Women of the Indian independence movement

Last updated May 14, 2024

The Indian independence movement was a series of events aimed at ending the British rule in India, which lasted till 1947. Women played a significant and prominent role in the Indian independence movement. The participation of women in the movement started as early as the eighteenth century.

Prominent women

Rani Velu Nachiyar (3 January 1730 – 25 December 1796) was a queen of Sivaganga estate from c. 1780–1790. She was the amongst the first monarchs to wage war with the East India Company in India.^[1] She is known as Veeramangai ("brave woman") in Tamil.^[2] With the support of feudal lords, the Maruthu Brothers and other activists, she fought the East India company.^[3]

Kittur Chennamma (23 October 1778 – 21 February 1829) was a queen of Kittur, a former princely state in present-day Karnataka.^[4] In 1823-29, she led an armed resistance against the British East India Company, in defiance of the Paramountcy, in an attempt to retain control over her dominion.^[5]^[6] She defeated the company forces in the first war in 1824 but died as a prisoner of war after the second rebellion in 1829.^[7]

Avantibai (16 August 1831 – 20 March 1858) was a queen of the Ramgarh. An opponent of the British East India Company during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Avantibai led an army against the British in the battle near the village of Khairi near Mandla, where she was able to defeat the British. However, following renewed attacks on Ramgarh, she moved to the hills of Devharigarh from where she fought a guerilla warfare later.^[8]

Jhalkaribai (22 November 1830 – 5 April 1858) was a woman soldier who played an important role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. She served in the women's army of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi and eventually rose to a position of a prominent advisor to the queen, Rani of Jhansi.^[9] At the height of the Siege of Jhansi, she disguised herself as the queen and fought on her behalf, on the front, allowing the queen to escape safely out of the fort.^[10] She died during the battle.^[11]^[12]

Rani Lakshmibai (19 November 1828 — 18 June 1858) was the queen consort of Jhansi State, a princely state of Jhansi in the Maratha Empire.^[13] When her husband Maharaja Gangadhar Rao passed away in 1853, the British East India Company under Governor-General Dalhousie refused to recognize the claim of his adopted heir and annexed Jhansi under the Doctrine of Lapse.^[14] Lakshmibai was unwilling to cede control of the territory and joined the rebellion against the British in 1857. She was proclaimed as the regent of Jhansi on behalf of her minor son and led the successful defense of Jhansi against the company and its allies.^[13] She fought along with another rebel leader Tantia Tope before Jhansi fell to British forces under the command of Hugh Rose in early 1958. She managed to escape on a horseback and joined the rebel forces to attack and capture Gwalior, where they proclaimed Nana Saheb as Peshwa of the revived Maratha Empire. She died in June 1858 after being mortally wounded during the British counterattack at Gwalior.^[15]

Annie Besant (1 October 1847 – 20 September 1933) was a British born socialist, theosophist, women's rights activist and campaigner for Indian nationalism.^[16] She was an ardent supporter of the Indian self-rule and became the first female president of the Indian National Congress in 1917.^[17] She and Henry Steel Olcott led the Theosophical Society Adyar based in Chennai.^[18]

Kasturba Gandhi (11 April 1869 – 22 February 1944) was a social activist who often fought alongside her husband Gandhi.^[19] In 1904, Kasturba Gandhi began her work in politics and social activism in South Africa where she helped establish a settlement near Durban, a cooperative village where residents shared chores and grew their own food. In 1913, she was arrested and sentenced to three months in prison for participating in a protest against the treatment of Indian immigrants in South Africa.^[19] Upon return to India, Kasturba participated in numerous civil actions and protests, often taking her husband's place when he was in prison. In 1917, Kasturba worked to empower the lives of farmers in Champaran, Bihar. In 1922, she participated in a nonviolent civil disobedience (satyagraha) movement in Gujarat. She participated in a number of civil disobedience campaigns in the early 1930s and was arrested and jailed several times.^[20] In early 1939, she participated in nonviolent protests against the British in Rajkot after which she was arrested and kept in solitary confinement, during which her health further deteriorated. In 1942, she was arrested again for participating in the Quit India movement and was imprisoned in Pune. While in prison her chronic bronchitis worsened and she contracted pneumonia which led to her death in early 1944.^[21]

Sarojini Naidu (13 February 1879 – 2 March 1949) was a poet and an independence activist.^[22] She was hailed as the "Nightingale of India" for her lyrical and oratory prowess.^[23] Naidu wrote poetry predominantly in English, which usually took the form of lyric poetry and known for her use of the depictions of India in her writings.^[24] After a three-year stint in England from 1895 to 1898, Naidu became involved in the Indian Independence movement and various women’s causes tied to the nationalist movement, such as women’s suffrage.^[25] She spoke on its behalf in public forums around the world as an ambassador and spokeswoman of Indian nationalism.^[26] Naidu also acted in an official capacity as the first female Indian president of the Indian National Congress in 1925 and the appointed governor of the United Provinces in 1947.^[23]

Rukmini Lakshmipathi (6 December 1892 – 6 August 1951) was an independence activist belonging to the Indian National Congress.^[27] For her participation in the Salt Satyagraha in Vedaranyam in 1930, she was jailed for a year, becoming the first female prisoner in the salt satyagraha movement.^[28] She was the first woman to be elected to the Madras Legislature in 1937 and the first woman to serve as a minister in the Madras Presidency.^[29]

Pritilata Waddedar (5 May 1911 – 24 September 1932) was an independence activist from East Bengal.^[30]^[31] In 1932, she was part of a group of activists led by Surya Sen who went on an assault on the Pahartali European club at Chittagong.^[32] In the assault, she was shot and she committed suicide later to avoid getting captured.^[33]

Sucheta Kripalani (25 June 1908 – 1 December 1974) was a freedom fighter and politician, who was India's first female Chief Minister, serving as the head of the Government of Uttar Pradesh from 1963 to 1967.^[34] She came to the forefront during the Quit India Movement and was arrested by British. On 14 August 1947, she sang Vande Mataram in the Independence Session of the Constituent Assembly a few minutes before Nehru delivered his famous "Tryst with Destiny" speech.^[35]

Aruna Asaf Ali (16 July 1909 – 29 July 1996) was an educator, political activist, and publisher. An active participant in the Indian independence movement, she is widely remembered for hoisting the Indian National flag at the Gowalia Tank maidan, Bombay during the Quit India Movement in 1942. Post-independence, she remained active in politics, becoming Delhi's first Mayor.^[36]

Usha Mehta (25 March 1920 – 11 August 2000) was a Gandhian and freedom fighter.^[37] She is known for organizing the Congress Radio, an underground radio station, which functioned during the Quit India Movement of 1942.^[38]

Related Research Articles

Sarojini Naidu was an Indian political activist and poet who served as the first Governor of United Provinces, after India's independence. She played an important role in the Indian independence movement against the British Raj. She was the first Indian woman to be president of the Indian National Congress and appointed as governor of a state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rani of Jhansi</span> Queen of Jhansi

Lakshmibai Newalkar, the Rani of Jhansi, was the Maharani consort of the princely state of Jhansi in Maratha Empire from 1843 to 1853 by marriage to Maharaja Gangadhar Rao Newalkar. She was one of the leading figures in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, who became a national hero and symbol of resistance to the British rule in India for Indian nationalists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kasturba Gandhi</span> Indian freedom activist and leader; wife of the Mahatma Gandhi

Kasturbai Mohandas Gandhi was an Indian political activist who was involved in the Indian independence movement during British India. She was married to Mohandas Gandhi, commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi. National Safe Motherhood Day is observed in India annually on April 11, coinciding with Kasturba's birthday.

Kamala Nehru was an Indian independence activist and the wife of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India. Their daughter Indira Gandhi was the first female prime minister of India.

The Aga Khan Palace was built by Sultan Muhammed Shah Aga Khan III in the city of Pune, India.

Maharani Avantibai Lodhi was an Indian Rajput queen-ruler and freedom fighter. She was the queen of the Ramgarh in Madhya Pradesh. An opponent of the British East India Company during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, information concerning her is sparse and mostly comes from folklore. In 21st century, she has been used as an icon in Lodhi (Thakur) politics as she comes from Lodhi Rajput community.

Jhalkaribai was a woman soldier who played an important role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. She served in the women's army of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi. She eventually rose to a position of a prominent advisor to the queen, Rani of Jhansi. At the height of the Siege of Jhansi, she disguised herself as the queen and fought on her behalf, on the front, allowing the queen to escape safely out of the fort.

Laxmi Bai Nagar is a VIP residential colony in New Delhi, India. Laxmi Bai, meaning "city of Lakshmibai", is named for the Rani (queen) of the Maratha-ruled Jhansi State in India, which is now a province of modern Uttar Pradesh state. She fought for independence from the British Raj during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and died in combat.

Ek Veer Stree Ki Kahaani – Jhansi Ki Rani is an Indian historical drama based on the life of Lakshmi Bai, the Rani of Jhansi. The series was directed by Jitendra Srivastava and written by Rajesh Saksham, Ila Dutta Bedi, Malavika Asthana, Mairaj Zaidi and Virendra Singh Patyal. It premiered on 18 August 2009 on Zee TV with Ulka Gupta playing young Queen Lakshmi Bai. On 8 June 2010, the story moved on several years and Kratika Sengar portrayed the Queen from there on. The last episode aired on 19 June 2011, completing 480 episodes.

Jhansi was an independent princely state ruled by the Maratha Newalkar dynasty under suzerainty of British India from 1804 till 1853, when the British authorities took over the state under the terms of the Doctrine of Lapse, and renamed it the Jhansi State. Before the takeover, it was under the Peshwas from 1728 to 1804. The fortified town of Jhansi served as its capital.

<i>Jhansi Ki Rani</i> (1953 film) 1953 film by Sohrab Modi

Jhansi Ki Rani is a 1953 Indian Hindi-language historical drama film produced and directed by Sohrab Modi for his Minerva Movietone production banner. It is credited as the first Technicolor film made in India and starred Modi's wife, Mehtab in the title role, with Modi in the important role of her mentor, Rajguru. The film was dubbed in English as The Tiger and the Flame, which released in 1956 with the same star cast. The cast besides Mehtab and Sohrab Modi included Mubarak, Ulhas, Sapru, Ram Singh, Baby Shikha, Marconi and Shakila.

Mithuben Hormusji Petit was one of the pioneer Indian independence female activists who participated in Mahatma Gandhi's Dandi March. She became a recipient of India’s fourth highest-civilian honour, Padma Shri in 1961, for her social work.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abadi Bano Begum</span> Indian independence movement activist

Abadi Bano Begum (Bi Amma) (Urdu: عبادی بانو بیگم) (Born 1850 Died:13 November 1924) was a prominent voice in the Indian independence movement. She was also known as Bi Amma. She was one of the first Muslim women to actively take part in politics and was part of the movement to free India from the British Raj.

Gangadharrao Balkrishna Deshpande also known as Lion of Karnataka, Khadi Bhageeratha of Karnataka, was an Indian activist who was the leader of the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule from Belgaum. He was the right-hand man of both Lokamanya Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi in succession. Deshpande considered Lokamanya Tilak as his Guru. Deshpande served as Chairman of Karnataka branch of All-India Spinners' Association, and the All India Village Industries Association for some years. Deshpande was largely responsible for the installation of Premier of Bombay, B. G. Kher.

The study of women's history in the Indian subcontinent has been a major scholarly and popular field, with many scholarly books and articles, museum exhibits, and courses in schools and universities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tatya Tope</span> Leader of the Indian War of Independence in 1857

Tantia Tope was a notable commander in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

The Women's suffrage movement in India fought for Indian women's right to political enfranchisement in Colonial India under British rule. Beyond suffrage, the movement was fighting for women's right to stand for and hold office during the colonial era. In 1918, when Britain granted limited suffrage to women property holders, the law did not apply to British citizens in other parts of the Empire. Despite petitions presented by women and men to the British commissions sent to evaluate Indian voting regulations, women's demands were ignored in the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms. In 1919, impassioned pleas and reports indicating support for women to have the vote were presented by suffragists to the India Office and before the Joint Select Committee of the House of Lords and Commons, who were meeting to finalize the electoral regulation reforms of the Southborough Franchise Committee. Though they were not granted voting rights, nor the right to stand in elections, the Government of India Act 1919 allowed Provincial Councils to determine if women could vote, provided they met stringent property, income, or educational levels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lakshmibai Rajwade</span> Indian medical doctor, family planning advocate, and suffragist

Lakshmibai Rajwade (1887–1984) was an Indian medical doctor, feminist, and family planning advocate. She was also a suffragist and advocate for the right of women to vote in India, and presided over the All India Women's Conference as well as acting as its secretary. She was the author of an influential report on the role of women in the Indian economy in 1938, as well as a driving force in the adoption of family planning measures as part of the agenda of the Indian independence movement. Rajwade also represented India internationally, at the United Nations and helped establish links between Indian women's organizations and international women's organizations.

Sarojini Naidu was an Indian political activist and poet. A proponent of civil rights, women's emancipation, and anti-imperialistic ideas, she was an important figure in Indian independence movement. Naidu's work as a poet earned her the sobriquet 'the Nightingale of India' by Mahatma Gandhi because of colour, imagery, and lyrical quality of her poetry.

The Chhatri Sangha was an Indian women's student organization. It recruited and trained women revolutionaries, organized study circles and gave lessons in cycling, driving and armed warfare. It functioned as the girls' faction of the All India Students' Federation.

References

↑ "Women who made a difference". The Hindu . 10 August 2010. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011.
↑ "Veeramangai Velu Nachiyar". The Hindu Business Line. 18 January 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
↑ Journeys English Course Book 6. Pearson Education India. 2007. p. 78.
↑ "Rani Chennamma of Kitturu" (Press release). Government of India . Retrieved 17 April 2022.
↑ Asiatic Journal Vol.3 (1830). The Occurrences at Kittur in 1824. London: Parbury, Allen, and Co. pp. 218–222.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
↑ O'Malley, Lewis Sydney Steward (1985). Indian civil service, 1601–1930. London: Frank Cass. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-714-62023-7.
↑ Gopalakrishnan, Subramanian (Ed.) (2007). The South Indian rebellions : before and after 1800 (1st ed.). Chennai: Palaniappa Brothers. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-8-183-79500-5.
↑ Pati, Biswamoy (29 September 2017). "India 'Mutiny' and 'Revolution,' 1857-1858". Oxford Bibliographies. doi:10.1093/obo/9780199791279-0040.
↑ Sarala, Srikrishna (1999). Indian revolutionaries: a comprehensive study, 1757–1961. Vol. I. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-87100-16-4.
↑ Badri Narayan (2006). Women heroes and Dalit assertion in north India: culture, identity and politics. SAGE. ISBN 978-0-7619-3537-7.
↑ Vishwakarma, Sanjeev Kumar. Feminism and Literature: Text and Context. Allahabad (India): Takhtotaaz. pp. 132–139. ISBN 978-81-922645-6-1.
↑ Gupta, Charu (2007). "Dalit 'Viranganas' and Reinvention of 1857". Economic and Political Weekly. 42 (19): 1739–1745. JSTOR 4419579.
1 2 "Lakshmi Bai". Britannica. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
↑ Deshpande, Prachi (August 2008). "The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857". The Journal of Asian Studies. 67 (3): 855–879. doi: 10.1017/S0021911808001186 . ISSN 1752-0401. S2CID 146225979. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
↑ Lebra-Chapman, Joyce (1986). The Rani of Jhansi: A Study of Female Heroism in India. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 1–4. ISBN 0-8248-0984-X.
↑ "BBC - History - Annie Besant". BBC. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
↑ "Annie Besant, Making Britain". open.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
↑ Ramakrishnan, Venkatesh (19 May 2019). "Annie Besant: Firebrand Marxist to 'Devi Vasanthe' of Theosophists". dtNext.in. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
1 2 "Kasturba Gandhi | Indian political activist". Britannica. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
↑ Tarlo, Emma (1 December 1997). "Married to the Mahatma: The predicament of Kasturba Gandhi". Women: A Cultural Review. 8 (3): 264–277. doi:10.1080/09574049708578316. ISSN 0957-4042. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
↑ Schraff, Anne (2008). Mahatma Gandhi. Saddleback. ISBN 978-1-59905-248-9.
↑ "Sarojini Naidu". Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
1 2 Reddy, Sheshalatha (September 2010). "The Cosmopolitan Nationalism of Sarojini Naidu, Nightingale of India". Victorian Literature and Culture. 38 (2): 571–589. doi:10.1017/S1060150310000173. ISSN 1470-1553. S2CID 162597244. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
↑ Iyer, Sharada (2005). Musings on Indian Writing in English: Poetry. India: Sarup & Sons. p. 135. ISBN 978-8-176-25574-5.
↑ Syed Akbar (7 January 2019). "Nizam's kin pulls out 'firmans' showing last ruler's generosity". The Times of India . Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
↑ O'Brien, Jodi (2009). Sarojini Naidu (1879-1949), Encyclopedia of Gender and Society. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc. p. 589. doi:10.4135/9781412964517.n292. ISBN 978-1-412-90916-7. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
↑ Seminar on Uplift of Women in South India in 20th Century and Suggestions for 2000 A.D. Conferences, seminars, and workshops series. Vol. 5. Mother Teresa Women's University, Dept. of Historical Studies. 1987. p. 83.
↑ Roy, Kalpana (1999). Encyclopaedia of violence against women and dowry death in India. Vol. 1. Anmol Publications. p. 30. ISBN 978-81-261-0343-0.
↑ Ramakrishnan, T (13 March 2010). "Historic moments, historic personalities". The Hindu . Retrieved 8 April 2010.
↑ Pandey, Jhimli Mukherjee (22 March 2012). "After 80 yrs, posthumous degrees for revolutionaries". The Times of India . Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
↑ Pandey, Jhimli Mukherjee (22 March 2012). "After 80 yrs, posthumous degrees for revolutionaries". The Times of India . TNN. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
↑ Roy Sanyal, Ratna (March 2012). "Remembering Pritilata Waddedar : A Centenary Tribute" (PDF). North Bengal University Journal of History. 5: 19–24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
↑ Forbes, Geraldine (1999). Women in Modern India. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65377-0.
↑ S K Sharma (2004). Eminent Indian Freedom Fighters. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 560. ISBN 978-81-261-1890-8.
↑ "Constituent Assembly of India - Volume-V". Parliament of India. 14 August 1947. Archived from the original on 4 September 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
↑ "Remembering the fearless freedom fighter". 29 July 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
↑ Abdul, Geneva (2021-05-13). "Overlooked No More: Usha Mehta, Freedom Fighter Against British Rule in India". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 5 June 2021.
↑ BBC News (14 August 2020). "The fiery Indian student who ran a secret radio station for independence". Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

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[1] "Women who made a difference". The Hindu . 10 August 2010. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011.

[2] "Veeramangai Velu Nachiyar". The Hindu Business Line. 18 January 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2023.

[3] Journeys English Course Book 6. Pearson Education India. 2007. p. 78.

[4] "Rani Chennamma of Kitturu" (Press release). Government of India . Retrieved 17 April 2022.

[5] Asiatic Journal Vol.3 (1830). The Occurrences at Kittur in 1824. London: Parbury, Allen, and Co. pp. 218–222.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[6] O'Malley, Lewis Sydney Steward (1985). Indian civil service, 1601–1930. London: Frank Cass. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-714-62023-7.

[7] Gopalakrishnan, Subramanian (Ed.) (2007). The South Indian rebellions : before and after 1800 (1st ed.). Chennai: Palaniappa Brothers. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-8-183-79500-5.

[8] Pati, Biswamoy (29 September 2017). "India 'Mutiny' and 'Revolution,' 1857-1858". Oxford Bibliographies. doi:10.1093/obo/9780199791279-0040.

[9] Sarala, Srikrishna (1999). Indian revolutionaries: a comprehensive study, 1757–1961. Vol. I. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-87100-16-4.

[10] Badri Narayan (2006). Women heroes and Dalit assertion in north India: culture, identity and politics. SAGE. ISBN 978-0-7619-3537-7.

[11] Vishwakarma, Sanjeev Kumar. Feminism and Literature: Text and Context. Allahabad (India): Takhtotaaz. pp. 132–139. ISBN 978-81-922645-6-1.

[12] Gupta, Charu (2007). "Dalit 'Viranganas' and Reinvention of 1857". Economic and Political Weekly. 42 (19): 1739–1745. JSTOR 4419579.

[Jhansi-13] 1 2 "Lakshmi Bai". Britannica. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.

[14] Deshpande, Prachi (August 2008). "The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857". The Journal of Asian Studies. 67 (3): 855–879. doi: 10.1017/S0021911808001186 . ISSN 1752-0401. S2CID 146225979. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.

[15] Lebra-Chapman, Joyce (1986). The Rani of Jhansi: A Study of Female Heroism in India. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 1–4. ISBN 0-8248-0984-X.

[16] "BBC - History - Annie Besant". BBC. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

[17] "Annie Besant, Making Britain". open.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

[18] Ramakrishnan, Venkatesh (19 May 2019). "Annie Besant: Firebrand Marxist to 'Devi Vasanthe' of Theosophists". dtNext.in. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.

[Gandhi-19] 1 2 "Kasturba Gandhi | Indian political activist". Britannica. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2021.

[20] Tarlo, Emma (1 December 1997). "Married to the Mahatma: The predicament of Kasturba Gandhi". Women: A Cultural Review. 8 (3): 264–277. doi:10.1080/09574049708578316. ISSN 0957-4042. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2021.

[21] Schraff, Anne (2008). Mahatma Gandhi. Saddleback. ISBN 978-1-59905-248-9.

[22] "Sarojini Naidu". Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2021.

[Naidu-23] 1 2 Reddy, Sheshalatha (September 2010). "The Cosmopolitan Nationalism of Sarojini Naidu, Nightingale of India". Victorian Literature and Culture. 38 (2): 571–589. doi:10.1017/S1060150310000173. ISSN 1470-1553. S2CID 162597244. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.

[24] Iyer, Sharada (2005). Musings on Indian Writing in English: Poetry. India: Sarup & Sons. p. 135. ISBN 978-8-176-25574-5.

[25] Syed Akbar (7 January 2019). "Nizam's kin pulls out 'firmans' showing last ruler's generosity". The Times of India . Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2022.

[26] O'Brien, Jodi (2009). Sarojini Naidu (1879-1949), Encyclopedia of Gender and Society. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc. p. 589. doi:10.4135/9781412964517.n292. ISBN 978-1-412-90916-7. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.

[27] Seminar on Uplift of Women in South India in 20th Century and Suggestions for 2000 A.D. Conferences, seminars, and workshops series. Vol. 5. Mother Teresa Women's University, Dept. of Historical Studies. 1987. p. 83.

[28] Roy, Kalpana (1999). Encyclopaedia of violence against women and dowry death in India. Vol. 1. Anmol Publications. p. 30. ISBN 978-81-261-0343-0.

[29] Ramakrishnan, T (13 March 2010). "Historic moments, historic personalities". The Hindu . Retrieved 8 April 2010.

[30] Pandey, Jhimli Mukherjee (22 March 2012). "After 80 yrs, posthumous degrees for revolutionaries". The Times of India . Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.

[31] Pandey, Jhimli Mukherjee (22 March 2012). "After 80 yrs, posthumous degrees for revolutionaries". The Times of India . TNN. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.

[32] Roy Sanyal, Ratna (March 2012). "Remembering Pritilata Waddedar : A Centenary Tribute" (PDF). North Bengal University Journal of History. 5: 19–24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.

[33] Forbes, Geraldine (1999). Women in Modern India. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65377-0.

[34] S K Sharma (2004). Eminent Indian Freedom Fighters. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 560. ISBN 978-81-261-1890-8.

[35] "Constituent Assembly of India - Volume-V". Parliament of India. 14 August 1947. Archived from the original on 4 September 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2016.

[36] "Remembering the fearless freedom fighter". 29 July 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2023.

[37] Abdul, Geneva (2021-05-13). "Overlooked No More: Usha Mehta, Freedom Fighter Against British Rule in India". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 5 June 2021.

[38] BBC News (14 August 2020). "The fiery Indian student who ran a secret radio station for independence". Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.

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