Zorawar LT

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Zorawar
Zorawar Light Tank.jpg
Zorawar Light tank developed by DRDO and L&T
Type Light tank
Place of origin India
Service history
Used by Indian Army (ordered)
Production history
Designer Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (DRDO)
Larsen & Toubro
Designed2022-2024
Manufacturer Larsen & Toubro
Produced2024
No. built1 prototype [1]
Specifications
Mass25 tonnes
Crew3
Main
armament
 Cockerill 105 mm high-pressure rifled gun in customized Cockerill 3105 Turret [2] [3]
Secondary
armament
1 × NSV 12.7mm AA MG on BEL RCWS
2 × side mounted ATGM
16 × 81mm Anti-thermal Anti-laser smoke grenade. [4] [5]
Engine Cummins VTA903E-T760; 760 hp diesel engine [6] [7] [8] [9]
Power/weight30-40 hp/tonne [10]
Maximum speed 70 km/h (43 mph)
35–40 km/h (22–25 mph) cross country [11]

The Zorawar is an Indian Light Tank developed for the Indian Army. The tank was designed and developed by the Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment of DRDO with Larsen & Toubro being the development and production partner. [12]

Contents

The Zorawar has been designed to have a high power-to-weight ratio along with substantial firepower, protection, surveillance and communication capabilities. The Zorawar is tasked to provide versatility to execute operations in varying terrain against diverse threats and equipment profiles of its adversaries. [13] The tank is named for the 19th century Dogra General Zorawar Singh. [14]

Background

Former light tanks of India

The Indian Army has a history of using light tanks in the mountainous terrains during combat situations. The Stuart and Sherman tanks were used during the Battle of Kohima in 1944. In Indo-Pakistan War of 1948, the same tanks pushed back Pakistan forces in the Zoji La. In 1962 Sino-Indian War, the Army deployed French-origin AMX-13 tanks in the Battle of Gurung Hill near Pangong Tso and also in Bomdila and Dirang in Arunachal Pradesh. Again in the 1971 Indo-Pakistan War, the AMX-13 and Soviet PT-76 tanks were deployed during the Battle of Garibpur. [3]

However, the Indian Army did not operate any light tank after PT-76 was retired from active service in 1989 and subsequently from reserved status in 2009. [15] [16]

Challenges at high altitudes

India's armoured inventory consists of main battle tanks like the T-72, T-90, Arjun Mk1 and Arjun Mk1A which weighs within the range 43–68 t (95,000–150,000 lb) and has a lower power to weight ratio which is unsuitable for deployment in high-altitude regions like Ladakh. T-90 and K9 Vajra regiments were deployed during the conflict. But that required design changes and additional logistics (like switching on engine for up to 30 minutes every two to three hours to prevent engine freezing). Rarefied air, lower air pressure further reduces the effectiveness of conventional armoured fighting vehicles (like MBT, IFV or Self-propelled Howitzer) which face logistical and operational challenges in such regions. [16] [17]

Armoured vehicle require specific design modifications to operate at such regions. Such operationa demands could e easily fulfilled by light tanks. The PLAGF had deployed their Type 15 light tanks in the Ladakh region during the standoff for the reason. [18] [19]

The lack of an equivalent light tank led the Indian Army to initiate a new Indian Light Tank programme which resulted in Project Zorawar. [16] [20]

Namesake

The project is named after General Zorawar Singh Kahluria, who led the 1841 Military Expedition to Mount Kailash and Lake Manasarovar during the Dogra–Tibetan War. [21] [18]

Design

A Cockerill 105 mm HP Gun made by Belgian company John Cockerill Cockerill 105 HP Gun.jpg
A Cockerill 105 mm HP Gun made by Belgian company John Cockerill

The new light tank is supposed to be light and maneuverable without sacrificing firepower. Its capabilities will be supplemented by artificial intelligence, integration with swarm drones for high lethality, loitering munitions for higher situational awareness, and an active protection system as a shield against modern anti-armour systems. [22]

Armament

The tank is to be equipped with a 105 mm calibre gun turret procured from John Cockerill of Belgium. [3]

Engine

India initially decided to use German MTU engines for Zorawar tank, but due to repeated delays the Cummins 750 hp engine will be used for prototypes. [23] Recent reports suggest Rolls-Royce has delivered MTU 8V199 engine for the light tank project. The DRDO is also working on a project to develop an indigenous engine for production. [24] [25]

Development

Initially, the Indian Army intended to procure these light tanks from Russia. [26] The Army finalised the general staff quality requirements and approached the Ministry of Defence in September 2022 for the Acceptance of Necessity (AoN). [27] [28]

The project, which has already received in-principle approval, is planned to be procured under the 'Make-I' acquisition category of the Defense Acquisition Procedure (DAP)-2020, in line with the "Make in India" initiative. [29] The project cost that was sanctioned stood at ₹ 234.5 crore (US$28 million). The project cost included the design and development of the tank and realisation of one prototype. The project included Larsen & Toubro as the lead systems integrator and several MSME s. [30]

Larsen & Toubro (L&T) received the order to build the prototype in April 2023. The development will include the expertise gained from the development of DRDO Light Tank and L&T's K9 Thunder production. The initial speculation of using the K9 chassis for the tank was negated out as that would increase the weight to at least 34 tonnes against the requirement of 25 tonnes. [3]

In September 2022, it was confirmed that Larsen & Toubro (L&T) has been selected as the development partner of this homegrown "mountain tank" which is to be rolled out by 2023. [31]

The concept of this tank was unveiled at DefExpo 2022, [32] and as per April 2023 reports, the Indian Army may induct close to 700 units of this tank. [33] The Russo-Ukrainian War has reportedly caused supply chain chokepoints for defense components, specifically electrical, electronic, and engine components, delaying projects, according to an August 2023 report by The New Indian Express . [34]

On 26 July 2024, the Minister of State for Defence Sanjay Seth revealed to the Parliament that the first prototype of the tank was realised. Zorawar is to be inducted by the Army in 2027. [30]

Trials

Zorawar LT firing main gun during preliminary automotive trials

In January 2024, developmental trials of the tank prototypes began in Hazira, Gujarat, at the L&T facility where the prototypes were built. It is expected that the prototypes will be handed over to the Army by April 2024. [35] By July 2024, the track trials were completed and certain design changes were made as per suggestions. The tank will now go for desert trials with the Army, followed by high-altitude trials in Ladakh. As per the current timeline, the tank will be inducted by 2027. [36] [37]

On September 13, 2024, DRDO successfully completed the Zorawar LT's preliminary automotive trials at Mahajan Field Firing Range near Bikaner. [38] In the desert terrain during the field trials, the light tank performed exceptionally well, effectively achieving all of the targeted goals. During the first phase, the tank met the necessary accuracy on pre-designated targets after undergoing a thorough evaluation of its firing performance. [39] According to the sources, the most important factor for a tank is precision, also known as FRHP (First Round Hit Probability) in technical parlance because it is necessary to hit the adversary first in modern warfare. [40] [41] The September trials was termed as the Phase 1 or Desert Trials of Zorawar. [12]

As per a report in October 2024, the next trials shall include missile firing. The developmental trials would be concluded by January 2025 after which the tank will be handed over to the Army for user trials. The user trials will take 12 to 18 months as the Army will test the tank's performance in summer, winter and high-altitude conditions. DRDO maintains that the tank will be inducted by 2027. [42]

Zorawar LT was airlifted by Indian Air Force for high altitude trials Zorawar high altitude firing trials.jpg
Zorawar LT was airlifted by Indian Air Force for high altitude trials

As of December 2024, the prototype is undergoing high-altitude trials in Nyoma, Ladakh at altitudes of over 4,200 m (13,800 ft). The tank successfully fired multiple rounds during the trials. The trials are being conducted under the criteria of its firepower, mobility and protection. The tank is also aimed to be amphibious for deployment in riverine regions, including the Pangong Tso in eastern Ladakh. The tank was airlifted to the high-altitude location by the Indian Air Force. [43] [44]

The user trials of Zorawar tank by the Army will start in 2025. [45]

Orders

By April 2023, Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) has also approved seven light tank regiments. Of this one regiment is to be delivered by Larsen & Toubro and the rest from another firm through competitive bidding process. [3]

An initial order for 59 tanks has been placed, which will be produced by Larsen & Toubro. The Indian Army will also be holding a competition for buying 295 light tanks, in which the Zorawar tank will take part in. [35] [18] According to reports that emerged in May 2024, Bharat Forge is also developing a light tank under 25 tonnes to compete with L&T's Zorawar Tank in the Army's light tank programme. [46]

The purchase for a total of 354 tanks is expected to cost ₹ 17,500 crore (US$2.1 billion). The first batch of 59 batch is "reserved" for DRDO which includes L&T as the lead systems integrator. The rest of 295 tanks will be ordered and manufactured under Make-1 government funded category after a tendering process which will include L&T. [47]

As per a report in November 2024, the user trials by the Army in 2025 is to be followed by selection of 2 private companies for their prototype development based on Zorawar under the Futuristic Light Tank programme. Eventually, one of the designs wil be selected for mass production after competitive trials. [45]

Operators

Future operators

See also

Contemporary competitors

Historical Indian light tanks

AFVs with similar firepower

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References

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