Zaina Kadal was originally constructed using wood and stone, consistent with the architectural practices of the time.[6] The bridge has undergone several restorations over the centuries, primarily due to damage caused by floods and natural wear. Despite these renovations, attempts have been made to preserve its original design and cultural significance.[3]
Construction
Zaina Kadal was built during the reign of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (r. 1420–1470 CE). His reign was marked by a series of infrastructural improvements, aimed at enhancing the economic and social conditions of the region.[5] The construction of bridge which began in 1427 CE,[2] was part of a broader strategy to improve connectivity in Srinagar, facilitating trade between the city's commercial districts and the surrounding areas.[5]
At the time, the Jhelum River was a vital transportation and trade route, and the creation of Zaina Kadal provided an essential link across the river. This allowed for greater movement of goods and people, enhancing economic activity in the region. The bridge's strategic location made it a focal point of commerce, with bustling markets emerging around it.[5]
According to local folklore, Sultan Abidin commissioned the construction of Zaina Kadal as a gesture of gratitude towards Pandit Vaid, a renowned physician. Vaid is believed to have cured the Sultan of a life-threatening illness, and in recognition of this, the Sultan built Zaina Kadal bridge.[1]
Throughout its history, Zaina Kadal has been associated with significant political and military events. During a rebellion led by Adam Khan, the son of Zain-ul-Abideen, the bridge became a strategic point of defence. Zain was initially reluctant to demolish the bridge, despite advice from his general, as it was critical for controlling access during the revolt.[2]
Zaina Kadal has also been subject to destruction and reconstruction several times. In one incident, during a dispute between two chief ministers of Fateh Shah, the bridge and the surrounding area were burned down in a military operation to gain control over the region. Later, under the rule of Maharaj Ganj and his successor Pratap Singh, the bridge was reconstructed in 1897 after its dilapidated condition had made it unsuitable for use.
During the Dogra period, the bridge was known for being used as a site for public hangings.[2] A new bridge was subsequently constructed by Hari Singh in 1926,[4] and it underwent repairs during the prime ministership of Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad (1953–63).[2] Later, the government of Jammu and Kashmir repaired Zaina Kadal in 1953–54.[4] In 2011, the bridge was again repaired by the state government.[7]
The bridge is approximately 90 meters long and 10.3 meters wide. It remains a site of historical and cultural importance in the region and has contributed to the enrichment of local language and literature.[2]
Historical context
Tomb of Zain-ul-Abedin's mother near Zaina Kadal in Srinagar
During the Dogra era, Zaina Kadal was not only used as a transportation link but also as the site of a "phaasi koot", (a gallows or hanging) where executions were carried out to enforce state authority. This grim aspect of its history underscores the bridge's role in the governance and societal structure of the time.[3]
Under the reign of MaharajaPratap Singh, a jail was established at Khojjeyarbal, located near Zaina Kadal, which later relocated to the city's periphery. The area around Zaina Kadal eventually became home to the first police station in the city at SR Gunj, further emphasising its significance in the administrative framework of Srinagar.[3]
Some sources suggest that Zaina Kadal was the first bridge constructed over the Jhelum River. However, this claim is contested by many. Sultan, the 15th-century ruler of Kashmir and the builder of Zaina Kadal, is interred in a tomb located near his mother's grave. The burial site is situated close to the Zaina Kadal bridge.[5]
Role in disinformation
Historically, Zaina Kadal served as a focul point for the generation of falserumours.[8][3] However, as the dynamics of rumour-mongering evolved, rumormonger gradually shifted their focus to Amira Kadal, the sixth bridge, from where it was further distributed to surrounding villages and towns.[9]
While news originating from Zaina Kadal, locally referred to as "Khabar-e-Zain-e-Kadal-e-Chi", was often viewed as fabricated, some people were unaware of its potential unreliability.[6] Some local politicians were believed to have participated in the creation of false news, which was then spread by their supporters throughout Kashmir.[9]
Documented instances of misinformation include items that were both handwritten and printed in specific areas of the Old City. These items were circulated widely, contributing to the spread of rumours. This phenomenon illustrates the role of Zaina Kadal in the development of rumour dissemination and its influence on the public sphere within Kashmir's historical context.[9]
Cultural and economic impact
The bridge played a central role in the economic and social life of Srinagar during Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin's reign. By improving access between different parts of the city, Zaina Kadal contributed to the growth of trade and commerce.[10] The areas surrounding the bridge became important marketplaces, where merchants traded goods such as spices, textiles, and handicrafts.[5]
In addition to its economic importance, Zaina Kadal has had a longstanding cultural significance, being located near important religious and social centers in Srinagar.[10] Over the centuries, the bridge has been a witness to various religious and cultural events.[3]
Political significance
Zaina Kadal has played a central role in the history of Srinagar. It was a meeting place of political activity, particularly during the Kashmir freedom movement. The upstairs of a nearby bookshop housed the historic reading room, which served as a meeting place for prominent Kashmir people. The location was instrumental in the formulation of ideas and strategies related to Kashmir's political landscape, with discussions that significantly influenced the course of the region's freedom movement.[3]
Modern relevance
In modern day, Zaina Kadal is regarded as a historical monument in the cultural and architectural heritage of Kashmir. Although it is no longer a primary transportation route,[3] Zaina Kadal is regarded as one of the infrastructural development from the time of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin.[1]
In 2011, the government of Jammu and Kashmir proposed demolishing the Zaina Kadal bridge as part of an urban redevelopment initiative. However, the decision was later withdrawn after concerns about the preservation of the bridge led to opposition from local communities. They argue that the bridge, constructed during the reign of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin, serves as an important part of architectural history and a symbol of cultural identity.[11][12]
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