3-Fluorophenmetrazine

Last updated
3-Fluorophenmetrazine
3-Fluorophenmetrazine.svg
Clinical data
Other names3-FPM, 3-FPH, PAL-593
Legal status
Legal status
  • BR: Class F2 (Prohibited psychotropics)
  • CA:Unscheduled
  • DE: NpSG (Industrial and scientific use only)
  • UK:Under Psychoactive Substances Act
  • US:Unscheduled;
    Not controlled at the federal level, but possibly illegal under Federal Analogue Act of 1986, Schedule I in the state of Virginia
  • Illegal in Sweden and Switzerland
Identifiers
  • 2-(3-Fluorophenyl)-3-methylmorpholine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
Chemical and physical data
Formula C11H14FNO
Molar mass 195.237 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Boiling point 280.6 °C (537.1 °F)
  • CC1C(OCCN1)C2=CC(=CC=C2)F

  • HCl: CC1C(OCCN1)C2=CC(=CC=C2)F.Cl
  • InChI=1S/C11H14FNO/c1-8-11(14-6-5-13-8)9-3-2-4-10(12)7-9/h2-4,7-8,11,13H,5-6H2,1H3
  • Key:VHYVKJAQSJCYCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N

  • HCl: InChI=1S/C11H14FNO.ClH/c1-8-11(14-6-5-13-8)9-3-2-4-10(12)7-9;/h2-4,7-8,11,13H,5-6H2,1H3;1H
  • Key:MHJBXKFJWSBWRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

3-Fluorophenmetrazine (also known as 3-FPM, 3-FPH and PAL-593) is a phenylmorpholine-based stimulant and fluorinated analogue of phenmetrazine that has been sold online as a designer drug. [1] [2]

Contents

Chemistry

3-Fluorophenmetrazine is a fluorinated analogue of phenmetrazine, a stimulant of the morpholine class.

3-Fluorophenmetrazine is a regioisomer of both 2-fluorophenmetrazine and 4-fluorophenmetrazine. . .

Pharmacology

3-FPM acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent with EC50 values of 30 nM and 43 nM, respectively. [3] [4] It shows only negligible efficacy as a releaser of serotonin, with an EC50 value of 2558 nM. [3]

3-FPM also inhibits uptake mediated by dopamine transporters and norepinephrine transporters in HEK293 cells with potencies comparable to cocaine (IC50 values <2.5 μM), but with less potent effects at serotonin transporters (IC50 values >80 μM). [4]

At sufficient doses, 3-FPM is capable of reversing monoamine transporters, particularly transporters of the catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine, and, to a much lesser degree, serotonin transporters, thereby releasing these neurotransmitters from the cytosol into the extracellular space, where they are active. [4]

Evaluation of its metabolic pathway revealed N‐oxidation, aryl hydroxylation and subsequent O‐methylation, alkyl hydroxylation, oxidation, and degradation of the ethyl‐bridge yielding the O/N‐bis‐dealkylated metabolite, combinations thereof and further glucuronidation or sulfations. [5]

Legality

In the United States, 3-fluorophenmetrazine is not explicitly illegal at the federal level, but may be considered under the federal analogue act if intended for consumption as a structural analog of the Schedule II drug Phenmetrazine, but only if intended for human consumption.

On November 16, 2016, it became an illegal substance in the state of Virginia. [6] As of 2019, it is also a schedule I substance in Virginia. The positional isomers of 3-fluorophenmetrazine such as 2-fluorophenmetrazine and 4-fluorophenmetrazine are also illegal under Virginia law, [7] but not federal law. [8]

Sweden's public health agency suggested to classify 3-Fluorophenmetrazine as illegal narcotic on June 1, 2015. [9] It was finally classified on October 15, 2015. [10]

3-Fluorophenmetrazine is illegal in Switzerland as of December 2015. [11]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phenmetrazine</span> Chemical compound

Phenmetrazine is a stimulant drug first synthesized in 1952 and originally used as an appetite suppressant, but withdrawn from the market in the 1980s due to widespread abuse. It was initially replaced by its analogue phendimetrazine which functions as a prodrug to phenmetrazine, but now it is rarely prescribed, due to concerns of abuse and addiction. Chemically, phenmetrazine is a substituted amphetamine containing a morpholine ring.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Butylone</span> Entactogen, psychedelic, and stimulant drug of the phenethylamine class

Butylone, also known as β-keto-N-methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine (βk-MBDB), is an entactogen, psychedelic, and stimulant psychoactive drug of the phenethylamine chemical class. It is the β-keto analogue of MBDB and the substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine analogue of buphedrone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Methallylescaline</span> Chemical compound

Methallylescaline (4-Methylallyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is the 4-methyl analog of allylescaline. Methallylescaline was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL, the dosage range is listed as 40–65 mg and the duration is listed as 12–16 hours. Little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of methallylescaline, with effects comparable to that of other mescaline analogs and has been sold as a designer drug. Contrary to mescaline (IC50 = 6.3 μM), methallylescaline is unable to bind the serotonin receptor 5-HT2A, but can bind 5-HT2C with the same strength as mescaline (~17 μM). At very high doses (30 μg/kg) methallylescaline, as well as the more common psychedelic DOI, causes neuroinflammation and loss of serotonergic neurons in mice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dimethocaine</span> Stimulant

Dimethocaine, also known as DMC or larocaine, is a compound with a stimulatory effect. This effect resembles that of cocaine, although dimethocaine appears to be less potent. Just like cocaine, dimethocaine is addictive due to its stimulation of the reward pathway in the brain. However, dimethocaine is a legal cocaine replacement in some countries and is even listed by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) under the category “synthetic cocaine derivatives”. The structure of dimethocaine, being a 4-aminobenzoic acid ester, resembles that of procaine. It is found as a white powder at room temperature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">5-IAI</span> Chemical compound

5-Iodo-2-aminoindane (5-IAI) is a drug which acts as a releasing agent of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. It was developed in the 1990s by a team led by David E. Nichols at Purdue University. 5-IAI fully substitutes for MDMA in rodents and is a putative entactogen in humans. Unlike related aminoindane derivatives like MDAI and MMAI, 5-IAI causes some serotonergic neurotoxicity in rats, but is substantially less toxic than its corresponding amphetamine homologue pIA, with the damage observed barely reaching statistical significance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">5-IT</span> Chemical compound

5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole is an indole and phenethylamine derivative with empathogenic effects. Its preparation was first reported by Albert Hofmann in 1962. It is a designer drug that has been openly sold as a recreational drug by online vendors since 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">3-Fluoroamphetamine</span> Stimulant drug that acts as an amphetamine

3-Fluoroamphetamine is a stimulant drug from the amphetamine family which acts as a monoamine releaser with similar potency to methamphetamine but more selectivity for dopamine and norepinephrine release over serotonin. It is self-administered by mice to a similar extent to related drugs such as 4-fluoroamphetamine and 3-methylamphetamine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pentylone</span> Stimulant drug of the substituted cathinone class

Pentylone is a stimulant developed in the 1960s. It is a substituted cathinone. It has been identified in some samples of powders sold as "NRG-1", along with varying blends of other cathinone derivatives including flephedrone, MDPBP, MDPV and 4-MePPP. It was also found in combination with 4-MePPP being sold as "NRG-3". Reports indicate side effects include feelings of paranoia, agitation and inability to sleep, with effects lasting for several days at high doses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">6-APB</span> Psychoactive drug

6-APB is an empathogenic psychoactive compound of the substituted benzofuran and substituted phenethylamine classes. 6-APB and other compounds are sometimes informally called "Benzofury" in newspaper reports. It is similar in structure to MDA, but differs in that the 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl ring system has been replaced with a benzofuran ring. 6-APB is also the unsaturated benzofuran derivative of 6-APDB. It may appear as a tan grainy powder. While the drug never became particularly popular, it briefly entered the rave and underground clubbing scene in the UK before its sale and import were banned. It falls under the category of research chemicals, sometimes called "legal highs." Because 6-APB and other substituted benzofurans have not been explicitly outlawed in some countries, they are often technically legal, contributing to their popularity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pseudophenmetrazine</span> Chemical compound

Pseudophenmetrazine is a psychostimulant compound of the morpholine class. It is the N-demethylated and cis-configured analogue of phendimetrazine as well as the cis-configured stereoisomer of phenmetrazine. In addition, along with phenmetrazine, it is believed to be one of the active metabolites of phendimetrazine, which itself is inactive and behaves merely as a prodrug. Relative to phenmetrazine, pseudophenmetrazine is of fairly low potency, acting as a modest releasing agent of norepinephrine (EC50 = 514 nM), while its (+)-enantiomer is a weak releaser of dopamine (EC50 = 1,457 nM) whereas its (−)-enantiomer is a weak reuptake inhibitor of dopamine (Ki = 2,691 nM); together as a racemic mixture with the two enantiomers combined, pseudophenmetrazine behaves overall more as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor (Ki = 2,630 nM), possibly due to the (+)-enantiomer blocking the uptake of the (−)-enantiomer into dopaminergic neurons and thus preventing it from inducing dopamine release. Neither enantiomer has any significant effect on serotonin reuptake or release (both Ki = >10,000 nM and EC50 = >10,000 nM, respectively).

βk-2C-B Chemical compound

βk-2C-B (βeta-keto-4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylamine), also known as bk-2C-B, is a novel psychedelic substance. It is the beta (β) ketone structural analogue of 2C-B, a psychedelic drug of the 2C family. It is used as a recreational drug, usually taken orally. βk-2C-B is a controlled substance in Canada, Germany, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ephenidine</span> Dissociative anesthetic designer drug

Ephenidine is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is illegal in some countries as a structural isomer of the banned opioid drug lefetamine, but has been sold in countries where it is not yet banned.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">3-MeO-PCE</span> Chemical compound

3-Methoxyeticyclidine (3-MeO-PCE), also known as methoxieticyclidine, is a dissociative anesthetic that is qualitatively similar to PCE and PCP and has been sold online as a designer drug.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MDMB-CHMINACA</span> Chemical compound

MDMB-CHMINACA (also known as MDMB(N)-CHM) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that acts as a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor, and has been sold online as a designer drug. It was invented by Pfizer in 2008, and is one of the most potent cannabinoid agonists known, with a binding affinity of 0.0944 nM at CB1, and an EC50 of 0.330 nM. It is closely related to MDMB-FUBINACA, which caused at least 1000 hospitalizations and 40 deaths in Russia as consequence of intoxication.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4-Chloromethcathinone</span> Simulant drug of the cathinone class

4-Chloromethcathinone is a stimulant drug of the cathinone class that has been sold online as a designer drug.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Substituted phenylmorpholine</span> Class of chemical compounds

Substituted phenylmorpholines, or substituted phenmetrazines alternatively, are chemical derivatives of phenylmorpholine or of the psychostimulant drug phenmetrazine. Most such compounds act as releasers of monoamine neurotransmitters, and have stimulant effects. Some also act as agonists at serotonin receptors, and compounds with an N-propyl substitution act as dopamine receptor agonists. A number of derivatives from this class have been investigated for medical applications, such as for use as anorectics or medications for the treatment of ADHD. Some compounds have also become subject to illicit use as designer drugs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mexedrone</span> Stimulant and entactogen drug

Mexedrone is a stimulant and an entactogen drug of the cathinone class that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is the alpha-methoxy derivative of Mephedrone.

<i>N</i>-Ethylhexedrone Stimulant of the cathinone class

N-Ethylhexedrone (also known as α-ethylaminocaprophenone, N-ethylnorhexedrone, hexen, and NEH) is a stimulant of the cathinone class that acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) with IC50 values of 0.0978 and 0.0467 μM, respectively. N-Ethylhexedrone was first mentioned in a series of patents by Boehringer Ingelheim in the 1960s which led to the development of the better-known drug methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Since the mid-2010s, N-ethylhexedrone has been sold online as a designer drug. In 2018, N-ethylhexedrone was the second most common drug of the cathinone class to be identified in Drug Enforcement Administration seizures.

<i>ortho</i>-Methylphenylpiperazine Chemical compound

ortho-Methylphenylpiperazine (also known as oMPP, oMePP, 1-(2-methylphenyl)piperazine, 2-MPP, and 2-MePP) is a psychoactive designer drug of the phenylpiperazine group. It acts as a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA), with EC50 values for induction of monoamine release of 175 nM for serotonin, 39.1 nM for norepinephrine, and 296–542 nM for dopamine. As such, it has about 4.5-fold preference for induction of norepinephrine release over serotonin, and about 7.6- to 13.9-fold preference for induction of norepinephrine release over dopamine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4-Methylphenmetrazine</span> Stimulant designer drug

4-Methylphenmetrazine is a recreational designer drug with stimulant effects. It is a substituted phenylmorpholine derivative, closely related to better known drugs such as phenmetrazine and 3-fluorophenmetrazine. It was first identified in Slovenia in 2015, and has been shown to act as a monoamine releaser with some preference for serotonin release.

References

  1. McLaughlin G, Morris N, Kavanagh PV, Dowling G, Power JD, Twamley B, et al. (March 2017). "Test purchase, synthesis and characterization of 3-fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM) and differentiation from its ortho- and para-substituted isomers" (PDF). Drug Testing and Analysis. 9 (3): 369–377. doi:10.1002/dta.1945. PMID   26810957. S2CID   205762700.
  2. Bäckberg M, Westerbergh J, Beck O, Helander A (November 2016). "Adverse events related to the new psychoactive substance 3-fluorophenmetrazine - results from the Swedish STRIDA project". Clinical Toxicology. 54 (9): 819–825. doi:10.1080/15563650.2016.1211288. PMID   27491700. S2CID   26118285.
  3. 1 2 US 20130203752,Blough BE, Rothman R, Landavazo A, Page KM, Decker AM,"Phenylmorpholines and analogues thereof",issued 8 August 2013
  4. 1 2 3 Mayer FP, Burchardt NV, Decker AM, Partilla JS, Li Y, McLaughlin G, et al. (May 2018). "Fluorinated phenmetrazine "legal highs" act as substrates for high-affinity monoamine transporters of the SLC6 family". Neuropharmacology. 134 (Pt A): 149–157. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.006 . PMC   7294773 . PMID   28988906.
  5. Mardal M, Miserez B, Bade R, Portolés T, Bischoff M, Hernández F, Meyer MR (September 2016). "3-Fluorophenmetrazine, a fluorinated analogue of phenmetrazine: Studies on in vivo metabolism in rat and human, in vitro metabolism in human CYP isoenzymes and microbial biotransformation in Pseudomonas Putida and wastewater using GC and LC coupled to (HR)-MS techniques". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 128: 485–495. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.011. PMID   27372653.
  6. "VA.R. Doc. No. R17-4746". 17 December 2018.
  7. "§ 54.1-3446. Schedule I." Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  8. "21 U.S. Code § 812 - Schedules of controlled substances". 8 September 2023.
  9. "23 nya ämnen kan klassas som narkotika eller hälsofarlig vara" (in Swedish). Folkhälsomyndigheten. 1 June 2015.
  10. "Nya substanser klassas som narkotika eller hälsofarlig vara" (in Swedish). Folkhälsomyndigheten. 18 August 2015.
  11. "Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien" (in German). Der Bundesrat.