species List, the reef structure is stated to be stable and the living coral are generally occupy 10% of reefs, and algae and sponge cover about 50%. The fish habitat hosts Caribbean fish species and invertebrate species with the reef structure providing the needed habitat. Use of fish trap, fishing net, spear or line fisherman with their paddle or sailboats are a common sight along the coral reefs. In order to bring the fish yield from the coral reefs to the level of 35 tons per km2 noted in other coral reef regions of the world, the MacArthur Foundation has initiated a project in Haiti to enhance fish production, from its present meager level, through a network of marine protected areas. The project also envisages inculcating knowledge to the Haitians on the economic potential and the need to also monitor the reefs. [19]

Some of the underwater species are 35 species of hard corals in the reefs, 55 species of sponges, 12 gorgonians. [20]

Flora

Zanglais, Saint-Louis-du-Sud.jpg
Melocactus lemairei The Cactaceae.jpg
Left: Zanglais, Haiti; right: Melocactus lemairei

The ecoregions of Haiti include the Hispaniolan moist forests (about 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) only of undisturbed rainforest), Hispaniolan dry forests, Hispaniolan pine forests (in parts of the two national parks), Enriquillo wetlands (remnants of an old marine channel), and Greater Antilles mangroves which cover an area of only 134 square kilometres (52 sq mi). [12] Giant tree ferns, orchids, bayahondes (a variety of mesquite) on the hill slopes, cacti, acacias, and thorny woods on the dry plains, and mangrove forests on the coast line. [9]

The nation has 300 orchids and 600 fern species. [6] Mahogany, rose wood and cedar are some of the trees that still exist at higher altitudes. [1]

Fauna

Threatened species

In the Massif de la Hotte alone there are 42 globally threatened mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. [10] The coastal zone ecosystem has been fairly well preserved and has coral reefs, mangrove forests and estuaries. Coral reefs are not part of the national parks. [1] There are 38 species under the threatened and endangered list and some of them may have been extirpated too. Of these, nearly 50% are endemic and threatened with extinction and three are critically threatened. The critically endangered species are black-capped petrel, Ridgway's hawk (also endemic), stygian owl, and western chat-tanager and eastern chat-tanager, both endemic. [21]

Avifauna

Hispaniolan trogon (Priotelus roseigaster), national bird of Haiti Priotelus roseigaster.jpg
Hispaniolan trogon (Priotelus roseigaster), national bird of Haiti
Golden-winged warbler (NT) Golden-winged Warbler NGM-v31-p308-C.jpg
Golden-winged warbler (NT)
Sketch of Hispaniolan parakeet (VU) Aratinga chloroptera maugei.jpg
Sketch of Hispaniolan parakeet (VU)

Etang Saumâtre has over 100 waterfowl species as well as flamingo. [6] There are over 200 species of avifauna, including the palmchat, La Selle thrush, introduced guineafowl, and grey-crowned tanager which is unique to Haiti. [4]

BirdLife International has identified 10 Important Bird Areas in Haiti, which cover about 23,200 hectares (57,000 acres) (1% of land area of Haiti). Of these, five are located in the four protected areas system while the other five are yet to be initiated. The prominent near threatened species is the grey-crowned palm-tanager (Phaenicophilus poliocephalus). [16] As of 2013, the bird species identified are 266 of which globally threatened are 14, 2 are endemic. and nine introduced species. The species which are critically threatened, near threatened, endangered and vulnerable category are the following. [22] Hispaniolan trogon (Priotelus roseigaster) is endemic, near threatened according to Red List IUCN and is the national bird of Haiti. [23] [24]

Critically endangered
Endangerered
Near-threatened
Vulnerable

Reptiles

Rhinoceros iguana (Cyclura cornuta) on Limbe Island, northern Haiti Cycluracornuta.jpg
Rhinoceros iguana (Cyclura cornuta) on Limbe Island, northern Haiti

The American crocodile is reported at Etang Saumâtre. [6] Caimans are also reported in the rivers in the southern part of the peninsula. [9] Snake charming is an active trade in Haiti, and wild snakes are often hunted in the country. [25]

Amphibians

Six species of amphibians (frogs) have been reported. These are: Hispaniolan ventriloquial frog, Macaya breast-spot frog, La Hotte glanded frog, Macaya burrowing frog, Mozart's frog and Hispaniolan crowned frog. However, La Selle grass frog, the reportedly extinct species, has not been traced. [7] The endemic frogs species are found in the remote southern mountains of Haiti and are considered "a ‘barometer species’ for ecological health" of the island country. [26]

Molluscs

A certain species of tree snail in Haiti can only survive on a specific type of tree in the country. Such snails, such as the candy-stripe tree snail, are "so admired for their beauty". [27]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pic Macaya National Park</span>

Pic Macaya National Park is one of two largest national parks of the Republic of Haiti. It is located in the country's southern peninsula, within the Massif de la Hotte. Featuring the country's last stand of virgin cloud forest, it encompasses more than 8,000 hectares. Elevations in the rugged park reach a maximum height of 2,347 meters above sea level at Pic Macaya, the second highest point in Haiti behind Pic la Selle. A majority of the park is composed of two tall peaks: Pic Macaya and Pic Formon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">La Visite National Park</span>

La Visite National Park is one of the two largest national parks of the Republic of Haiti. La Visite is a part of the Massif de la Selle mountain range. Its highest peak is 2275 meters in elevation. The park covers approximately 11,419 hectares of land with 1897 hectares above 2000 meters in elevation, and consists mainly of pine forest, grasslands, and some montane broadleaf forest above 1,700 m (5,600 ft) elevation. The Haitian government established the La Visite National Park in 1983. The capital, Port-au-Prince, is only 22 kilometers north from the park. The northern boundary of La Visite National Park is the east-west running escarpment of the Massif de la Selle.

Pic Macaya is the second-highest mountain in Haiti, rising to an elevation of 2,347 metres above sea level. It is located in the Massif de la Hotte, 36 kilometres northwest of Les Cayes and 195 km (121 mi) west of Port-au-Prince. The mountain is located in the Pic Macaya National Park.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erik Leonard Ekman</span> Swedish botanist of the 20th century

Erik Leonard Ekman was a Swedish botanist and explorer.

The short-nosed green frog or shortsnout robber frog is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae endemic to the Massif de la Hotte, Haiti. Its natural habitat is dwarf cloud forest, although it can also be found in clearings. It is found under ground cover, and the eggs are laid on the ground. It is threatened by habitat loss; while the species occurs in the Pic Macaya National Park, there is no active management for conservation, and the habitat loss continues in the park.

The false green robber frog is a species of frogs in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is endemic to the Massif de la Hotte, southwestern Haiti.

Eleutherodactylus dolomedes is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is endemic to the Massif de la Hotte, Haiti.

Eleutherodactylus eunaster is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae endemic to the Massif de la Hotte, Haiti. Its natural habitat is mesic hardwood closed-canopy forest at elevations of 575–1,300 m (1,886–4,265 ft) asl. It is an arboreal species that is moderately common in suitable habitat. It is threatened by habitat loss primarily caused by logging for charcoaling and slash-and-burn agriculture. While the species occurs in the Pic Macaya National Park, there is no active management for conservation, and habitat loss continues also in the park.

<i>Eleutherodactylus glandulifer</i> Species of amphibian

Eleutherodactylus glandulifer is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae endemic to the Massif de la Hotte, Haiti. Its natural habitat is closed-canopy forest, usually near streams. Its most distinctive feature are its striking blue sapphire-colored eyes—a highly unusual trait among amphibians.

The spiny giant frog or Norton's robber frog is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is named after James W. Norton who accompanied Albert Schwartz in his 1974 expedition to Hispaniola and collected the holotype.

<i>Eleutherodactylus oxyrhyncus</i> Species of frog

Eleutherodactylus oxyrhyncus is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is endemic to Hispaniola and known from the Massif de la Hotte and Massif de la Selle, occurring in both the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The common name is rednose robber frog.

<i>Eleutherodactylus semipalmatus</i> Species of frog

Eleutherodactylus semipalmatus is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is endemic to Haiti and known from the Massif de la Hotte and Massif de la Selle. Its common name is foothill robber frog. Its natural habitat is streams and their vicinity in mesic hardwood forest at elevations of 303–1,697 m (994–5,568 ft) asl.

<i>Eleutherodactylus thorectes</i> Species of amphibian

Eleutherodactylus thorectes is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is endemic to Haiti and known from the Massif de la Hotte at high elevations. Specifically, it is known from Pic Macaya and Pic Formon at elevations of 1,700–2,340 m (5,580–7,680 ft) asl. Its natural habitats are closed pine montane forest and cloud forest with shrubs, tree ferns, bromeliads, and climbing bamboo. With a snout-vent length of 12–15 mm, this slightly arboreal species is one of the smallest of the world's frogs. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by charcoal logging and agriculture. It is known from the Pic Macaya National Park, but habitat degradation is occurring in the park too.

Eleutherodactylus ventrilineatus is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is endemic to Haiti and only known from the Pic Macaya and Pic Formon at elevations of 1,700–2,340 m (5,580–7,680 ft) asl. Its natural habitats are open areas in montane closed pine and cloud forests. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by logging and agriculture. It is known from the Pic Macaya National Park, but habitat degradation is occurring in the park too.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western chat-tanager</span> Species of bird endemic to Hispaniola

The western chat-tanager is a Vulnerable species of passerine bird belonging to the family Calyptophilidae. It is endemic to the island of Hispaniola which is shared by the Dominican Republic and Haiti.

The Massif de la Hotte is a mountain range in southwestern Haiti, on the Tiburon Peninsula. About 2.5 million years ago, Massif de la Hotte was separated from the Massif de la Selle by a deep, wide sea channel, and formed a separate island. This resulted in a hotbed of endemism in la Hottes bird, plant, and reptile communities. The Massif de la Hotte is subdivided into the Oriental la Hotte in the East, the central la Hotte and the Occidental la Hotte on the Western tip of the Tiburon peninsula. The Occidental la Hotte is relatively remote and is one of the most biologically diverse and significant areas of all of Hispaniola. It also supports some of the last stands of Haiti's dense cloud forest on its peaks.

Miconia revolutifolia is a rare tree from Haiti, specifically in Sud. It is endemic to the Morne Formon-Pic Macaya region of the Massif de la Hotte mountain range. Along with the other species of Miconia from the area it is called "macrio", or "bwa pijon" in Haitian Creole.

Haiti National Trust is an international, non-governmental, and non-profit environmental organization dedicated to protecting the biodiversity of Haiti. The Haiti National Trust seeks to establish more protected areas, including national parks, and to stop the destruction of forests, which is the primary cause of species loss in Haiti. The trust also advocates protection of the country's fragile coral reefs and coastal ecosystems. It was founded in 2015 by Philippe Bayard, president and founding member of the Audubon Society of Haiti, and S. Blair Hedges, Laura H. Carnell Professor and director of the Center for Biodiversity at Temple University.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grande Colline National Park</span> National park in Haiti

Grande Colline National Park is a national park in Haiti established on July 23, 2014 with an area of 1,510 hectares. The park contains the Grande Colline mountain range at the core of the Occidental La Hotte Massif in southwestern Haiti, west of Pic Macaya. There are five named peaks: Morne Desbarrières, Morne Grande Colline, Morne Petite Colline, Morne Grenouille, and Morne Lézard.

<i>Wercklea hottensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Wercklea hottensis is a species of Malvaceae endemic to the mountains of the Massif de la Hotte in South-Western Haiti.

References

  1. 1 2 3 World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1992). Nearctic and Neotropical. IUCN. pp. 384–. ISBN   978-2-8317-0093-9.
  2. ↑ Dardik, Alan, ed. (2016). Vascular Surgery: A Global Perspective. Springer. p. 341. ISBN   9783319337456 . Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  3. ↑ Josh, Jagran, ed. (2016). "Current Affairs November 2016 eBook". p. 93. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  4. 1 2 Lonely Planet Haiti: Chapter from Caribbean Islands Travel Guide. Lonely Planet. 1 January 2012. pp. 36–. ISBN   978-1-74321-104-5.
  5. ↑ "Haiti". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Riley, Laura; Riley, William (2005). Nature's Strongholds: The World's Greatest Wildlife Reserves. Princeton University Press. pp. 325–. ISBN   978-0-691-12219-9.
  7. 1 2 "Wildlife: Amid the Ruins of Haiti, Conservationists Find Endangered Frogs". Time. 11 January 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  8. ↑ "Background". CIA Fact Book. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 "Haiti: Solis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  10. 1 2 3 "Geography". CIA Fact Book. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  11. ↑ "Hotspots E-news". Expedition to Pic Macaya uncovers Haitian treasures. Conservation International. Retrieved 15 Feb 2016.
  12. 1 2 "Haiti". Eoearth organization. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  13. ↑ ". Resolution Regarding the National Parks of Haiti". The American Society of Mammalogists.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 "Floristic study of Morne la Visite and Pic Macaya national parks, Haiti". University of Florida. pp. 1–5. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  15. 1 2 3 Margaret J. Goldstein (30 June 2005). Haiti In Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 15–. ISBN   978-0-8225-2670-4.
  16. 1 2 "ImportanBird Areas Americas Haiti" (PDF). BirdLife International Organization. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  17. 1 2 "Haiti – Environment : The reforestation of the National Park". Haiti news. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
  18. 1 2 3 Paul Clammer; Michael Grosberg; Jens Porup (2008). Dominican Republic & Haiti. Ediz. Inglese. Lonely Planet. pp. 327–. ISBN   978-1-74104-292-4.
  19. ↑ "Survey: Haiti's Coral Reefs Most Overfished In The World; 'No Food Fish Of Reproductive Age'". underwatertimes.com. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  20. ↑ "Marine life: Reef life includes elkhorn, brain and – Caribbean ..." (PDF). Haiti. Onecaribbean Organization. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  21. ↑ Steven Latta; Christopher Rimmer; Allan Keith; James Wiley; Herbert Raffaele; Kent McFarland; Eladio Fernandez (23 April 2010). Birds of the Dominican Republic and Haiti. Princeton University Press. pp. 16–. ISBN   978-1-4008-3410-5.
  22. ↑ "Avibase – Bird Checklists of the World:Haiti". Avi Base Organization. 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  23. ↑ "Haiti Culture, Map, Flag, Tourist Places". Sphereinfo.com. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  24. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Temnotrogon roseigaster". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T22682751A131515698. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22682751A131515698.en . Retrieved 26 May 2024.
  25. ↑ "Haiti Snake Charmer". The Australian . Retrieved May 23, 2013.
  26. ↑ "Wildlife of Haiti". Frogs and the environment in Haiti. Iberianature.com. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  27. ↑ Hanson, Michelle (2007). Ocean Oracle: What Seashells Reveal About Our True Nature. Simon and Schuster. pp. 53–. ISBN   9781416565437.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.