Diammonium phosphate

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Diammonium phosphate [1]
Diammonium phosphate.png
Names
IUPAC name
diammonium hydrogen phosphate
Other names
ammonium monohydrogen phosphate, ammonium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium phosphate dibasic
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.029.079 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
E number E342(ii) (antioxidants, ...)
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/2H3N.H3O4P/c;;1-5(2,3)4/h2*1H3;(H3,1,2,3,4) Yes check.svgY
    Key: MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/2H3N.H3O4P/c;;1-5(2,3)4/h2*1H3;(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-1
    Key: MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-REWHXWOFAG
  • [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O
Properties
(NH4)2HPO4
Molar mass 132.06 g/mol
Appearancecolorless monoclinic crystals
Density 1.619 g/cm3
Melting point 155 °C (311 °F; 428 K) decomposes
57.5 g/100 mL (10 °C)
106.7 g/100 mL (70 °C)
Solubility insoluble in alcohol, acetone and liquid ammonia
1.52
Thermochemistry
−1566.91 kJ/mol
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704.svgHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calciumSpecial hazards (white): no code
2
0
1
Flash point Non-flammable
Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 0217
Related compounds
Other anions
Monoammonium phosphate
Triammonium phosphate
Other cations
Disodium phosphate
Dipotassium phosphate
Related compounds
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium sulfate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Yes check.svgY  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Diammonium phosphate (DAP; IUPAC name diammonium hydrogen phosphate; chemical formula (NH4)2(HPO4) is one of a series of water-soluble ammonium phosphate salts that can be produced when ammonia reacts with phosphoric acid.

Contents

Solid diammonium phosphate shows a dissociation pressure of ammonia as given by the following expression and equation: [2]

(NH4)2HPO4(s) ⇌ NH3(g) + (NH4)H2PO4(s)

At 100 °C, the dissociation pressure of diammonium phosphate is approximately 5 mmHg. [3]

According to the diammonium phosphate MSDS from CF Industries, Inc., decomposition starts as low as 70 °C: "Hazardous Decomposition Products: Gradually loses ammonia when exposed to air at room temperature. Decomposes to ammonia and monoammonium phosphate at around 70 °C (158 °F). At 155 °C (311 °F), DAP emits phosphorus oxides, nitrogen oxides and ammonia."

Uses

DAP is used as a fertilizer. [4] When applied as plant food, it temporarily increases the soil pH, but over a long term the treated ground becomes more acidic than before, upon nitrification of the ammonium. It is incompatible with alkaline chemicals because its ammonium ion is more likely to convert to ammonia in a high-pH environment. The average pH in solution is 7.5–8. [5] The typical formulation is 18-46-0 (18% N, 46% P2O5, 0% K2O). [5]

DAP can be used as a fire retardant. It lowers the combustion temperature of the material, decreases maximum weight loss rates, and causes an increase in the production of residue or char. [6] These are important effects in fighting wildfires as lowering the pyrolysis temperature and increasing the amount of char formed reduces that amount of available fuel and can lead to the formation of a firebreak. It is the largest component of some popular commercial firefighting products and is the ingredient in "fire retardant" cigarettes. [7]

DAP is also used as a yeast nutrient in winemaking and mead-making; as an additive in some brands of cigarettes purportedly as a nicotine enhancer; to prevent afterglow in matches, in purifying sugar; as a flux for soldering tin, copper, zinc and brass; and to control precipitation of alkali-soluble and acid-insoluble colloidal dyes on wool. [1]

Natural occurrence

The compound occurs in the nature as the exceedingly rare mineral phosphammite. [8] [9] The related dihydrogen compound occurs as the mineral biphosphammite. [10] [9] Both are related to guano deposits. [8] [10]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phosphate</span> Chemical compound

In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthophosphoric acid, a.k.a. phosphoric acid H3PO4.

Urea, also called carbamide, is an organic compound with chemical formula CO(NH2)2. This amide has two amino groups joined by a carbonyl functional group. It is thus the simplest amide of carbamic acid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fertilizer</span> Substance added to soils to supply plant nutrients for a better growth

A fertilizer or fertiliser is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply plant nutrients. Fertilizers may be distinct from liming materials or other non-nutrient soil amendments. Many sources of fertilizer exist, both natural and industrially produced. For most modern agricultural practices, fertilization focuses on three main macro nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) with occasional addition of supplements like rock flour for micronutrients. Farmers apply these fertilizers in a variety of ways: through dry or pelletized or liquid application processes, using large agricultural equipment or hand-tool methods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ammonium nitrate</span> Chemical compound with formula NH4NO3

Ammonium nitrate is a chemical compound with the formula NH4NO3. It is a white crystalline salt consisting of ions of ammonium and nitrate. It is highly soluble in water and hygroscopic as a solid, although it does not form hydrates. It is predominantly used in agriculture as a high-nitrogen fertilizer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ammonium bicarbonate</span> Chemical compound

Ammonium bicarbonate is an inorganic compound with formula (NH4)HCO3. The compound has many names, reflecting its long history. Chemically speaking, it is the bicarbonate salt of the ammonium ion. It is a colourless solid that degrades readily to carbon dioxide, water and ammonia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ammonium sulfate</span> Chemical compound

Ammonium sulfate (American English and international scientific usage; ammonium sulphate in British English); (NH4)2SO4, is an inorganic salt with a number of commercial uses. The most common use is as a soil fertilizer. It contains 21% nitrogen and 24% sulfur.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ammonium phosphate</span> Chemical compound

Ammonium phosphate is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)3PO4. It is the ammonium salt of orthophosphoric acid. A related "double salt", (NH4)3PO4.(NH4)2HPO4 is also recognized but is impractical to use. Both triammonium salts evolve ammonia. In contrast to the unstable nature of the triammonium salts, the diammonium phosphate (NH4)2HPO4 and monoammonium salt (NH4)H2PO4 are stable materials that are commonly used as fertilizers to provide plants with fixed nitrogen and phosphorus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ammonium hydrosulfide</span> Chemical compound

Ammonium hydrosulfide is the chemical compound with the formula [NH4]SH.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Struvite</span> Magnesium ammonium phosphate mineral

Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) is a phosphate mineral with formula: NH4MgPO4·6H2O. Struvite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system as white to yellowish or brownish-white pyramidal crystals or in platy mica-like forms. It is a soft mineral with Mohs hardness of 1.5 to 2 and has a low specific gravity of 1.7. It is sparingly soluble in neutral and alkaline conditions, but readily soluble in acid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phos-Chek</span> Fire retardant

Phos-Chek is a brand of long-term fire retardants, class A foams, and gels manufactured by Perimeter Solutions, headquartered in Clayton, Missouri, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fire retardant</span> Substance reducing flammability

A fire retardant is a substance that is used to slow down or stop the spread of fire or reduce its intensity. This is commonly accomplished by chemical reactions that reduce the flammability of fuels or delay their combustion. Fire retardants may also cool the fuel through physical action or endothermic chemical reactions. Fire retardants are available as powder, to be mixed with water, as fire-fighting foams and fire-retardant gels. Fire retardants are also available as coatings or sprays to be applied to an object.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ammonium bisulfate</span> Chemical compound

Ammonium bisulfate, also known as ammonium hydrogen sulfate, is a white, crystalline solid with the formula (NH4)HSO4. This salt is the product of the half-neutralization of sulfuric acid by ammonia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ammonium polyphosphate</span> Chemical compound

Ammonium polyphosphate is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia containing both chains and possibly branching. Its chemical formula is H(NH4PO3)nOH showing that each monomer consists of an orthophosphate radical of a phosphorus atom with three oxygens and one negative charge neutralized by an ammonium cation leaving two bonds free to polymerize. In the branched cases some monomers are missing the ammonium anion and instead link to three other monomers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Copper(II) phosphate</span> Chemical compound

Copper(II) phosphate are inorganic compounds with the formula Cu3(PO4)2. They can be regarded as the cupric salts of phosphoric acid. Anhydrous copper(II) phosphate and a trihydrate are blue solids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate</span> Chemical compound

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP), also known as monoammonium phosphate (MAP) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (NH4)(H2PO4). ADP is a major ingredient of agricultural fertilizers and dry chemical fire extinguishers. It also has significant uses in optics and electronics.

Many countries have standardized the labeling of fertilizers to indicate their contents of major nutrients. The most common labeling convention, the NPK or N-P-K label, shows the amounts of the chemical elements nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

Ammonium phosphate refers to three different chemical compounds, all of which are formed by the reaction of ammonia with phosphoric acid and have the general formula [NH4]x[H3−xPO4], where 1 ≤ x ≤ 3:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ammonium thiosulfate</span> Chemical compound

Ammonium thiosulfate is an inorganic compound with the formula [NH4]2S2O3. It is white crystalline solid with ammonia odor, readily soluble in water, slightly soluble in acetone and insoluble in ethanol and diethyl ether.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ammonium carbamate</span> Chemical compound

Ammonium carbamate is a chemical compound with the formula [NH4][H2NCO2] consisting of ammonium cation NH+4 and carbamate anion NH2COO. It is a white solid that is extremely soluble in water, less so in alcohol. Ammonium carbamate can be formed by the reaction of ammonia NH3 with carbon dioxide CO2, and will slowly decompose to those gases at ordinary temperatures and pressures. It is an intermediate in the industrial synthesis of urea (NH2)2CO, an important fertilizer.

Seventeen elements or nutrients are essential for plant growth and reproduction. They are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), boron (B), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni) and chlorine (Cl). Nutrients required for plants to complete their life cycle are considered essential nutrients. Nutrients that enhance the growth of plants but are not necessary to complete the plant's life cycle are considered non-essential, although some of them, such as silicon (Si), have been shown to improve nutrent availability, hence the use of stinging nettle and horsetail macerations in Biodynamic agriculture. With the exception of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which are supplied by carbon dioxide and water, and nitrogen, provided through nitrogen fixation, the nutrients derive originally from the mineral component of the soil. The Law of the Minimum expresses that when the available form of a nutrient is not in enough proportion in the soil solution, then other nutrients cannot be taken up at an optimum rate by a plant. A particular nutrient ratio of the soil solution is thus mandatory for optimizing plant growth, a value which might differ from nutrient ratios calculated from plant composition.

References

  1. 1 2 Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN   0-07-049439-8
  2. John R Van Wazer (1958). Phosphorus And Its Compounds - Volume I: Chemistry. New York: Interscience Publishers, Inc. p. 503.
  3. McKetta Jr, John J., ed. (1990). Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design (Chemical Processing and Design Encyclopedia). New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. p. 478. ISBN   0-8247-2485-2.
  4. IPNI. "Diammonium Phosphate" (PDF). www.ipni.net. International Plant Nutrition Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  5. 1 2 International Plant Nutrition Institute. "Nutrient Source Specifics: Diammonium Phosphate" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
  6. George, C.W.; Susott, R.A. (April 1971). "Effects of Ammonium Phosphate and Sulfate on the Pyrolysis and Combustion of Cellulose". Research Paper INT-90. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: USDA Forest Service. OL   16022833M.
  7. Phos-Chek MSDS [ permanent dead link ], Phos-Chek website
  8. 1 2 "Phosphammite". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  9. 1 2 "List of Minerals". www.ima-mineralogy.org. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  10. 1 2 "DAP Fertilizer". thesciencepool.com. 3 April 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.