Nagpuri language

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Nagpuri
Sadri
Sadani
Nagpuri language.svg
The word "Nagpuri" written in Devanagari script
Native toIndia
RegionWest Central Chota Nagpur (Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Bihar)
Ethnicity Nagpuria
Native speakers
 L1: 5.1 million (2011 census) [1] [2] [3] [4]
L2: 7.0 million (2007) [4]
Devanagari
Kaithi (historical)
Official status
Official language in
Flag of India.svg  India
Language codes
ISO 639-3 Either:
sck  – Sadri
sdr  – Oraon Sadri
Glottolog sada1242
Sadri speaking region.png
Nagpuri-speaking region in India
A Sadri speaker speaking three languages, recorded in China.

Nagpuri (also known as Sadri) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Bihar. It is primarily spoken in the west and central Chota Nagpur plateau region. [2] [7] [8] It is sometimes considered a dialect of Bhojpuri. [9] [10] [11]

Contents

It is the native language of the Sadan, the Indo-Aryan ethnic group of Chota Nagpur plateau. [8] In addition to native speakers, it is also used as a lingua franca by many tribal groups such as the Kurukh, a Dravidian ethnic group, and the Kharia, Munda, and Austro-asiatic ethnic groups. A number of speakers from these tribal groups have adopted it as their first language. [8] It is also used as a lingua franca among the Tea-garden community of Assam, West Bengal and Bangladesh who were taken as labourers to work in the tea gardens during the British Period. [8] It is known as Baganiya bhasa in the tea garden area of Assam which is influenced by the Assamese language. [12] According to the 2011 Census, it is spoken by 5.1 million people as a first language. Around 7 million speak it as their second language based on a study from 2007. [2]

Etymology

The language is known by several names, such as Nagpuri, Nagpuria, Sadani, Sadri etc. In the literary tradition, the language is known as Nagpuri, which is the polished and literary language especially used by Hindus and in cities. While Sadri refers to the spoken and non-literary form of the language, especially spoken by tribal groups in the countryside. [13] [14] The name Nagpuri is derived from the region ruled by Nagvanshi, named as Chutia Nagpur (Chota Nagpur Division) by the British to distinguish it from Nagpur of Maharashtra. [15] Similarly, the Sadani term derived from the languages of Sadan ethnolinguistic group of Chotanagpur. The Sadani also refer to closely related Indo-Aryan languages of Jharkhand such as Nagpuri, Panchpargania, Kurmali and Khortha. [8]

Nagpuri language writers are in favour of using Nagpuri as the name of the language. There is an opposition against the use of the word Sadri and giving two names Sadan/Sadri and Nagpuria, to a single language in the upcoming Indian census. According to them, the name of the language is Nagpuri and the native speakers of the language are known as Nagpuria. The British also wrote a grammar using the name Nagpuri in 1906, and Nagpuri is the official name of the language in Jharkhand. [14] [16] [17]

Alternate names

Alternate names of Nagpuri language include: Sadani, Sadana, Sadati, Sadari, Sadhan, Sadna, Sadrik, Santri, Siddri, Sradri, Sadhari, Sadan, Nagpuria, Chota Nagpuri, Dikku Kaji, Gawari, Ganwari, Goari, Gauuari, Jharkhandhi. [18] [19] [20]

History

There are different opinions among linguists about the origin of the Nagpuri language. According to Peter Shanti Navrangi, Nagpuriya Sadani or Nagpuri originated from ancient Prakrit. According to professor Keshri Kumar Singh, Nagpuri is an Apabhramsha and descendant of Magadhi Prakrit in his book "Nagpuri bhasa ebam Sahitya". According to Dr. Shravan Kumar Goswami, Nagpuri evolved from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit. [21] According to him, Nagpuri might have originated between the 8th to 11th centuries and developed into a full-fledged language between the 14th to 15th centuries. According to Yogendra Nath Tiwari, Nagpuri is an ancient language that was in existence before Chotanagpur or Jharkhand started to be known as Nagpur and evolved from Jharkhand Prakrit. There is no consensus among scholars from which language Nagpuri has evolved. Several similarities are found between the words of Hindi, Nagpuri, Apabrahmsa, Prakrit and Sanskrit. [7]

The Nagpuri language was the court language of the Nagvanshi dynasty and the official language of Chotanagpur till British rule. Evidence of literature is available from the 17th century. In 1903, Sir George Abraham Grierson classified Nagpuri as the Nagpuria dialect of the Bhojpuri language in his "Linguistic Survey of India".

1903 Linguistic map of East Chota Nagpur, by G.A. Grierson Linguistic map of East Chota Nagpur.jpg
1903 Linguistic map of East Chota Nagpur, by G.A. Grierson

Nagpuri has been placed in the Bihari group of Indo-Aryan languages. [8] [22] Recent studies demonstrate that the Indo-Aryan languages of the Chota Nagpur plateau, called Sadani languages , are distinct languages and are more closely related to each other than any other languages. [13]

Geographical distribution

Distribution of Nagpuri language in the state of India (2011 census) [23]

  Jharkhand (46.7%)
  West Bengal (14.5%)
  Assam (14%)
  Chattisgarh (12.7%)
  Odisha (6.8%)
  Rajasthan (4.1%)
  Other (1.2%)

The Nagpuri language is mainly spoken in the western Chota Nagpur Plateau region. The geographical distribution of language is tabulated below;

State Jharkhand Chhattisgarh Odisha Bihar
District Chatra Jashpur Sundergarh Gaya
Palamu Balrampur
Latehar Sarguja
Garhwa
Hazaribagh
Lohardaga
Gumla
Ranchi
Simdega
Khunti
West Singhbhum

It is also spoken by some Tea garden community in Tea garden area of Assam, West Bengal, Bangladesh and Nepal who were taken as labourer to work in Tea garden during British Rule. [3]

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Retroflex Post-alv./
Palatal 		Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ( ɳ ) ŋ
Stop/
Affricate 		voiceless p t ʈ tʃ k
aspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ tʃʰ kʰ
voiced b d ɖ dʒ ɡ
breathy bʱ dʱ ɖʱ dʒʱ ɡʱ
Fricative s h
Tap ɾ
Lateral l
Approximant ʋ j

Vowels

Oral vowel sounds
Front Central Back
High i iː ʊ ʊː
Mid ɛ ɛː ( ə əː ) ʌ ʌː ɔ ɔː
Low a aː
Nasal vowel sounds
Front Central Back
High ĩ ʊ̃
Mid ɛ̃ ʌ̃ ɔ̃
Low ã
Diphthongs
Front Central Back
High ʊi̯
Mid ɛi̯,ɛʊ̯[əɪ̯]ʌɛ̯,ʌ̃ɛ̯̃,ʌi̯,ʌʊ̯ɔɛ̯,ɔ̃ɛ̯̃,ɔi̯,ɔ̃ĩ̯
Low aɛ̯,ãɛ̯̃,aɪ̯,aʊ̯,ãʊ̯̃

Vocabulary

Similarities between words

There are similarities between the words of Nagpuri, Hindi, Apabhramsha, Prakrit and Sanskrit which are given in the table below. [7]

NagpuriHindiApabrahmshaPrakritSanskritEnglish
PachhePeechhePicchhuPachhaPashchaBehind
BeyirSuryaBeriRabiRaviSun
SapnaSapnaSupanSuvanSwapnaDream
DharamDharmDhamDhammDharmaReligion
AayinkhAankhAankhiAkivAkshiEyes
DidhDrudhDidhDidhDhairyaCourage

Tenses

Magadhi, Nagpuri and Jharkhand Prakrit use "la" in the past tense, "ta" in the present tense and "ma" in the future tense. The words are given below in the table. [7]

NagpuriHindiEnglish
Gelongayawent
Sutlonsoyaslept
Peelonpiyadrank
Khalonkhayaate
JathonJa raha hoonI am going
Sutothonso raha hoonI am sleeping.
PiyothonPee raha hoonI am drinking.
KhathonKha raha hoonI am eating
JamujaoongaI will go.
SutmusooungaI will sleep
PimuPiyungaI will drink.
KhamuKhaoongaI will eat.

Relationship

Below are some words about relationships in Nagpuri in the table. [7]

NagpuriHindiEnglish
Mae, AayoMaMother
Baap, AbbaPitaFather
BadiPardadiGreat grandmother
KakaKakaFather's younger brother
DidiDidiElder sister
BhaiBhaiBrother
BahinBahensister
PuthPutraSon
NaniNaniMaternal grandmother
JaniMahilawoman
SayisSaasMother- in - law
Sangat/Yaarbrother of sister-in-law and brother-in-law
Sangatinsister of sister-in-law and brother-in-law

Words

Below are some words of daily use in Nagpuri, Hindi and English in the table. [7]

NagpuriHindiEnglish
CharkaSwethWhite
GolaBhuraBrown
PeeyarPeelaYellow
LaalLaalRed
LeelNeelaBlue
AayijAajToday
AekhaneAbhiNow
Sagar dinSara dinWhole night
AdhberiyaDopaharAfternoon
SanjhSamEvening
ThanvSthanPlace
PokhraPokharPond
PethiyaBazarMarket
PahadPahadMountain
NadiNadiRiver
MasnaMasan/SamsaanGraveyard
JaadJaadaWinter
BarkhaBarsaRainy season
RaitRaatNight
PaalaPaalaSnow

Sample phrases

EnglishNagpuriNagpuri (Devanagari)
What is your name?Tor naam ka heke?तोर नाम का हेके ?
How are you ?Toen kaisan aahis?तोयं कसैन आहीस्?
I am fine.Moen thik aahonमोएं ठीक आहों।
What?Ka?का?
Who?Ke?के?
Why?Kale?काले?
How?Kaisan?कसैन?
Which?Kon?कोन?
Come here.Hian aaoहीयां आओ
I am going to home.Moen ghar jat honमोएं घर जात हों।
I have eaten.Moen kha honमोएं खा हों।
I will go.Moen Jamuमोएं जामु।
We go.Hame jaeilहामे जाइल।
You go.Toen jaisतोयं जाइस्।
You are writing.Toen likhathisतोयं लिखतहिस्।
You will come.Toen aabeतोयं आबे।
We are writing.Hame likhathiहामे लीखतही।
We have written.Hame likh hiहामे लीख ही।
He/She come.Oo aawelaउ आवेला।
He/She is going.Oo jat heउ जात हे।
He/She was coming.Oo aawat raheउ आवत रहे।
He/She will play.Oo kheliउ खेली।
They have eaten bread.Ooman roti kha haenउमन रोटी खा हयं।
They went.Ooman gelaenउमन गेलयं।
They will go home.Ooman ghar jabaenउमन घर जाबयं।

Dialects

The Nagpuri language spoken in different districts such as Ranchi, Gumla, Simdega and Garhwa varies with each other. [13]

Script

The early inscriptions found in the region are in Brahmi script. The Saridkel Brahmi Inscription from Khunti district is from 3rd century BCE. Several inscriptions of forts, temples and land grants are found from the 9th century, such as from Mahamaya temple of Hapamuni built by Gajghat Rai, Nagfeni, Navratangarh fort of Gumla district, Boreya and Jagannath temple of Ranchi. Some Buddhist inscriptions are undated, such as from Khalari and Jonha Falls. [25] Inscriptions of the modern period are in Devnagari script. Nagpuri poetry has been written in Devnagari and Kaithi script during the 17th century. [26] At present, mainly Devnagari script is used in literature. [7]

Literature

The Nagpuri language is rich in folk tales, folk songs and riddles. Literature in the Nagpuri language are available since the 17th century. The Nagvanshi king Raghunath Shah and the King of Ramgarh, Dalel Singh, were poets. These poems were composed in Devnagari script and Kaithi script. [26] [27] Some Nagpuri peots were Hanuman Singh, Jaigovind Mishra, Barju Ram Pathak, Ghasi Ram Mahli, Das Mahli, Mahant Ghasi and Kanchan. [28] "Nagvanshavali" (1876), written by Beniram Mehta, is a historical work in the nagpuri language. The poet Ghasi Ram Mahli wrote several works, including "Nagvanashavali", "Durgasaptasati", "Barahamasa", "Vivha Parichhan" etc. There were also great writers like Pradumn Das and Rudra Singh. [29] It is believed that prose writing in the nagpuri language started by Christian missionaries. E.H.Whitley wrote Notes on the Ganwari dialect of Lohardaga, Chhota Nagpur in 1896, which considered the start of writing prose in the nagpuri language. [30] Some Nagpuri language writers and poets in the modern period are Praful Kumar Rai, Sahani Upendra Pal Singh, Shiv Avtar Choudhary, Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo, Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari and Girdhari Ram Gonjhu. [21]

Monthly Nagpuri magazines Gotiya and Johar Sahiya have been published in Ranchi. [31] [32] Several magazines have also been published in Assam, West Bengal's Tarai and Dooars districts. [33] [3]

Author and Work

Some poets, writers and their works in the nagpuri language are as follows: [30]

AuthorWork
Raghunath Shah first known poet in the Nagpuri language, mostly composed devotional poetry on Krishna
Beniram MahataNagvanshavali (1876)
Ghasi Ram Mahli Nagpuri Fag Satak, Lalana Ranjana, Durga Saptasati, Nagvanshavali Jhumar
KanchanSudama Charitra, Krishna Charitra, Mahabharat, Lanka Kand, Usha Haran
Drugpal Ram DeoghariaNal Charita, Korambe Upakhyan
Dhaniram BakshiJitiya Kahani, Fogli budhia kar Kahani, Narad Moh Lila, Karam Mahatmay, Sri Krishna Charit
E.H WhitleyNotes on Ganwari dialects of Lohardaga, Chotanagpur (grammar), 1896
Konrad BookoutGrammar of the Nagpuria Sadani language
Praful Kumar Rai Son Jhair (collection of stories), 1967
Sahani Upendra Pal Singh Mewar Keshri, Amba Manjar
Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari Nerua Lota urf Sanskritit Abdharna (nibandh), Thakur Vishwanath Sahi, Kanti
Shravan Kumar Goswami Nagpuri Vyakran, Seva aur Nokri, Teteir Kar Chhaon, Du Dair Bis Phool
Girdhari Ram Gonjhu Mahabali Radhe Kar Balidan, Akhra Nindaye Gelak
Naimuddin MirdahaMenjur Painkh
Baraik Iswari Prasad SinghKaka kar Kahani
Kali Kumar SumanKhukhri Rugda
Shakuntala Mishra Nagpuri Sadani Vyakaran, Sadani Nagpuri-Hindi Sabdkosh, Sato Nadi Par

Education

Nagpuri taught at some high schools as a subject in Jharkhand. [34] It is also taught at Ranchi University, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University, Ranchi Women's College, Suraj Singh Memorial College, J.N College, Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav College, Doranda College, Simdega College and other universities of Jharkhand. [35] [36]

Politics

Historically, Nagpuri was the lingua-franca in the region. It was the court language during the reign of the Nagvanshi dynasty. [26] Nagpuri is accorded as an additional official language in the Indian state of Jharkhand. [5] [6] There is demand to include Nagpuri in the Eighth schedule. [37] [38] [39] Some academics oppose inclusion of Hindi dialects in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution as full-fledged Indian languages. According to them, recognition of Hindi dialects as separate languages would deprive Hindi of millions of its speakers and eventually no Hindi will be left. [40]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bhojpuri language</span> Indo-Aryan language native to India and Nepal

Bhojpuri is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Bhojpur-Purvanchal region of India and the Terai region of Nepal. It is chiefly spoken in eastern Uttar Pradesh, western Bihar and western Jharkhand in India as well as western Madhesh and eastern Lumbini in Nepal. It is an eastern Indo Aryan language and as of 2000 it is spoken by about 5% of India's population. Bhojpuri is a descendant of Magadhi Prakrit and is related to Maithili, Magahi, Bangla, Odia, Assamese, and other eastern Indo-Aryan languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magahi language</span> Indo-Aryan language spoken in India

Magahi, also known as Magadhi, is a Indo-Aryan language spoken in Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal states of eastern India, and in the Terai of Nepal. Magadhi Prakrit was the ancestor of Magahi, from which the latter's name derives.

Nagpuri may refer to the following entities associated with India:

Sadan may refer to:

Chik Baraik or Baraik are a tribal community originally from the Chota Nagpur plateau and neighbouring states of Chhattisgarh, and Odisha.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kurmali language</span> Indo-Aryan language spoken in eastern India

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khortha language</span> Indo-Aryan dialect spoken in India

Khortha or alternatively classified as Eastern Magahi is a language variety spoken primarily in the Indian state of Jharkhand, mainly in 16 districts of three divisions: North Chotanagpur, Palamu division and Santhal Pargana. Khortha is spoken by the Sadaans as native language and used by the tribal as a link language. It is the most spoken language variety of Jharkhand.

The Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur, also known as the Khokhra chieftaincy, was an Indian dynasty which ruled the parts of Chota Nagpur plateau region during much of ancient, medieval and modern period. Phani Mukut Rai is considered the first king of dynasty claim to be son of Pundrika Naga, a mythical Naga. Lal Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo (1931–2014) was last ruling king of the dynasty, until the estate was merged to the Republic of India.

The state of Jharkhand in India is located in the eastern part of the country and is known for its vivid culture, distinct paintings, traditions and festivals.

The Nagpuria people, also Nagpuri or Sadan, are an Indo-Aryan speaking ethnolinguistic group who are the native speakers of the Nagpuri language and natives of the western Chota Nagpur Plateau region of Indian states of Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh and Odisha.

Sadan are the native Indo-Aryan-speaking ethnolinguistic groups of Chota Nagpur Plateau consist of Indian state of Jharkhand and neighbouring states who speak Nagpuri, Khortha and Kurmali language as their native language.

The Sadanic languages are Bihari languages in the Indo-Aryan languages. The languages are mostly spoken in the Jharkhand state of India.

Girdhari Ram Gonjhu was a prominent scholar of the Nagpuri language. He was former chairman of the Tribal-Regional Language Department at Ranchi University in state of Jharkhand. He was awarded Padma Shri for his contribution in the field of literature and education in the Jharkhand posthumously in 2022.

Nagpuri literature refers to literature in the Nagpuri language, the language of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Odisha. The earliest literature started in the nagpuri language when the Nagvanshi king and king of Ramgarh Raj started writing poetry in the 17th century. Since then, various literature has been written. Although in the present century, Nagpuri was never considered worthy of literary development. But some dedicated writers have engaged in writing short stories, plays and poetry.

Nagpuri culture refers to the culture of the Nagpuria people, the native speakers of the Nagpuri language, which includes literature, festivals, folk song and dance. It is also referred to as the culture related to the Nagpuri language.

Bhuneshwar Anuj was an Indian journalist, writer and scholar. He is known for his journalism and scholarly works in the Nagpuri language. He also has a prominent role in the separate state movement of Jharkhand. He was central adviser of Lok Seva Samiti.

Lohra is a community found in Jharkhand. They are traditionally associated with works of iron smelting.

References

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    Oraon Sadri at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed Access logo transparent.svg
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  32. ↑ "JOHAR SAHIYA". newspapers.
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  34. ↑ "नागपुरी भाषा के प्रचार-प्रसार पर दिया गया जोर". livehindustan. 5 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  35. ↑ "RU gold medallist to promote Nagpuri lang". timesofindia. 21 January 2016.
  36. ↑ "11 कॉलेजों में चलते हैं रीजनल कोर्स". inextlive. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  37. ↑ "Requests to include 38 languages in Constitution pending: Govt". thehindu. 1 December 2009.
  38. ↑ "38 languages stake claim to be in Eighth schedule". dailyexcelsior. 16 August 2013.
  39. ↑ "'नागपुरी पझरा' संवाद कार्यक्रम में उठी नागपुरी भाषा को 8वीं अनुसूची में शामिल करने की मांग". prabhatkhabar. 3 June 2018.
  40. ↑ "Don't add Hindi dialects in Eighth Schedule, say academics". thehindu. 20 January 2017.
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