Isotopes of bismuth

Isotopes of bismuth (₈₃Bi)
α	206Tl
α	206Tl
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Bi)
	208.98040±0.00001; 208.98±0.01 (abridged);
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Last updated January 18, 2024

Bismuth (₈₃Bi) has 41 known isotopes, ranging from ¹⁸⁴Bi to ²²⁴Bi. Bismuth has no stable isotopes, but does have one very long-lived isotope; thus, the standard atomic weight can be given as 208.98040(1). Although bismuth-209 is now known to be radioactive, it has classically been considered to be a stable isotope because it has a half-life of approximately 2.01×10¹⁹ years, which is more than a billion times the age of the universe. Besides ²⁰⁹Bi, the most stable bismuth radioisotopes are ^210mBi with a half-life of 3.04 million years, ²⁰⁸Bi with a half-life of 368,000 years and ²⁰⁷Bi, with a half-life of 32.9 years, none of which occurs in nature. All other isotopes have half-lives under 1 year, most under a day. Of naturally occurring radioisotopes, the most stable is radiogenic ²¹⁰Bi with a half-life of 5.012 days. ^210mBi is unusual for being a nuclear isomer with a half-life multiple orders of magnitude longer than that of the ground state.

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Historic name	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)^[4] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Historic name	Excitation energy^{[n 8]}			Half-life ^{[n 4]}	Decay mode ^{[n 5]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 6]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	Normal proportion	Range of variation
¹⁸⁴Bi^[5]		83	101	184 00135(13)#	13(2) ms	α	¹⁸⁰Tl	3+#
^184mBi		150(100)# keV			6.6(15) ms	α	¹⁸⁰Tl	10−#
¹⁸⁵Bi^[6]		83	102	184.99760(9)#	2.8+2.3 −1.0 μs	p (92%)	¹⁸⁴Pb	(1/2+)
¹⁸⁵Bi^[6]		83	102	184.99760(9)#	2.8+2.3 −1.0 μs	α (8%)	¹⁸¹Tl	(1/2+)
^185mBi		70(50)# keV			58(2) μs	IT	¹⁸⁵Bi	(7/2−, 9/2−)
¹⁸⁶Bi^[7]		83	103	185.996623(18)	14.8(7) ms	α	¹⁸²Tl	(3+)
						β⁺?	¹⁸⁶Pb
						β⁺, SF (0.011%)	(various)
^186mBi		170(100)# keV			9.8(4) ms	α	¹⁸²Tl	(10−)
						β⁺?	¹⁸⁶Pb
						β⁺, SF (0.011%)	(various)
¹⁸⁷Bi^[7]		83	104	186.993147(11)	37(2) ms	α	¹⁸³Tl	(9/2−)
¹⁸⁷Bi^[7]		83	104	186.993147(11)	37(2) ms	β⁺ (rare)	¹⁸⁷Pb	(9/2−)
^187m1Bi		108(8) keV			370(20) μs	α	¹⁸³Tl	(1/2+)
^187m2Bi		252(3) keV			7(5) μs	IT	¹⁸⁷Bi	(13/2+)
¹⁸⁸Bi^[7]		83	105	187.992276(12)	60(3) ms	α	¹⁸⁴Tl	(3+)
						β⁺ (rare)	¹⁸⁸Pb
						β⁺, SF (0.0014%)	(various)
^188m1Bi		66(30) keV			>5 μs	IT	¹⁸⁴Tl	7+#
^188m2Bi		153(30) keV			265(15) ms	α	¹⁸⁴Tl	(10−)
^188m2Bi		153(30) keV			265(15) ms	β⁺ (rare)	¹⁸⁸Pb	(10−)
¹⁸⁹Bi^[7]		83	106	188.989195(22)	688(5) ms	α	¹⁸⁵Tl	(9/2−)
¹⁸⁹Bi^[7]		83	106	188.989195(22)	688(5) ms	β⁺?	¹⁸⁹Pb	(9/2−)
^189m1Bi		184(5) keV			5.0(1) ms	α (83%)	¹⁸⁵Tl	(1/2+)
^189m1Bi		184(5) keV			5.0(1) ms	IT (17%)	¹⁸⁹Bi	(1/2+)
^189m2Bi		357.6(5) keV			880(50) ns	IT	¹⁸⁹Bi	(13/2+)
¹⁹⁰Bi^[7]		83	107	189.988625(23)	6.3(1) s	α (77%)	¹⁸⁶Tl	(3+)
						β⁺ (23%)	¹⁹⁰Pb
						β⁺, SF (6×10^-6%)	(various)
^190m1Bi		120(40) keV			6.2(1) s	α (70%)	¹⁸⁶Tl	(10−)
						β⁺ (30%)	¹⁹⁰Pb
						β⁺,SF (4×10^-6%)	(various)
^190m2Bi		121(15) keV			175(8) ns	IT	¹⁹⁰Bi	(5−)
^190m3Bi		394(40) keV			1.3(8) μs	IT	¹⁹⁰Bi	(8−)
¹⁹¹Bi^[7]		83	108	190.985787(8)	12.4(3) s	α (51%)	¹⁸⁷Tl	(9/2−)
¹⁹¹Bi^[7]		83	108	190.985787(8)	12.4(3) s	β⁺ (49%)	¹⁹¹Pb	(9/2−)
^191m1Bi		242(4) keV			124(5) ms	α (68%)	¹⁸⁷Tl	(1/2+)
						IT (32%)	¹⁹¹Bi
						β⁺ (rare)	¹⁹¹Pb
^191m2Bi		429.7(5) keV			562(10) ns	IT	¹⁹¹Bi	(13/2+)
^191m3Bi		1875(25)# keV			400(40) ns	IT	¹⁹¹Bi	25/2-#
¹⁹²Bi		83	109	191.98547(3)	34.6(9) s	β⁺ (82%)	¹⁹²Pb	(3+)
¹⁹²Bi		83	109	191.98547(3)	34.6(9) s	α (18%)	¹⁸⁸Tl	(3+)
^192mBi		150(30) keV			39.6(4) s	β⁺ (90.8%)	¹⁹²Pb	(10−)
^192mBi		150(30) keV			39.6(4) s	α (9.2%)	¹⁸⁸Tl	(10−)
¹⁹³Bi		83	110	192.982947(8)	67(3) s	β⁺ (95%)	¹⁹³Pb	(9/2−)
¹⁹³Bi		83	110	192.982947(8)	67(3) s	α (5%)	¹⁸⁹Tl	(9/2−)
^193mBi		308(7) keV			3.2(6) s	α (90%)	¹⁸⁹Tl	(1/2+)
^193mBi		308(7) keV			3.2(6) s	β⁺ (10%)	¹⁹³Pb	(1/2+)
¹⁹⁴Bi		83	111	193.982799(6)	95(3) s	β⁺ (99.54%)	¹⁹⁴Pb	(3+)
¹⁹⁴Bi		83	111	193.982799(6)	95(3) s	α (.46%)	¹⁹⁰Tl	(3+)
^194m1Bi		110(70) keV			125(2) s	β⁺	¹⁹⁴Pb	(6+, 7+)
^194m1Bi		110(70) keV			125(2) s	α (rare)	¹⁹⁰Tl	(6+, 7+)
^194m2Bi		230(90)# keV			115(4) s			(10−)
¹⁹⁵Bi		83	112	194.980649(6)	183(4) s	β⁺ (99.97%)	¹⁹⁵Pb	(9/2−)
¹⁹⁵Bi		83	112	194.980649(6)	183(4) s	α (.03%)	¹⁹¹Tl	(9/2−)
^195m1Bi		399(6) keV			87(1) s	β⁺ (67%)	¹⁹⁵Pb	(1/2+)
^195m1Bi		399(6) keV			87(1) s	α (33%)	¹⁹¹Tl	(1/2+)
^195m2Bi		2311.4+X keV			750(50) ns			(29/2−)
¹⁹⁶Bi		83	113	195.980667(26)	5.1(2) min	β⁺ (99.99%)	¹⁹⁶Pb	(3+)
¹⁹⁶Bi		83	113	195.980667(26)	5.1(2) min	α (.00115%)	¹⁹²Tl	(3+)
^196m1Bi		166.6(30) keV			0.6(5) s	IT	¹⁹⁶Bi	(7+)
^196m1Bi		166.6(30) keV			0.6(5) s	β⁺	¹⁹⁶Pb	(7+)
^196m2Bi		270(3) keV			4.00(5) min			(10−)
¹⁹⁷Bi		83	114	196.978865(9)	9.33(50) min	β⁺ (99.99%)	¹⁹⁷Pb	(9/2−)
¹⁹⁷Bi		83	114	196.978865(9)	9.33(50) min	α (10⁻⁴%)	¹⁹³Tl	(9/2−)
^197m1Bi		690(110) keV			5.04(16) min	α (55%)	¹⁹³Tl	(1/2+)
						β⁺ (45%)	¹⁹⁷Pb
						IT (.3%)	¹⁹⁷Bi
^197m2Bi		2129.3(4) keV			204(18) ns			(23/2−)
^197m3Bi		2360.4(5)+X keV			263(13) ns			(29/2−)
^197m4Bi		2383.1(7)+X keV			253(39) ns			(29/2−)
^197m5Bi		2929.5(5) keV			209(30) ns			(31/2−)
¹⁹⁸Bi		83	115	197.979201(30)	10.3(3) min	β⁺	¹⁹⁸Pb	(2+, 3+)
^198m1Bi		280(40) keV			11.6(3) min	β⁺	¹⁹⁸Pb	(7+)
^198m2Bi		530(40) keV			7.7(5) s			10−
¹⁹⁹Bi		83	116	198.977673(11)	27(1) min	β⁺	¹⁹⁹Pb	9/2−
^199m1Bi		667(4) keV			24.70(15) min	β⁺ (98%)	¹⁹⁹Pb	(1/2+)
						IT (2%)	¹⁹⁹Bi
						α (.01%)	¹⁹⁵Tl
^199m2Bi		1947(25) keV			0.10(3) μs			(25/2+)
^199m3Bi		~2547.0 keV			168(13) ns			29/2−
²⁰⁰Bi		83	117	199.978131(24)	36.4(5) min	β⁺	²⁰⁰Pb	7+
^200m1Bi		100(70)# keV			31(2) min	EC (90%)	²⁰⁰Pb	(2+)
^200m1Bi		100(70)# keV			31(2) min	IT (10%)	²⁰⁰Bi	(2+)
^200m2Bi		428.20(10) keV			400(50) ms			(10−)
²⁰¹Bi		83	118	200.976995(13)	108(3) min	β⁺ (99.99%)	²⁰¹Pb	9/2−
²⁰¹Bi		83	118	200.976995(13)	108(3) min	α (10⁻⁴%)	¹⁹⁷Tl	9/2−
^201m1Bi		846.34(21) keV			59.1(6) min	EC (92.9%)	²⁰¹Pb	1/2+
						IT (6.8%)	²⁰¹Bi
						α (.3%)	¹⁹⁷Tl
^201m2Bi		1932.2+X keV			118(28) ns			(25/2+)
^201m3Bi		1971.2+X keV			105(75) ns			(27/2+)
^201m4Bi		2739.90(20)+X keV			124(4) ns			(29/2−)
²⁰²Bi		83	119	201.977723(15)	1.72(5) h	β⁺	²⁰²Pb	5(+#)
²⁰²Bi		83	119	201.977723(15)	1.72(5) h	α (10⁻⁵%)	¹⁹⁸Tl	5(+#)
^202m1Bi		615(7) keV			3.04(6) μs			(10#)−
^202m2Bi		2607.1(5) keV			310(50) ns			(17+)
²⁰³Bi		83	120	202.976892(14)	11.76(5) h	β⁺	²⁰³Pb	9/2−
²⁰³Bi		83	120	202.976892(14)	11.76(5) h	α (10⁻⁵%)	¹⁹⁹Tl	9/2−
^203m1Bi		1098.14(7) keV			303(5) ms	IT	²⁰³Bi	1/2+
^203m2Bi		2041.5(6) keV			194(30) ns			25/2+
²⁰⁴Bi		83	121	203.977836(10)	11.22(10) h	β⁺	²⁰⁴Pb	6+
^204m1Bi		805.5(3) keV			13.0(1) ms	IT	²⁰⁴Bi	10−
^204m2Bi		2833.4(11) keV			1.07(3) ms			(17+)
²⁰⁵Bi		83	122	204.977385(5)	15.31(4) d	β⁺	²⁰⁵Pb	9/2−
²⁰⁶Bi		83	123	205.978499(8)	6.243(3) d	β⁺	²⁰⁶Pb	6(+)
^206m1Bi		59.897(17) keV			7.7(2) μs			(4+)
^206m2Bi		1044.8(5) keV			890(10) μs			(10−)
²⁰⁷Bi		83	124	206.9784706(26)	32.9(14) y	β⁺	²⁰⁷Pb	9/2−
^207mBi		2101.49(16) keV			182(6) μs			21/2+
²⁰⁸Bi		83	125	207.9797421(25)	3.68(4)×10⁵ y	β⁺	²⁰⁸Pb	(5)+
^208mBi		1571.1(4) keV			2.58(4) ms	IT	²⁰⁸Bi	(10)−
²⁰⁹Bi ^{[n 9]}^{[n 10]}		83	126	208.9803986(15)	2.01(8)×10¹⁹ y ^{[n 11]}	α	²⁰⁵Tl	9/2−	1.0000
²¹⁰Bi	Radium E	83	127	209.9841202(15)	5.012(5) d	β⁻	²¹⁰Po	1−	Trace^{[n 12]}
²¹⁰Bi	Radium E	83	127	209.9841202(15)	5.012(5) d	α (1.32×10⁻⁴%)	²⁰⁶Tl	1−	Trace^{[n 12]}
^210mBi		271.31(11) keV			3.04(6)×10⁶ y	α	²⁰⁶Tl	9−
²¹¹Bi	Actinium C	83	128	210.987269(6)	2.14(2) min	α (99.72%)	²⁰⁷Tl	9/2−	Trace^{[n 13]}
²¹¹Bi	Actinium C	83	128	210.987269(6)	2.14(2) min	β⁻ (.276%)	²¹¹Po	9/2−	Trace^{[n 13]}
^211mBi		1257(10) keV			1.4(3) μs			(25/2−)
²¹²Bi	Thorium C	83	129	211.991285(2)	60.55(6) min	β⁻ (64.05%)	²¹²Po	1(−)	Trace^{[n 14]}
						α (35.94%)	²⁰⁸Tl
						β⁻, α (.014%)	²⁰⁸Pb
^212m1Bi		250(30) keV			25.0(2) min	α (67%)	²⁰⁸Tl	(9−)
						β⁻ (33%)	^212mPo
						β⁻, α (.3%)	²⁰⁸Pb
^212m2Bi		2200(200)# keV			7.0(3) min			>16
²¹³Bi ^{[n 15]}^{[n 16]}		83	130	212.994384(5)	45.59(6) min	β⁻ (97.91%)	²¹³Po	9/2−	Trace^{[n 17]}
²¹³Bi ^{[n 15]}^{[n 16]}		83	130	212.994384(5)	45.59(6) min	α (2.09%)	²⁰⁹Tl	9/2−	Trace^{[n 17]}
²¹⁴Bi	Radium C	83	131	213.998711(12)	19.9(4) min	β⁻ (99.97%)	²¹⁴Po	1−	Trace^{[n 12]}
						α (.021%)	²¹⁰Tl
						β⁻, α (.003%)	²¹⁰Pb
²¹⁵Bi		83	132	215.001749(6)	7.6(2) min	β⁻	²¹⁵Po	(9/2−)	Trace^{[n 13]}
^215mBi		1347.5(25) keV			36.9(6) s	IT (76.9%)	²¹⁵Bi	(25/2−)
^215mBi		1347.5(25) keV			36.9(6) s	β⁻ (23.1%)	²¹⁵Po	(25/2−)
²¹⁶Bi		83	133	216.006306(12)	2.17(5) min	β⁻	²¹⁶Po	(6−, 7−)
^216mBi		24(19) keV			6.6(21) min	β⁻	²¹⁶Po	3−#
²¹⁷Bi		83	134	217.009372(19)	98.5(8) s	β⁻	²¹⁷Po	9/2−#
^217mBi		1480(40) keV			2.70(6) μs	IT	²¹⁷Bi	25/2−#
²¹⁸Bi		83	135	218.014188(29)	33(1) s	β⁻	²¹⁸Po	(6−, 7−, 8−)
²¹⁹Bi		83	136	219.01752(22)#	8.7(29) s	β⁻	²¹⁹Po	9/2−#
²²⁰Bi		83	137	220.02250(32)#	9.5(57) s	β⁻	²²⁰Po	1−#
²²¹Bi		83	138	221.02598(32)#	2# s	β⁻?	²²¹Po	9/2−#
²²¹Bi		83	138	221.02598(32)#	2# s	β⁻, n?	²²⁰Po	9/2−#
²²²Bi		83	139	222.03108(32)#	3# s	β⁻?	²²²Po	1−#
²²²Bi		83	139	222.03108(32)#	3# s	β⁻, n?	²²¹Po	1−#
²²³Bi		83	140	223.03461(43)#	1# s	β⁻?	²²³Po	9/2−#
²²³Bi		83	140	223.03461(43)#	1# s	β⁻, n?	²²²Po	9/2−#
²²⁴Bi		83	141	224.03980(43)#	1# s	β⁻?	²²⁴Po	1−#
²²⁴Bi		83	141	224.03980(43)#	1# s	β⁻, n?	²²³Po	1−#
This table header & footer: view

↑ ^mBi – Excited nuclear isomer.
↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
↑ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
↑ Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
p: Proton emission
↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
1 2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
↑ Formerly believed to be final decay product of 4n+1 decay chain
↑ Primordial radioisotope, also some is radiogenic from the extinct nuclide ²³⁷Np
↑ Formerly believed to be the heaviest stable nuclide
1 2 Intermediate decay product of ²³⁸U
1 2 Intermediate decay product of ²³⁵U
↑ Intermediate decay product of ²³²Th
↑ Used in medicine such as for cancer treatment.
↑ A byproduct of thorium reactors via ²³³U.
↑ Intermediate decay product of ²³⁷Np

Bismuth-213

Bismuth-213 (²¹³Bi) has a half-life of 45 minutes and decays via alpha emission. Commercially, bismuth-213 can be produced by bombarding radium with bremsstrahlung photons from a linear particle accelerator, which populates its progenitor actinium-225. In 1997, an antibody conjugate with ²¹³Bi was used to treat patients with leukemia. This isotope has also been tried in targeted alpha therapy (TAT) program to treat a variety of cancers.^[8] Bismuth-213 is also found in the decay chain of uranium-233, which is the fuel bred by thorium reactors.

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There are two natural isotopes of iridium (₇₇Ir), and 37 radioisotopes, the most stable radioisotope being ¹⁹²Ir with a half-life of 73.83 days, and many nuclear isomers, the most stable of which is ^192m2Ir with a half-life of 241 years. All other isomers have half-lives under a year, most under a day. All isotopes of iridium are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed.

Natural hafnium (₇₂Hf) consists of five observationally stable isotopes (¹⁷⁶Hf, ¹⁷⁷Hf, ¹⁷⁸Hf, ¹⁷⁹Hf, and ¹⁸⁰Hf) and one very long-lived radioisotope, ¹⁷⁴Hf, with a half-life of 7.0×10¹⁶ years. In addition, there are 34 known synthetic radioisotopes, the most stable of which is ¹⁸²Hf with a half-life of 8.9×10⁶ years. This extinct radionuclide is used in hafnium–tungsten dating to study the chronology of planetary differentiation.

Naturally occurring ytterbium (₇₀Yb) is composed of seven stable isotopes: ¹⁶⁸Yb, ¹⁷⁰Yb–¹⁷⁴Yb, and ¹⁷⁶Yb, with ¹⁷⁴Yb being the most abundant. 30 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁶⁹Yb with a half-life of 32.014 days, ¹⁷⁵Yb with a half-life of 4.185 days, and ¹⁶⁶Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 20 minutes. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being ^169mYb.

Naturally occurring erbium (₆₈Er) is composed of 6 stable isotopes, with ¹⁶⁶Er being the most abundant. 39 radioisotopes have been characterized with between 74 and 112 neutrons, or 142 to 180 nucleons, with the most stable being ¹⁶⁹Er with a half-life of 9.4 days, ¹⁷²Er with a half-life of 49.3 hours, ¹⁶⁰Er with a half-life of 28.58 hours, ¹⁶⁵Er with a half-life of 10.36 hours, and ¹⁷¹Er with a half-life of 7.516 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 3.5 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 4 minutes. This element also has numerous meta states, with the most stable being ^167mEr.

Natural holmium (₆₇Ho) contains one observationally stable isotope, ¹⁶⁵Ho. The below table lists 36 isotopes spanning ¹⁴⁰Ho through ¹⁷⁵Ho as well as 33 nuclear isomers. Among the known synthetic radioactive isotopes; the most stable one is ¹⁶³Ho, with a half-life of 4,570 years. All other radioisotopes have half-lives not greater than 1.117 days in their ground states, and most have half-lives under 3 hours.

Naturally occurring praseodymium (₅₉Pr) is composed of one stable isotope, ¹⁴¹Pr. Thirty-eight radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being ¹⁴³Pr, with a half-life of 13.57 days and ¹⁴²Pr, with a half-life of 19.12 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 5.985 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 33 seconds. This element also has 15 meta states with the most stable being ^138mPr, ^142mPr and ^134mPr.

Naturally occurring barium (₅₆Ba) is a mix of six stable isotopes and one very long-lived radioactive primordial isotope, barium-130, identified as being unstable by geochemical means (from analysis of the presence of its daughter xenon-130 in rocks) in 2001. This nuclide decays by double electron capture (absorbing two electrons and emitting two neutrinos), with a half-life of (0.5–2.7)×10²¹ years (about 10¹¹ times the age of the universe).

Tin (₅₀Sn) is the element with the greatest number of stable isotopes. Moreover, tin is not only the element with the greatest number of observationally stable isotopes, but also the element with the greatest number of theoretically stable isotopes. This is probably related to the fact that 50 is a "magic number" of protons. In addition, twenty-nine unstable tin isotopes are known, including tin-100 (¹⁰⁰Sn) and tin-132 (¹³²Sn), which are both "doubly magic". The longest-lived tin radioisotope is tin-126 (¹²⁶Sn), with a half-life of 230,000 years. The other 28 radioisotopes have half-lives of less than a year.

Indium (₄₉In) consists of two primordial nuclides, with the most common (~ 95.7%) nuclide (¹¹⁵In) being measurably though weakly radioactive. Its spin-forbidden decay has a half-life of 4.41×10¹⁴ years, much longer than the currently accepted age of the Universe.

Naturally occurring silver (₄₇Ag) is composed of the two stable isotopes ¹⁰⁷Ag and ¹⁰⁹Ag in almost equal proportions, with ¹⁰⁷Ag being slightly more abundant. Notably, silver is the only element with all stable istopes having nuclear spins of 1/2. Thus both ¹⁰⁷Ag and ¹⁰⁹Ag nuclei produce narrow lines in nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.

Bromine (₃₅Br) has two stable isotopes, ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br, and 32 known radioisotopes, the most stable of which is ⁷⁷Br, with a half-life of 57.036 hours.

Naturally occurring scandium (₂₁Sc) is composed of one stable isotope, ⁴⁵Sc. Twenty-five radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ⁴⁶Sc with a half-life of 83.8 days, ⁴⁷Sc with a half-life of 3.35 days, and ⁴⁸Sc with a half-life of 43.7 hours and ⁴⁴Sc with a half-life of 3.97 hours. All the remaining isotopes have half-lives that are less than four hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than two minutes, the least stable being proton unbound ³⁹Sc with a half-life shorter than 300 nanoseconds. This element also has 13 meta states with the most stable being ^44m2Sc.

Californium (₉₈Cf) is an artificial element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was ²⁴⁵Cf in 1950. There are 20 known radioisotopes ranging from ²³⁷Cf to ²⁵⁶Cf and one nuclear isomer, ^249mCf. The longest-lived isotope is ²⁵¹Cf with a half-life of 898 years.

Mendelevium (₁₀₁Md) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was ²⁵⁶Md in 1955. There are 17 known radioisotopes, ranging in atomic mass from ²⁴⁴Md to ²⁶⁰Md, and 5 isomers. The longest-lived isotope is ²⁵⁸Md with a half-life of 51.3 days, and the longest-lived isomer is ^258mMd with a half-life of 57 minutes.

References

↑ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Bismuth". CIAAW. 2005.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
↑ Andreyev, A. N.; Ackermann, D.; Heßberger, F. P.; Hofmann, S.; Huyse, M.; Kojouharov, I.; Kindler, B.; Lommel, B.; Münzenberg, G.; Page, R. D.; Vel, K. Van de; Duppen, P. Van; Heyde, K. (1 October 2003). "α-decay spectroscopy of light odd-odd Bi isotopes - II: ¹⁸⁶Bi and the new nuclide ¹⁸⁴Bi" (PDF). The European Physical Journal A. 18 (1): 55–64. Bibcode:2003EPJA...18...55A. doi:10.1140/epja/i2003-10051-1. ISSN 1434-601X. S2CID 122369569 . Retrieved 20 June 2023.
↑ Doherty, D. T.; Andreyev, A. N.; Seweryniak, D.; Woods, P. J.; Carpenter, M. P.; Auranen, K.; Ayangeakaa, A. D.; Back, B. B.; Bottoni, S.; Canete, L.; Cubiss, J. G.; Harker, J.; Haylett, T.; Huang, T.; Janssens, R. V. F.; Jenkins, D. G.; Kondev, F. G.; Lauritsen, T.; Lederer-Woods, C.; Li, J.; Müller-Gatermann, C.; Potterveld, D.; Reviol, W.; Savard, G.; Stolze, S.; Zhu, S. (12 November 2021). "Solving the Puzzles of the Decay of the Heaviest Known Proton-Emitting Nucleus ¹⁸⁵Bi". Physical Review Letters. 127 (20): 202501. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.127t2501D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.202501. hdl: 20.500.11820/ac1e5604-7bba-4a25-a538-795ca4bdc875 . ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34860042. S2CID 244089059 . Retrieved 20 June 2023.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (1 March 2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear physics properties *". Chinese Physics C, High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics. 45 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2021ChPhC..45c0001K. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/abddae . ISSN 1674-1137. OSTI 1774641. S2CID 233794940.
↑ Imam, S (2001). "Advancements in cancer therapy with alpha-emitters: a review". International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 51 (1): 271–278. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(01)01585-1. PMID 11516878.

Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 75 (6): 683–800. doi: 10.1351/pac200375060683 .
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry . 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi: 10.1351/pac200678112051 .

"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

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[4] Bi – Excited nuclear isomer.

[6] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-7] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[8] Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.

[9] Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
p: Proton emission

[10] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[11] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[TNN-12] 1 2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[16] Formerly believed to be final decay product of 4n+1 decay chain

[17] Primordial radioisotope, also some is radiogenic from the extinct nuclide ²³⁷Np

[18] Formerly believed to be the heaviest stable nuclide

[us-19] 1 2 Intermediate decay product of ²³⁸U

[as-20] 1 2 Intermediate decay product of ²³⁵U

[21] Intermediate decay product of ²³²Th

[22] Used in medicine such as for cancer treatment.

[23] A byproduct of thorium reactors via ²³³U.

[24] Intermediate decay product of ²³⁷Np

[NUBASE2020-1] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Bismuth". CIAAW. 2005.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[AME2020_II-5] Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.

[13] Andreyev, A. N.; Ackermann, D.; Heßberger, F. P.; Hofmann, S.; Huyse, M.; Kojouharov, I.; Kindler, B.; Lommel, B.; Münzenberg, G.; Page, R. D.; Vel, K. Van de; Duppen, P. Van; Heyde, K. (1 October 2003). "α-decay spectroscopy of light odd-odd Bi isotopes - II: ¹⁸⁶Bi and the new nuclide ¹⁸⁴Bi" (PDF). The European Physical Journal A. 18 (1): 55–64. Bibcode:2003EPJA...18...55A. doi:10.1140/epja/i2003-10051-1. ISSN 1434-601X. S2CID 122369569 . Retrieved 20 June 2023.

[14] Doherty, D. T.; Andreyev, A. N.; Seweryniak, D.; Woods, P. J.; Carpenter, M. P.; Auranen, K.; Ayangeakaa, A. D.; Back, B. B.; Bottoni, S.; Canete, L.; Cubiss, J. G.; Harker, J.; Haylett, T.; Huang, T.; Janssens, R. V. F.; Jenkins, D. G.; Kondev, F. G.; Lauritsen, T.; Lederer-Woods, C.; Li, J.; Müller-Gatermann, C.; Potterveld, D.; Reviol, W.; Savard, G.; Stolze, S.; Zhu, S. (12 November 2021). "Solving the Puzzles of the Decay of the Heaviest Known Proton-Emitting Nucleus ¹⁸⁵Bi". Physical Review Letters. 127 (20): 202501. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.127t2501D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.202501. hdl: 20.500.11820/ac1e5604-7bba-4a25-a538-795ca4bdc875 . ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34860042. S2CID 244089059 . Retrieved 20 June 2023.

[NUBASE2020v-15] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (1 March 2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear physics properties *". Chinese Physics C, High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics. 45 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2021ChPhC..45c0001K. doi: 10.1088/1674-1137/abddae . ISSN 1674-1137. OSTI 1774641. S2CID 233794940.

[213Bi-Imam-25] Imam, S (2001). "Advancements in cancer therapy with alpha-emitters: a review". International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 51 (1): 271–278. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(01)01585-1. PMID 11516878.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[n 1]

[4]

[n 2]

[n 3]

[n 4]

[n 5]

[n 6]

[n 7]

[n 8]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[n 9]

[n 10]

[n 11]

[n 12]

[n 13]

[n 14]

[n 15]

[n 16]

[n 17]

[8]

Isotopes of bismuth

Contents

List of isotopes

Bismuth-213

Related Research Articles

References