List of autoimmune diseases

Dermatosis in Crohn's disease

Demyelination in MS

PAS stain of lupus nephritis

Autoimmune urticaria

Proptosis in Graves' disease

This article provides a list of autoimmune diseases . These conditions, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, affect a range of organs and systems within the body. Each disorder is listed with the primary organ or body part that it affects and the associated autoantibodies that are typically found in people diagnosed with the condition. Each disorder is also categorized by its acceptance as an autoimmune condition into four levels: confirmed, probable, possible, and uncertain. This classification is based on the current scientific consensus and reflects the level of evidence supporting the autoimmune nature of the disorder. Lastly, the prevalence rate, specifically in the United States, is included to give a sense of how common each disorder is within the population.

• Confirmed - Used for conditions that have strong, well-established evidence of autoimmune etiology.
• Probable - Used for conditions where there is substantial evidence of autoimmune involvement, but the scientific consensus may not be as strong as for those in the 'confirmed' category.
• Possible - Used for conditions that have some evidence pointing towards autoimmune involvement, but it's not yet clear or there is ongoing debate.
• Uncertain - Used for conditions where the evidence of autoimmune involvement is limited or contested.

Integumentary system

The integumentary system, composed of the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands, serves as a protective barrier between the body and the environment. It also plays a critical role in regulating body temperature and maintaining fluid balance.

Disease	Primary organ/body part affected	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disease	Prevalence rate (US)	Cit.
Alopecia areata	Hair follicles	None specific	Confirmed	2.1%	[1] [2]
Autoimmune angioedema	Skin	C1 inhibitor	Probable	Less than 5,000	[3]
Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis	Skin	Progesterone	Probable	Extremely rare	[4]
Autoimmune urticaria	Skin	IgG against IgE or IgE receptor	Probable	Not well established	[5] [6]
Bullous pemphigoid	Skin	Anti-BP180, Anti-BP230	Confirmed	6-30 per 100,000 (mostly older adults)	[7]
Cicatricial pemphigoid	Mucous membranes, sometimes skin	Anti-BP180, Anti-BP230	Confirmed	Rare	[8]
Dermatitis herpetiformis	Skin	Anti-tissue transglutaminase	Confirmed	10 per 100,000	[9]
Dermatomyositis	Skin and muscles	Anti-Jo1, Anti-Mi2, Anti-SRP, Anti-TIF1	Confirmed	9 in 1,000,000	[10]
Discoid lupus erythematosus	Skin	ANA, Anti-dsDNA, Anti-Sm	Confirmed	Part of SLE prevalence (20-150 per 100,000)	[11]
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita	Skin	Anti-type VII collagen	Confirmed	Extremely rare	[12]
Erythema nodosum	Skin	None specific	Possible	Not well established	[13]
Gestational pemphigoid	Skin	Anti-BP180, Anti-BP230	Confirmed	Rare	[14]
Hidradenitis suppurativa	Skin	None specific	Uncertain	1-4%	[15]
Lichen planus	Skin, mucous membranes	None specific	Probable	1%	[16]
Lichen sclerosus	Skin	None specific	Probable	Rare	[17]
Linear IgA disease	Skin	Anti-epidermal basement membrane IgA	Confirmed	Extremely rare	[18]
Morphea	Skin	None specific	Probable	Not well established	[19]
Psoriasis	Skin	Various, not specific	Confirmed	2-3%	[20]
Pemphigus vulgaris	Skin and mucous membranes	Anti-desmoglein 3, Anti-desmoglein 1	Confirmed	1-5 per 100,000	[21]
Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis)	Skin, organs	ANA, anti-Scl-70, anti-centromere	Confirmed	240 per 1,000,000	[22]
Vitiligo	Skin	Various, not specific	Confirmed	1%	[23]

Digestive system

Autoimmune disease	Primary organ/body part affected	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disease	Prevalence rate (US)	Cit.
Autoimmune enteropathy	Small intestine	Anti-enterocyte antibodies	Probable	Rare	[24]
Autoimmune hepatitis	Liver	ANA, ASMA, anti-LKM1	Confirmed	1 in 10,000 to 1 in 50,000	[25]
Celiac disease	Small intestine	Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTG), Endomysial antibody (EMA), Deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP)	Confirmed	1 in 100	[26]
Crohn's disease	Digestive tract	ASCA, Anti-OmpC, Anti-CBir1, ANCA	Probable	201 per 100,000 adults	[27]
Pernicious anemia	Stomach	Anti-IF, Anti-parietal cell	Confirmed	0.1%	[28]
Ulcerative colitis	Colon and rectum	pANCA, ASCA	Probable	249 per 100,000 adults	[29]

Heart and vascular system

Autoimmune disease	Primary organ/body part affected	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disease	Prevalence rate (US)	Cit.
Rheumatic heart disease	Heart valves	Anti-streptolysin O (ASO), anti-DNase B	Confirmed	Declining due to improved treatment of strep throat	[30]
Kawasaki disease	Coronary arteries	Unknown	Probable	20 per 100,000 children under age 5	[31]
Giant cell arteritis	Large and medium arteries, can affect coronary arteries	None specific	Confirmed	200 per 100,000 (over age 50)	[32] [33]
Takayasu's arteritis	Large arteries, including the aorta	None specific	Confirmed	Rare, more common in East Asia	[33] [34]
Behçet's disease	Small to large vessels in mouth, genitals, eyes, skin	None specific	Probable		[35]
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA)	Small to medium vessels in respiratory tract, skin, heart, kidneys, nerves	ANCA	Confirmed		[36]
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)	Small to medium vessels in respiratory tract, kidneys	c-ANCA/PR3-ANCA	Confirmed		[36]
IgA vasculitis (IgAV)	Small vessels in skin, joints, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract	IgA immune complexes	Probable		[37]
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis	Small vessels in skin	Various immune complexes	Probable		[38]
Lupus vasculitis	Small to medium vessels in multiple organs	ANA, anti-dsDNA, anti-Smith, others	Confirmed		[39]
Rheumatoid vasculitis	Small to medium vessels in skin, nerves, eyes, heart	Rheumatoid factor, ACPA	Probable		[40]
Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA)	Small vessels in kidneys, lungs, nerves, skin	p-ANCA/MPO-ANCA	Confirmed		[41]
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)	Medium to small vessels in kidneys, skin, muscles, joints, nerves	None specific	Probable		[42]
Polymyalgia rheumatica	Large to medium vessels in shoulders, hips	None specific	Possible		[43]
Urticarial vasculitis	Small vessels in skin	C1q antibodies	Probable		[44]
Vasculitis	All vessel sizes in multiple organs	Depends on specific type	Uncertain		[45]

Urinary system

Autoimmune disease	Primary organ/body part affected	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disease	Prevalence rate (US)	Cit.
Goodpasture syndrome	Kidneys, lungs	Anti-GBM antibodies	Confirmed	1 per million people	[46]
IgA nephropathy	Kidneys	IgA autoantibodies	Confirmed	3.5 per 100,000	[47]
Membranous nephropathy	Kidneys	Anti-PLA2R antibodies	Confirmed	10 per 100,000	[48]
Lupus nephritis	Kidneys	Anti-dsDNA, Anti-Sm, Anti-nuclear antibodies	Confirmed	Up to 60% of those with Lupus	[49]
Interstitial nephritis	Kidneys	Various autoantibodies	Probable	Varies widely, often drug-induced	[50]
Interstitial cystitis	Bladder	Anti-urothelial and anti-nuclear antibodies	Probable	100-450 per 100,000 women, less common in men	[51]
Primary sclerosing cholangitis	Bile ducts, can affect gallbladder	P-ANCA, Anti Smooth Muscle Antibodies (ASMA)	Confirmed	1 per 100,000	[52]

Nervous system

Autoimmune disease	Primary organ/body part affected	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disease	Prevalence rate (US)	Cit.
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis	Central nervous system	Unknown	Confirmed	0.8 per 100,000	[53]
Acute motor axonal neuropathy	Peripheral nerves	Anti-GM1	Confirmed	Part of Guillain-Barré syndrome prevalence	[54]
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis	Brain	Anti-NMDA receptor	Confirmed	1.5 per million	[55]
Autoimmune encephalitis	Brain	Various, depending on subtype (e.g., NMDA receptor antibodies, LGI1 antibodies)	Confirmed	Rare	[56]
Balo concentric sclerosis	Central nervous system	Unknown	Probable	Rare	[57]
Bickerstaff's encephalitis	Brain	Anti-GQ1b	Confirmed	Rare	[58]
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy	Peripheral nerves	Various, including anti-MAG	Confirmed	1-2 per 100,000	[59]
Guillain-Barré syndrome	Peripheral nerves	Various, including anti-GM1, anti-GD1a	Confirmed	1-2 per 100,000	[60]
Hashimoto's encephalopathy	Brain	Anti-thyroid (TPO, Tg)	Probable	Rare	[61]
Idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases	Central nervous system	Varies	Probable	Varies by specific disease	[62]
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome	Neuromuscular junction (affecting both CNS and PNS)	Anti-VGCC	Confirmed	0.5-2 per million	[63]
Multiple sclerosis	Central nervous system	Unknown, but Oligoclonal bands often present in CSF	Confirmed	90 per 100,000	[64]
Myasthenia gravis	Neuromuscular junction (affecting both CNS and PNS)	Anti-AChR, anti-MuSK	Confirmed	20 per 100,000	[65]
Neuromyelitis optica (Devic's disease)/NMOSD	Optic nerves and spinal cord	AQP4-IgG (NMO-IgG)	Confirmed	0.5 - 4 per 100,000	[66]
Restless legs syndrome	Central nervous system (thought to involve dopaminergic pathways)	Unknown	Uncertain	5-15% (more common in older adults)	[67]
Stiff-person syndrome	Central nervous system	Anti-GAD, anti-amphiphysin	Confirmed	Rare	[68]
Sydenham's chorea	Brain	Anti-basal ganglia	Confirmed	Rare (linked to Group A streptococcal infection)	[69]
Transverse myelitis	Spinal cord	Various, including anti-AQP4	Probable	1-8 per million	[70]
Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD)	Various	ANA (antinuclear autoantibody) (HEp-2 cells)	Confirmed	2 per 100,000	[71]

Endocrine system

Autoimmune disease	Primary organ/body part affected	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disease	Prevalence rate (US)	Cit.
Addison's disease	Adrenal glands	21-hydroxylase antibodies	Confirmed	0.93-1.4 per 10,000	[72]
Autoimmune oophoritis	Ovaries	Anti-ovarian antibodies	Probable	Rare	[73]
Autoimmune orchitis	Testes	Anti-sperm antibodies	Probable	Rare	[74]
Autoimmune pancreatitis	Pancreas	IgG4, Anti-CA2 antibodies	Confirmed	0.82-1.3 per 100,000	[75]
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS1)	Multiple endocrine organs	Various autoantibodies depending on the organs affected	Confirmed	1 in 100,000 to 200,000	[76]
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 (APS2)	Multiple endocrine organs	Various autoantibodies depending on the organs affected	Confirmed	1 in 20,000	[77]
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 3 (APS3)	Multiple endocrine organs	Various autoantibodies depending on the organs affected	Confirmed	Rare	[77]
Diabetes mellitus type 1	Pancreas	Anti-insulin, anti-IA-2, anti-GAD, anti-ZnT8 antibodies	Confirmed	1.6 per 1,000	[78]
Endometriosis	Endometrium	Anti-endometrial antibodies	Probable	6-10% of women of reproductive age	[79]
Graves' disease	Thyroid gland	TSI, TPO, TG antibodies	Confirmed	1.2% of the population	[80]
Hashimoto's thyroiditis	Thyroid gland	TPO, TG antibodies	Confirmed	5% of the population	[81]
Ord's thyroiditis	Thyroid gland	TPO, TG antibodies	Confirmed	Rare	[82]
Sjögren syndrome	Exocrine glands (salivary and lacrimal glands)	Anti-SSA/Ro, Anti-SSB/La antibodies	Confirmed	0.1-4% of the population	[83]

Respiratory system

Autoimmune disease	Primary organ/body part affected	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disease	Prevalence rate (US)	Cit.
Goodpasture syndrome	See urinary system [lower-alpha 1]	See urinary system	Confirmed	See urinary system	—
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA)	See vascular system [lower-alpha 2]	See vascular system	Confirmed	See vascular system	—
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)	See vascular system [lower-alpha 3]	See vascular system	Confirmed	See vascular system	—
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis	Lungs	None specific	Possible	20 per 100,000 (men), 13 per 100,000 (women)	[84]
Interstitial lung disease	Lungs	Depends on the subtype (e.g. Anti-Jo1 in Anti-synthetase syndrome)	Probable	31.5 per 100,000 (men), 26.1 per 100,000 (women)	[85]
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis	Lungs	Anti-GM-CSF antibodies	Confirmed	6.2 per million	[86]
Rheumatoid lung disease	Lungs	Rheumatoid factor, Anti-CCP antibodies	Confirmed	Part of RA prevalence (about 1%)	[87]
Sarcoidosis	Lungs and other organs	None specific	Confirmed	10 - 40 per 100,000	[88]

Blood

Autoimmune disease	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disease	Prevalence rate (US)	Cit.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia	Anti-red blood cell antibodies	Confirmed	1-3 per 100,000	[89]
Immune thrombocytopenia	Anti-platelet antibodies	Confirmed	3.3 per 100,000 (adults), 50 per 100,000 (children)	[90]
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura	ADAMTS13 autoantibodies	Confirmed	1-2 per million	[91]
Antiphospholipid syndrome	Antiphospholipid antibodies	Confirmed	40-50 per 100,000	[92]
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria	None specific, mutation causes self-cells to become susceptible to attack	Possible	1-2 per million	[93]

Reproductive system

The reproductive system is responsible for the production and regulation of sex hormones, the formation of germ cells, and the nurturing of fertilized eggs. In women, it includes structures such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, a uterus, and a vagina, while in men, it includes testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and the penis. Autoimmune diseases of the reproductive system can affect both male and female fertility and reproductive health.

Autoimmune disease	Primary organ/body part affected	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disease	Prevalence rate (US)	Cit.
Autoimmune orchitis	Testes	Anti-sperm antibodies	Probable	Not well established	[94]
Autoimmune oophoritis	Ovaries	Anti-ovarian antibodies	Probable	Not well established	[94]
Endometriosis	Uterus, ovaries, and pelvic tissue	Various, including anti-endometrial antibodies	Probable	Approx. 10% of women of reproductive age	[95]
Premature ovarian failure	Ovaries	Anti-ovarian antibodies, Anti-adrenal antibodies	Confirmed	1% of women under 40 years	[96]

Eyes

Autoimmune disease	Primary organ/body part affected	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disease	Prevalence rate (US)	Cit.
Autoimmune retinopathy	Retina	Various	Confirmed		[97]
Autoimmune uveitis	Uvea	Various	Confirmed		[98]
Cogan syndrome	Inner ear and eye	None specific	Probable		[99]
Graves' ophthalmopathy	Eye muscles and connective tissue	TSH receptor antibodies	Confirmed		[100]
Intermediate uveitis	Uvea (pars plana)	Various	Probable		[101]
Ligneous conjunctivitis	Conjunctiva	Plasminogen deficiency	Possible	Rare	[102]
Mooren's ulcer	Cornea	None specific	Probable	Rare	[103]
Neuromyelitis optica	Optic nerve and spinal cord	Anti-AQP4	Confirmed		[104]
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome	Central nervous system, eye movement control	Anti-neuronal antibodies	Possible		[105]
Optic neuritis	Optic nerve	Various	Confirmed		[106]
Scleritis	Sclera	Various	Possible		[107]
Susac's syndrome	Retina, cochlea, and brain	None specific	Probable		[108]
Sympathetic ophthalmia	Uveal tract	Various	Probable	Rare	[109]
Tolosa–Hunt syndrome	Orbit	None specific	Uncertain	Rare	[110]

Muscular system

These autoimmune diseases are primarily associated with the muscles and neuromuscular function.

Autoimmune disease	Primary organ/body part affected	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disorder	Prevalence rate (US)	Cit.
Dermatomyositis	See integumentary system [lower-alpha 4]	See integumentary system	Confirmed	See integumentary system	—
Fibromyalgia	Musculoskeletal system, pain perception	None specific	Possible		[111]
Inclusion body myositis	Proximal and distal muscles	None specific	Probable		[112]
Myositis	Skeletal muscles	Various, depends on subtype	Confirmed		[113]
Myasthenia gravis	Voluntary muscles, neuromuscular junctions	Anti-acetylcholine receptor, Anti-MuSK	Confirmed		[114]
Neuromyotonia	Peripheral nerves affecting muscle control	Anti-voltage-gated potassium channels	Probable		[115]
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration	Central nervous system, cerebellum	Anti-Yo, Anti-Hu, Anti-Ri, others	Confirmed		[116]
Polymyositis	Proximal skeletal muscles	Anti-Jo-1, Anti-SRP, others	Confirmed		[117]

Autoimmune comorbidities

This list includes conditions that are not diseases, but symptoms or syndromes common to autoimmune disease. ^[118]

• Chronic fatigue syndrome
• Complex regional pain syndrome
• Eosinophilic esophagitis
• Gastritis
• POEMS syndrome ^[119]
• Raynaud's phenomenon
• Primary immunodeficiency ^[120]
• Pyoderma gangrenosum

Non-autoimmune

At this time, there is not sufficient evidence to indicate that these diseases are caused by autoimmunity.

Disease	Reason not believed to be autoimmune	Cit.
Agammaglobulinemia	An immune system disorder but not an autoimmune disease.
Amyloidosis	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Anti-tubular basement membrane nephritis	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Atopic allergy	A hypersensitivity.
Atopic dermatitis	A hypersensitivity.
Autism	No consistent evidence of association with maternal autoimmunity.
Blau syndrome	Overlaps both sarcoidosis and granuloma annulare. No evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Cancer	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Castleman's disease	An immune system disorder but not an autoimmune disease.
Chagas disease	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.	[121]
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.	[122] [123]
Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis	LPIN2, D18S60. Synonyms: Majeed syndrome.
Complement component 2 deficiency	Possibly symptomatic of autoimmune diseases, but not a disease.
Congenital heart block	May be related to autoimmune activity in the mother.
Contact dermatitis	A hypersensitivity.
Cushing's syndrome	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Dego's disease	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis	Possibly a hypersensitivity.
Eosinophilic pneumonia	A class of diseases, some of which may be autoimmune.
Erythroblastosis fetalis	Mother's immune system attacks fetus. An immune system disorder but not autoimmune.
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva	Possibly an immune system disorder but not autoimmune.
Gastrointestinal pemphigoid	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Hypogammaglobulinemia	An immune system disorder but not autoimmune.
Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis	No consistent evidence of autoimmune cause though the disease has been found comorbid with other autoimmune diseases.	[124]
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis	Autoantibodies: SFTPA1, SFTPA2, TERT, and TERC.
IgA nephropathy	An immune system disorder but not an autoimmune disease.
IPEX syndrome	A genetic mutation in FOXP3 that leads to autoimmune diseases, but not an autoimmune disorder itself.
Ligneous conjunctivitis	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Majeed syndrome	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Narcolepsy	No evidence of association with autoimmunity. Research not reproducible.	[125] [126] [127] [128]
Rasmussen's encephalitis	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Schizophrenia	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.	[129] [130] [131]
Serum sickness	A hypersensitivity.
Spondyloarthropathy	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Sweet's syndrome	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Takayasu's arteritis	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy

See also

• Autoimmunity
• Autoantibody

Notes

1. For detailed information on Goodpasture syndrome, including its impact on the respiratory system, refer to its entry in the urinary system section.
2. For detailed information on EGPA, including its impact on the respiratory system, refer to its entry in the vascular system section.
3. For detailed information on GPA, including its impact on the respiratory system, refer to its entry in the vascular system section.
4. For detailed information on dermatomyositis, including its impact on the musclar system, refer to its entry in the integumentary system section.

References

1. Pratt, C. Herbert; King, Lloyd E.; Messenger, Andrew G.; Christiano, Angela M.; Sundberg, John P. (2017-03-16). "Alopecia areata". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 3 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 17011. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.11. ISSN   2056-676X. PMC   5573125 . PMID   28300084.
2. Mirzoyev, Sultan A.; Schrum, Adam G.; Davis, Mark D.P.; Torgerson, Rochelle R. (2014). "Lifetime Incidence Risk of Alopecia Areata Estimated at 2.1% by Rochester Epidemiology Project, 1990–2009". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 134 (4). Elsevier BV: 1141–1142. doi:10.1038/jid.2013.464. ISSN   0022-202X. PMC   3961558 . PMID   24202232.
3. "Acquired angioedema - About the Disease". Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center. 2021-01-08. Retrieved 2023-07-12.
4. Irshad, Shahmeen; Haider, Muhammad S; Master, Madiha F; Asif, Nasir; Khalil, Ambreen (2021-11-02). "Autoimmune Progesterone Dermatitis". Cureus. 13 (11). Cureus, Inc.: e19217. doi: 10.7759/cureus.19217 . ISSN   2168-8184. PMC   8642151 . PMID   34877200.
5. Kolkhir, Pavel; Muñoz, Melba; Asero, Riccardo; Ferrer, Marta; Kocatürk, Emek; Metz, Martin; Xiang, Yi-Kui; Maurer, Marcus (2022). "Autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 149 (6). Elsevier BV: 1819–1831. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2022.04.010. ISSN   0091-6749. PMID   35667749. S2CID   249362247.
6. Wertenteil, Sara; Strunk, Andrew; Garg, Amit (2019). "Prevalence estimates for chronic urticaria in the United States: A sex- and age-adjusted population analysis". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 81 (1). Elsevier BV: 152–156. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.02.064. ISSN   0190-9622. PMID   30872154. S2CID   78092096.
7. Cole, Connor; Vinay, Keshavamurthy; Borradori, Luca; Amber, Kyle T. (2022-07-07). "Insights Into the Pathogenesis of Bullous Pemphigoid: The Role of Complement-Independent Mechanisms". Frontiers in Immunology. 13. Frontiers Media SA. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912876 . ISSN   1664-3224. PMC   9300999 . PMID   35874745.
8. Rashid, H.; Lamberts, A.; Borradori, L.; Alberti-Violetti, S.; Barry, R.J.; Caproni, M.; Carey, B.; Carrozzo, M.; Caux, F.; Cianchini, G.; Corrà, A.; Diercks, G.F.H.; Dikkers, F.G.; Di Zenzo, G.; Feliciani, C.; Geerling, G.; Genovese, G.; Hertl, M.; Joly, P.; Marzano, A.V.; Meijer, J.M.; Mercadante, V.; Murrell, D.F.; Ormond, M.; Pas, H.H.; Patsatsi, A.; Prost, C.; Rauz, S.; Rhijn, B.D.; Roth, M.; Schmidt, E.; Setterfield, J.; Zambruno, G.; Zillikens, D.; Horváth, B. (2021-07-10). "European guidelines (S3) on diagnosis and management of mucous membrane pemphigoid, initiated by the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology – Part I". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 35 (9). Wiley: 1750–1764. doi:10.1111/jdv.17397. ISSN   0926-9959. PMC   8457055 . PMID   34245180.
9. Reunala, Timo; Hervonen, Kaisa; Salmi, Teea (2021-01-11). "Dermatitis Herpetiformis: An Update on Diagnosis and Management". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 22 (3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 329–338. doi:10.1007/s40257-020-00584-2. ISSN   1175-0561. PMC   8068693 . PMID   33432477.
10. Nombel, Anaïs; Fabien, Nicole; Coutant, Frédéric (2021-10-20). "Dermatomyositis With Anti-MDA5 Antibodies: Bioclinical Features, Pathogenesis and Emerging Therapies". Frontiers in Immunology. 12. Frontiers Media SA. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.773352 . ISSN   1664-3224. PMC   8564476 . PMID   34745149.
11. Donnelly, AM; Halbert, AR; Rohr, JB (1995). "Discoid lupus erythematosus". Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 36 (1). Wiley: 3–10. doi:10.1111/j.1440-0960.1995.tb00916.x. ISSN   0004-8380. PMID   7763220. S2CID   9050427.
12. Miyamoto, Denise; Gordilho, Juliana Olivieri; Santi, Claudia Giuli; Porro, Adriana Maria (2022). "Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita". Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. 97 (4). Elsevier BV: 409–423. doi:10.1016/j.abd.2021.09.010. ISSN   0365-0596. PMC   9263658 . PMID   35701269.
13. Pérez-Garza, Daniela Michelle; Chavez-Alvarez, Sonia; Ocampo-Candiani, Jorge; Gomez-Flores, Minerva (2021-03-08). "Erythema Nodosum: A Practical Approach and Diagnostic Algorithm". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 22 (3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 367–378. doi:10.1007/s40257-021-00592-w. ISSN   1175-0561. PMC   7938036 . PMID   33683567.
14. Patel, Payal M.; Jones, Virginia A.; Murray, Taryn N.; Amber, Kyle T. (2020-03-16). "A Review Comparing International Guidelines for the Management of Bullous Pemphigoid, Pemphigoid Gestationis, Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid, and Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 21 (4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 557–565. doi:10.1007/s40257-020-00513-3. ISSN   1175-0561. PMID   32180161. S2CID   212718889.
15. Goldburg, Samantha R.; Strober, Bruce E.; Payette, Michael J. (2020). "Hidradenitis suppurativa". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 82 (5). Elsevier BV: 1045–1058. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.08.090. ISSN   0190-9622. PMID   31604104. S2CID   243497119.
16. Tziotzios, Christos; Lee, John Y.W.; Brier, Timothy; Saito, Ryo; Hsu, Chao-Kai; Bhargava, Kapil; Stefanato, Catherine M.; Fenton, David A.; McGrath, John A. (2018). "Lichen planus and lichenoid dermatoses". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 79 (5). Elsevier BV: 789–804. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.02.010. ISSN   0190-9622. PMID   30318136. S2CID   52982317.
17. Kirtschig, Gudula (2016-05-13). "Lichen Sclerosus—Presentation, Diagnosis and Management". Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 113 (19). Deutscher Arzte-Verlag GmbH: 337–343. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0337. ISSN   1866-0452. PMC   4904529 . PMID   27232363.
18. Shin, Leah; Gardner, Jeffrey T.; Dao, Harry (2021-08-12). "Updates in the Diagnosis and Management of Linear IgA Disease: A Systematic Review". Medicina. 57 (8). MDPI AG: 818. doi: 10.3390/medicina57080818 . ISSN   1648-9144. PMC   8400507 . PMID   34441024.
19. Florez-Pollack, Stephanie; Kunzler, Elaine; Jacobe, Heidi T. (2018). "Morphea: Current concepts". Clinics in Dermatology. 36 (4). Elsevier BV: 475–486. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2018.04.005. ISSN   0738-081X. PMID   30047431. S2CID   206776415.
20. Boehncke, Wolf-Henning; Schön, Michael P (2015). "Psoriasis". The Lancet. 386 (9997). Elsevier BV: 983–994. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61909-7. ISSN   0140-6736. PMID   26025581.
21. Melchionda, V.; Harman, K. E. (2019-08-04). "Pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus: an overview of the clinical presentation, investigations and management". Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 44 (7). Oxford University Press (OUP): 740–746. doi: 10.1111/ced.14041 . ISSN   0307-6938. PMID   31378971. S2CID   199436546.
22. Careta, Mariana Figueiroa; Romiti, Ricardo (2015). "Localized scleroderma: clinical spectrum and therapeutic update". Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. 90 (1). FapUNIFESP (SciELO): 62–73. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20152890. ISSN   0365-0596. PMC   4323700 . PMID   25672301.
23. Bergqvist, Christina; Ezzedine, Khaled (2020). "Vitiligo: A Review". Dermatology. 236 (6). S. Karger AG: 571–592. doi: 10.1159/000506103 . ISSN   1018-8665. PMID   32155629. S2CID   212666272.
24. Chen, Charles B.; Tahboub, Farah; Plesec, Thomas; Kay, Marsha; Radhakrishnan, Kadakkal (2020-08-24). "A Review of Autoimmune Enteropathy and Its Associated Syndromes". Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 65 (11). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 3079–3090. doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06540-8. ISSN   0163-2116. PMID   32833153. S2CID   221257881.
25. Sucher, Elisabeth; Sucher, Robert; Gradistanac, Tanja; Brandacher, Gerald; Schneeberger, Stefan; Berg, Thomas (2019-11-25). "Autoimmune Hepatitis—Immunologically Triggered Liver Pathogenesis—Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies". Journal of Immunology Research. 2019. Hindawi Limited: 1–19. doi: 10.1155/2019/9437043 . ISSN   2314-8861. PMC   6899271 . PMID   31886312.
26. Catassi, Carlo; Verdu, Elena F; Bai, Julio Cesar; Lionetti, Elena (2022). "Coeliac disease". The Lancet. 399 (10344). Elsevier BV: 2413–2426. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00794-2. ISSN   0140-6736. PMID   35691302. S2CID   249622609.
27. Torres, Joana; Mehandru, Saurabh; Colombel, Jean-Frédéric; Peyrin-Biroulet, Laurent (2017). "Crohn's disease". The Lancet. 389 (10080). Elsevier BV: 1741–1755. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31711-1. ISSN   0140-6736. PMID   27914655. S2CID   13678540.
28. Mohamed, Muhajir; Thio, Joel; Thomas, Remy Susan; Phillips, Jehan (2020-04-24). "Pernicious anaemia". BMJ. 369: m1319. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1319. ISSN   1756-1833. PMID   32332011. S2CID   216129306.
29. Ordás, Ingrid; Eckmann, Lars; Talamini, Mark; Baumgart, Daniel C; Sandborn, William J (2012). "Ulcerative colitis". The Lancet. 380 (9853). Elsevier BV: 1606–1619. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60150-0. ISSN   0140-6736. PMID   22914296. S2CID   18349657.
30. Carapetis, Jonathan R.; Beaton, Andrea; Cunningham, Madeleine W.; Guilherme, Luiza; Karthikeyan, Ganesan; Mayosi, Bongani M.; Sable, Craig; Steer, Andrew; Wilson, Nigel; Wyber, Rosemary; Zühlke, Liesl (2016-01-14). "Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 15084. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.84. ISSN   2056-676X. PMC   5810582 . PMID   27188830.
31. Rife, Eileen; Gedalia, Abraham (2020-09-13). "Kawasaki Disease: an Update". Current Rheumatology Reports. 22 (10). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 75. doi:10.1007/s11926-020-00941-4. ISSN   1523-3774. PMC   7487199 . PMID   32924089.
32. Ciofalo, Andrea; Gulotta, Giampiero; Iannella, Giannicola; Pasquariello, Benedetta; Manno, Alessandra; Angeletti, Diletta; Pace, Annalisa; Greco, Antonio; Altissimi, Giancarlo; de Vincentiis, Marco; Magliulo, Giuseppe (2019-11-25). "Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA): Pathogenesis, Clinical Aspects and Treatment Approaches". Current Rheumatology Reviews. 15 (4). Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.: 259–268. doi:10.2174/1573397115666190227194014. ISSN   1573-3971. PMID   30827250. S2CID   73472064.
33. Watanabe, Ryu; Berry, Gerald J.; Liang, David H.; Goronzy, Jörg J.; Weyand, Cornelia M. (2020-08-26). "Pathogenesis of Giant Cell Arteritis and Takayasu Arteritis—Similarities and Differences". Current Rheumatology Reports. 22 (10). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 68. doi:10.1007/s11926-020-00948-x. ISSN   1523-3774. PMC   9112376 . PMID   32845392.
34. Galarza, Claudio; Valencia, Diana; Tobón, Gabriel J.; Zurita, Luis; Mantilla, Rubén D.; Pineda-Tamayo, Ricardo; Rojas-Villarraga, Adriana; Rueda, Juan C.; Anaya, Juan-Manuel (2007-09-22). "Should Rituximab be Considered as the First-Choice Treatment for Severe Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases?". Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 34 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 124–128. doi:10.1007/s12016-007-8028-z. ISSN   1080-0549. PMID   18270866. S2CID   21279076.
35. Tong, Bainan; Liu, Xiaoli; Xiao, Jun; Su, Guanfang (2019-03-29). "Immunopathogenesis of Behcet's Disease". Frontiers in Immunology. 10. Frontiers Media SA: 665. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00665 . ISSN   1664-3224. PMC   6449449 . PMID   30984205.
36. White, JPE; Dubey, S. (2023). "Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis: A review". Autoimmunity Reviews. 22 (1). Elsevier BV: 103219. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103219 . ISSN   1568-9972. PMID   36283646. S2CID   253087925.
37. Pillebout, Evangéline; Sunderkötter, Cord (2021-06-25). "IgA vasculitis". Seminars in Immunopathology. 43 (5). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 729–738. doi:10.1007/s00281-021-00874-9. ISSN   1863-2297. PMID   34170395. S2CID   235635414.
38. Fraticelli, Paolo; Benfaremo, Devis; Gabrielli, Armando (2021-03-13). "Diagnosis and management of leukocytoclastic vasculitis". Internal and Emergency Medicine. 16 (4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 831–841. doi:10.1007/s11739-021-02688-x. ISSN   1828-0447. PMC   8195763 . PMID   33713282.
39. Calle-Botero, Estefania; Abril, Andy (2020-08-26). "Lupus Vasculitis". Current Rheumatology Reports. 22 (10). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 71. doi:10.1007/s11926-020-00937-0. ISSN   1523-3774. PMID   32845454. S2CID   221329029.
40. Mertz, Philippe; Wollenschlaeger, Clara; Chasset, François; Dima, Alina; Arnaud, Laurent (2023). "Rheumatoid vasculitis in 2023: Changes and challenges since the biologics era". Autoimmunity Reviews. 22 (9). Elsevier BV: 103391. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103391. ISSN   1568-9972. PMID   37468085. S2CID   259957955.
41. Greco, Antonio; De Virgilio, Armando; Rizzo, Maria Ida; Gallo, Andrea; Magliulo, Giuseppe; Fusconi, Massimo; Ruoppolo, Giovanni; Tombolini, Mario; Turchetta, Rosaria; de Vincentiis, Marco (2015). "Microscopic polyangiitis: Advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches". Autoimmunity Reviews. 14 (9). Elsevier BV: 837–844. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2015.05.005. ISSN   1568-9972. PMID   25992801.
42. Bilginer, Yelda; Ozen, Seza (2022-01-25). "Polyarteritis nodosa". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 34 (2). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 229–233. doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000001106. ISSN   1040-8703. PMID   35081554. S2CID   246296626.
43. Lundberg, Ingrid E.; Sharma, Ankita; Turesson, Carl; Mohammad, Aladdin J. (2022-06-11). "An update on polymyalgia rheumatica". Journal of Internal Medicine. 292 (5). Wiley: 717–732. doi:10.1111/joim.13525. ISSN   0954-6820. PMC   9796644 . PMID   35612524.
44. Gu, Stephanie L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2021). "Urticarial vasculitis". International Journal of Women's Dermatology. 7 (3). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 290–297. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2021.01.021. ISSN   2352-6475. PMC   8243153 . PMID   34222586.
45. Kermani, Tanaz A.; Warrington, Kenneth J.; Dua, Anisha B. (2022). "Treatment Guidelines in Vasculitis". Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America. 48 (3). Elsevier BV: 705–724. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2022.03.006. ISSN   0889-857X. PMID   35953232. S2CID   250323897.
46. Reggiani, Francesco; L'Imperio, Vincenzo; Calatroni, Marta; Pagni, Fabio; Sinico, Renato Alberto (2023-03-15). "Goodpasture syndrome and anti-glomerular basement membrane disease". Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 41 (4): 964–974. doi: 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/tep3k5 . ISSN   1593-098X. PMID   36995324. S2CID   257836514.
47. Gesualdo, Loreto; Di Leo, Vincenzo; Coppo, Rosanna (2021). "The mucosal immune system and IgA nephropathy". Seminars in Immunopathology. 43 (5). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 657–668. doi:10.1007/s00281-021-00871-y. ISSN   1863-2297. PMC   8551125 . PMID   34642783.
48. Keri, Krishna C; Blumenthal, Samuel; Kulkarni, Varsha; Beck, Laurence; Chongkrairatanakul, Tepsiri (2019-01-01). "Primary membranous nephropathy: comprehensive review and historical perspective". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 95 (1119). Oxford University Press (OUP): 23–31. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135729. ISSN   0032-5473. PMID   30683678. S2CID   59275094.
49. Almaani, Salem; Meara, Alexa; Rovin, Brad H. (May 2017). "Update on Lupus Nephritis". Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 12 (5): 825–835. doi:10.2215/CJN.05780616. ISSN   1555-9041. PMC   5477208 . PMID   27821390.
50. Dhillon, S; Higgins, R M (1997-03-01). "Interstitial nephritis". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 73 (857): 151–155. doi:10.1136/pgmj.73.857.151. ISSN   0032-5473. PMC   2431241 . PMID   9135830.
51. Marcu, Ioana; Campian, E.; Tu, Frank (March 2018). "Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome". Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 36 (2): 123–135. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1676089. ISSN   1526-8004. PMID   30566978. S2CID   58586665.
52. Karlsen, Tom H.; Folseraas, Trine; Thorburn, Douglas; Vesterhus, Mette (December 2017). "Primary sclerosing cholangitis – a comprehensive review". Journal of Hepatology. 67 (6): 1298–1323. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.022 . PMID   28802875.
53. Paolilo, Renata Barbosa; Deiva, Kumaran; Neuteboom, Rinze; Rostásy, Kevin; Lim, Ming (2020-11-03). "Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Current Perspectives". Children. 7 (11): 210. doi: 10.3390/children7110210 . ISSN   2227-9067. PMC   7692206 . PMID   33153097.
54. Kaida, Kenichi (2019), Sango, Kazunori; Yamauchi, Junji; Ogata, Toru; Susuki, Keiichiro (eds.), "Guillain–Barré Syndrome", Myelin, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 1190, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 323–331, doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_20, ISBN   978-981-329-635-0, PMID   31760653, S2CID   208275682 , retrieved 2023-11-27
55. Dalmau, Josep; Armangué, Thais; Planagumà, Jesús; Radosevic, Marija; Mannara, Francesco; Leypoldt, Frank; Geis, Christian; Lancaster, Eric; Titulaer, Maarten J; Rosenfeld, Myrna R; Graus, Francesc (November 2019). "An update on anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis for neurologists and psychiatrists: mechanisms and models". The Lancet Neurology. 18 (11): 1045–1057. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30244-3. PMID   31326280. S2CID   197464804.
56. Nissen, Mette Scheller; Ryding, Matias; Meyer, Morten; Blaabjerg, Morten (2020-12-24). "Autoimmune Encephalitis: Current Knowledge on Subtypes, Disease Mechanisms and Treatment". CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets. 19 (8): 584–598. doi:10.2174/1871527319666200708133103. PMID   32640967. S2CID   220436473.
57. Hardy, Todd A; Miller, David H (July 2014). "Baló's concentric sclerosis". The Lancet Neurology. 13 (7): 740–746. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70052-3. PMID   24943346. S2CID   9624023.
58. Marino, S.; Marino, L.; Greco, F.; Venti, V.; Fontana, A.; Timpanaro, T.; Taibi, R.; Pustorino, E.; Barbagallo, M.; Pavone, P. (December 2020). "Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis in childhood: a literature overview". European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 24 (24): 12802–12807. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202012_24181. ISSN   1128-3602. PMID   33378029.
59. Stino, Amro M.; Naddaf, Elie; Dyck, Peter J.; Dyck, P. James B. (February 2021). "Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy—Diagnostic pitfalls and treatment approach". Muscle & Nerve. 63 (2): 157–169. doi:10.1002/mus.27046. hdl: 2027.42/166169 . ISSN   0148-639X. PMID   32914902. S2CID   221619303.
60. Jasti, Anil K.; Selmi, Carlo; Sarmiento-Monroy, Juan C.; Vega, Daniel A.; Anaya, Juan-Manuel; Gershwin, M. Eric (November 2016). "Guillain-Barré syndrome: causes, immunopathogenic mechanisms and treatment". Expert Review of Clinical Immunology. 12 (11): 1175–1189. doi:10.1080/1744666X.2016.1193006. hdl: 2434/424557 . ISSN   1744-666X. PMID   27292311. S2CID   45391831.
61. Mocellin, Ramon; Walterfang, Mark; Velakoulis, Dennis (2007). "Hashimoto???s Encephalopathy: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Management". CNS Drugs. 21 (10): 799–811. doi:10.2165/00023210-200721100-00002. ISSN   1172-7047. PMID   17850170. S2CID   39949260.
62. Rovira, Àlex; Sastre-Garriga, Jaume; Auger, Cristina; Rovira, Antoni (April 2013). "Idiopathic Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases of the Brainstem". Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI. 34 (2): 123–130. doi:10.1053/j.sult.2013.01.003. PMID   23522777.
63. Pascuzzi, Robert M.; Bodkin, Cynthia L. (2022-12-22). "Myasthenia Gravis and Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome: New Developments in Diagnosis and Treatment". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 18: 3001–3022. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S296714 . PMC   9792103 . PMID   36578903.
64. Yamout, Bassem; Alroughani, Raed (April 2018). "Multiple Sclerosis". Seminars in Neurology. 38 (2): 212–225. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1649502. ISSN   0271-8235. PMID   29791948. S2CID   43931137.
65. Gilhus, Nils Erik; Verschuuren, Jan J (October 2015). "Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies". The Lancet Neurology. 14 (10): 1023–1036. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00145-3. PMID   26376969. S2CID   19615369.
66. Holroyd, Kathryn B.; Manzano, Giovanna S.; Levy, Michael (November 2020). "Update on neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder". Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 31 (6): 462–468. doi:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000703. ISSN   1040-8738. PMC   7771018 . PMID   33009077.
67. Trenkwalder, Claudia; Allen, Richard; Högl, Birgit; Clemens, Stefan; Patton, Stephanie; Schormair, Barbara; Winkelmann, Juliane (November 2018). "Comorbidities, treatment, and pathophysiology in restless legs syndrome". The Lancet Neurology. 17 (11): 994–1005. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30311-9. PMID   30244828. S2CID   52335655.
68. Newsome, Scott D.; Johnson, Tory (August 2022). "Stiff person syndrome spectrum disorders; more than meets the eye". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 369: 577915. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577915. PMC   9274902 . PMID   35717735.
69. Punukollu, Mallika; Mushet, Nadine; Linney, Marisa; Hennessy, Colm; Morton, Michael (January 2016). "Neuropsychiatric manifestations of Sydenham's chorea: a systematic review". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 58 (1): 16–28. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.12786 . ISSN   0012-1622. PMID   25926089. S2CID   31037155.
70. Beh, Shin C.; Greenberg, Benjamin M.; Frohman, Teresa; Frohman, Elliot M. (February 2013). "Transverse Myelitis". Neurologic Clinics. 31 (1): 79–138. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2012.09.008. PMC   7132741 . PMID   23186897.
71. Purohit, Richa; Khal, Ravi Shahu; Gokalp, Gizem; Sambandan, Rajan; Bhanusali, Neha; Purohit, Richa; Khal, Ravi Shahu; Gokalp, Gizem; Sambandan, Rajan; Bhanusali, Neha (June 16, 2023). "Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease With Isolated Diaphragmatic Dysfunction". Cureus. 15 (6): e40515. doi: 10.7759/cureus.40515 . PMC   10350301 . PMID   37461764.
72. Saverino, Serena; Falorni, Alberto (2020). "Autoimmune Addison's disease". Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 34 (1). Elsevier BV: 101379. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2020.101379. ISSN   1521-690X. PMID   32063488.
73. Levit, Elizabeth; Singh, Bhuchitra; Nylander, Elisabeth; Segars, James H. (2023-07-27). "A Systematic Review of Autoimmune Oophoritis Therapies". Reproductive Sciences. 31 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 1–16. doi:10.1007/s43032-023-01299-5. ISSN   1933-7191. PMID   37500976. S2CID   260246899.
74. Silva, C.A.; Cocuzza, M.; Carvalho, J.F.; Bonfá, E. (2014). "Diagnosis and classification of autoimmune orchitis". Autoimmunity Reviews. 13 (4–5). Elsevier BV: 431–434. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.024. ISSN   1568-9972. PMID   24424181.
75. Nista, Enrico Celestino; De Lucia, Sara Sofia; Manilla, Vittoria; Schepis, Tommaso; Pellegrino, Antonio; Ojetti, Veronica; Pignataro, Giulia; Zileri dal Verme, Lorenzo; Franceschi, Francesco; Gasbarrini, Antonio; Candelli, Marcello (2022-10-21). "Autoimmune Pancreatitis: From Pathogenesis to Treatment". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (20). MDPI AG: 12667. doi: 10.3390/ijms232012667 . ISSN   1422-0067. PMC   9604056 . PMID   36293522.
76. Bjørklund, Geir; Pivin, Maksim; Hangan, Tony; Yurkovskaya, Oksana; Pivina, Lyudmila (2022). "Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1: Clinical manifestations, pathogenetic features, and management approach". Autoimmunity Reviews. 21 (8). Elsevier BV: 103135. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103135. ISSN   1568-9972. PMID   35690244.
77. Husebye, Eystein S.; Anderson, Mark S.; Kämpe, Olle (2018-03-22). "Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes". New England Journal of Medicine. 378 (12). Massachusetts Medical Society: 1132–1141. doi:10.1056/nejmra1713301. ISSN   0028-4793. PMC   6007870 . PMID   29562162.
78. Rezaei, Nima; Bahreini, Farbod; Rayzan, Elham (2022). "MicroRNAs and Diabetes Mellitus Type 1". Current Diabetes Reviews. 18 (2). Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.: e021421191398. doi:10.2174/1573399817666210215111201. ISSN   1573-3998. PMID   33588736. S2CID   231938319.
79. Abramiuk, Monika; Grywalska, Ewelina; Małkowska, Paulina; Sierawska, Olga; Hrynkiewicz, Rafał; Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej, Paulina (2022-06-25). "The Role of the Immune System in the Development of Endometriosis". Cells. 11 (13). MDPI AG: 2028. doi: 10.3390/cells11132028 . ISSN   2073-4409. PMC   9265783 . PMID   35805112.
80. Moshkelgosha, Sajad; So, Po-Wah; Diaz-Cano, Salvador; Banga, J. (2015-04-30). "Preclinical Models of Graves' Disease and Associated Secondary Complications". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 21 (18). Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.: 2414–2421. doi:10.2174/1381612821666150316121945. ISSN   1381-6128. PMID   25777757.
81. Mikulska, Aniceta A.; Karaźniewicz-Łada, Marta; Filipowicz, Dorota; Ruchała, Marek; Główka, Franciszek K. (2022-06-13). "Metabolic Characteristics of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Patients and the Role of Microelements and Diet in the Disease Management—An Overview". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (12). MDPI AG: 6580. doi: 10.3390/ijms23126580 . ISSN   1422-0067. PMC   9223845 . PMID   35743024.
82. Carlé, Allan; Pedersen, Inge Bülow; Knudsen, Nils; Perrild, Hans; Ovesen, Lars; Jørgensen, Torben; Laurberg, Peter (2009-03-01). "Thyroid Volume in Hypothyroidism due to Autoimmune Disease Follows a Unimodal Distribution: Evidence against Primary Thyroid Atrophy and Autoimmune Thyroiditis Being Distinct Diseases". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 94 (3). The Endocrine Society: 833–839. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1370. ISSN   0021-972X. PMID   19088156. S2CID   8184654.
83. Brito-Zerón, Pilar; Retamozo, Soledad; Ramos-Casals, Manuel (2023). "Síndrome de Sjögren". Medicina Clínica (in Spanish). 160 (4). Elsevier BV: 163–171. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2022.10.007. ISSN   0025-7753. PMID   36528400. S2CID   263009504.
84. Hoyne, Gerard F; Elliott, Hannah; Mutsaers, Steven E; Prêle, Cecilia M (2017-04-25). "Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and a role for autoimmunity". Immunology & Cell Biology. 95 (7). Wiley: 577–583. doi:10.1038/icb.2017.22. ISSN   0818-9641. PMID   28356570. S2CID   205152247.
85. Kadura, Suha; Raghu, Ganesh (2021-06-23). "Rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease: manifestations and current concepts in pathogenesis and management". European Respiratory Review. 30 (160). European Respiratory Society (ERS): 210011. doi:10.1183/16000617.0011-2021. ISSN   0905-9180. PMC   9489133 . PMID   34168062.
86. Trapnell, Bruce C.; Nakata, Koh; Bonella, Francesco; Campo, Ilaria; Griese, Matthias; Hamilton, John; Wang, Tisha; Morgan, Cliff; Cottin, Vincent; McCarthy, Cormac (2019-03-07). "Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 5 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 16. doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0066-3. ISSN   2056-676X. PMID   30846703. S2CID   73484878.
87. Akiyama, Mitsuhiro; Kaneko, Yuko (2022). "Pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment strategy for rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease". Autoimmunity Reviews. 21 (5). Elsevier BV: 103056. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103056 . ISSN   1568-9972. PMID   35121155. S2CID   246496520.
88. Brito-Zerón, Pilar; Pérez-Álvarez, Roberto; Ramos-Casals, Manuel (2022). "Sarcoidosis". Medicina Clínica (in Spanish). 159 (4). Elsevier BV: 195–204. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2022.03.009. ISSN   0025-7753. PMID   35680449.
89. Scheckel, Caleb J.; Go, Ronald S. (2022). "Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis". Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 36 (2). Elsevier BV: 315–324. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2021.12.001. ISSN   0889-8588. PMID   35282951. S2CID   247428832.
90. Audia, Sylvain; Mahévas, Matthieu; Samson, Maxime; Godeau, Bertrand; Bonnotte, Bernard (2017). "Pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia". Autoimmunity Reviews. 16 (6). Elsevier BV: 620–632. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.04.012. ISSN   1568-9972. PMID   28428120.
91. Sadler, J. Evan (2017-09-07). "Pathophysiology of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura". Blood. 130 (10). American Society of Hematology: 1181–1188. doi:10.1182/blood-2017-04-636431. ISSN   0006-4971. PMC   5606001 . PMID   28768626.
92. Sammaritano, Lisa R. (2020). "Antiphospholipid syndrome". Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 34 (1). Elsevier BV: 101463. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2019.101463. ISSN   1521-6942. PMID   31866276. S2CID   209447261.
93. Brodsky, Robert A. (2021-03-11). "How I treat paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria". Blood. 137 (10). American Society of Hematology: 1304–1309. doi:10.1182/blood.2019003812. ISSN   0006-4971. PMC   7955407 . PMID   33512400.
94. ^{[ citation needed ]}
95. Bulletti, C.; Coccia, M. E.; Battistoni, S.; Borini, A. (2010-08-01). "Endometriosis and infertility". Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 27 (8). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 441–447. doi:10.1007/s10815-010-9436-1. ISSN   1058-0468. PMC   2941592 . PMID   20574791.
96. Nelson, Lawrence M. (2009-02-05). "Primary Ovarian Insufficiency". New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (6). Massachusetts Medical Society: 606–614. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0808697. ISSN   0028-4793. PMC   2762081 . PMID   19196677.
97. Dutta Majumder, Parthopratim; Marchese, Alessandro; Pichi, Francesco; Garg, Itika; Agarwal, Aniruddha (2020). "An update on autoimmune retinopathy". Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 68 (9). Medknow: 1829–1837. doi: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_786_20 . ISSN   0301-4738. PMC   7690499 . PMID   32823399.
98. Horai, Reiko; Caspi, Rachel R. (2019-02-19). "Microbiome and Autoimmune Uveitis". Frontiers in Immunology. 10. Frontiers Media SA: 232. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00232 . ISSN   1664-3224. PMC   6389708 . PMID   30837991.
99. Espinoza, Gabriela Mabel; Wheeler, Joseph; Temprano, Katherine K.; Keller, Angela Prost (2020-06-16). "Cogan's Syndrome: Clinical Presentations and Update on Treatment". Current Allergy and Asthma Reports. 20 (9). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 46. doi:10.1007/s11882-020-00945-1. ISSN   1529-7322. PMID   32548646. S2CID   219692073.
100. González-García, Andrés; Sales-Sanz, Marco (2021). "Tratamiento de la oftalmopatía de Graves". Medicina Clínica (in Spanish). 156 (4). Elsevier BV: 180–186. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2020.07.031. ISSN   0025-7753. PMID   33069387. S2CID   225173294.
101. Teo, Andrea York Tiang; Betzler, Bjorn Kaijun; Hua, Keith Low Qie; Chen, Elizabeth Jiahui; Gupta, Vishali; Agrawal, Rupesh (2022-06-27). "Intermediate Uveitis: A Review". Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 31 (5). Informa UK Limited: 1041–1060. doi:10.1080/09273948.2022.2070503. ISSN   0927-3948. PMID   35759636. S2CID   250090138.
102. Tu, Yufei; Gonzalez-Gronow, Mario; Kolomeyer, Anton M.; Cohen, Alice; Pruzon, Joanna; Milman, Tatyana; Chu, David S. (2015-02-12). "Adult-Onset Ligneous Conjunctivitis with Detection of a Novel Plasminogen Gene Mutation and Anti-Plasminogen IgA Antibody: A Clinicopathologic Study and Review of Literature". Seminars in Ophthalmology. 31 (6). Informa UK Limited: 526–531. doi:10.3109/08820538.2015.1005319. ISSN   0882-0538. PMID   25674820. S2CID   45834939.
103. He, Na; Song, Wei; Gao, Ying (2021). "Treatment of Mooren's ulcer coexisting with a pterygium using an intrastromal lenticule obtained from small-incision lenticule extraction: case report and literature review". Journal of International Medical Research. 49 (6). SAGE Publications: 030006052110202. doi:10.1177/03000605211020246. ISSN   0300-0605. PMC   8212381 . PMID   34130538.
104. Wingerchuk, Dean M.; Banwell, Brenda; Bennett, Jeffrey L.; Cabre, Philippe; Carroll, William; Chitnis, Tanuja; de Seze, Jérôme; Fujihara, Kazuo; Greenberg, Benjamin; Jacob, Anu; Jarius, Sven; Lana-Peixoto, Marco; Levy, Michael; Simon, Jack H.; Tenembaum, Silvia; Traboulsee, Anthony L.; Waters, Patrick; Wellik, Kay E.; Weinshenker, Brian G. (2015-06-19). "International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders". Neurology. 85 (2). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 177–189. doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000001729. ISSN   0028-3878. PMC   4515040 . PMID   26092914. S2CID   5932243.
105. Bhatia, Poonam; Heim, Jennifer; Cornejo, Patricia; Kane, Lauren; Santiago, Jason; Kruer, Michael C. (2021-03-29). "Opsoclonus–myoclonus–ataxia syndrome in children". Journal of Neurology. 269 (2). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 750–757. doi:10.1007/s00415-021-10536-3. ISSN   0340-5354. PMID   33779841. S2CID   232387732.
106. Petzold, Axel; et al. (2022). "Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis". The Lancet Neurology. 21 (12). Elsevier BV: 1120–1134. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(22)00200-9. ISSN   1474-4422. PMID   36179757. S2CID   252564095.
107. Promelle, Veronique; Goeb, Vincent; Gueudry, Julie (2021-05-14). "Rheumatoid Arthritis Associated Episcleritis and Scleritis: An Update on Treatment Perspectives". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 10 (10). MDPI AG: 2118. doi: 10.3390/jcm10102118 . ISSN   2077-0383. PMC   8156434 . PMID   34068884.
108. Pereira, Sara; Vieira, Bruna; Maio, Tiago; Moreira, Jorge; Sampaio, Filipa (2020-05-01). "Susac's Syndrome: An Updated Review". Neuro-Ophthalmology. 44 (6). Informa UK Limited: 355–360. doi:10.1080/01658107.2020.1748062. ISSN   0165-8107. PMC   7746245 . PMID   33408428.
109. Agrawal, Deepshikha; Parchand, Swapnil; Ayyadurai, Nikitha; Agarwal, Aniruddha; Gangwe, Anil; Behera, Shashwat; Bhatia, Priyavat; Mulkutkar, Samyak; Barwar, Gulshan; Singh, Ramandeep; Sen, Alok; Agarwal, Manisha (2022). "Sympathetic ophthalmia: A comprehensive update". Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 70 (6). Medknow: 1931–1944. doi: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_2363_21 . ISSN   0301-4738. PMC   9359263 . PMID   35647958.
110. Badakere, Akshay; Patil- Chhablani, Preeti (2019). "<p>Orbital Apex Syndrome: A Review</p>". Eye and Brain. 11. Informa UK Limited: 63–72. doi: 10.2147/eb.s180190 . ISSN   1179-2744. PMC   6913296 . PMID   31849556.
111. Siracusa, Rosalba; Paola, Rosanna Di; Cuzzocrea, Salvatore; Impellizzeri, Daniela (2021-04-09). "Fibromyalgia: Pathogenesis, Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Treatment Options Update". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (8). MDPI AG: 3891. doi: 10.3390/ijms22083891 . ISSN   1422-0067. PMC   8068842 . PMID   33918736.
112. Greenberg, Steven A. (2019-03-05). "Inclusion body myositis: clinical features and pathogenesis". Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 15 (5). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 257–272. doi:10.1038/s41584-019-0186-x. ISSN   1759-4790. PMID   30837708. S2CID   71146208.
113. Betteridge, Z.; McHugh, N. (2015-11-25). "Myositis-specific autoantibodies: an important tool to support diagnosis of myositis". Journal of Internal Medicine. 280 (1). Wiley: 8–23. doi: 10.1111/joim.12451 . ISSN   0954-6820. PMID   26602539. S2CID   41157692.
114. Gilhus, Nils Erik; Verschuuren, Jan J (2015). "Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies". The Lancet Neurology. 14 (10). Elsevier BV: 1023–1036. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00145-3. ISSN   1474-4422. PMID   26376969. S2CID   19615369.
115. Comperat, Louis; Pegat, Antoine; Honnorat, Jérôme; Joubert, Bastien (2022-08-19). "Autoimmune neuromyotonia". Current Opinion in Neurology. 35 (5). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 597–603. doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000001104. ISSN   1350-7540. PMID   35989569. S2CID   251720232.
116. Loehrer, Philipp Alexander; Zieger, Lara; Simon, Ole J. (2021-10-26). "Update on Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration". Brain Sciences. 11 (11). MDPI AG: 1414. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11111414 . ISSN   2076-3425. PMC   8615604 . PMID   34827413.
117. Findlay, Andrew R.; Goyal, Namita A.; Mozaffar, Tahseen (2015-04-20). "An overview of polymyositis and dermatomyositis". Muscle & Nerve. 51 (5). Wiley: 638–656. doi: 10.1002/mus.24566 . ISSN   0148-639X. PMID   25641317. S2CID   206296273.
118. MacKay, Ian R.; Rose, Noel Richard, eds. (2014). The autoimmune diseases (Fifth ed.). [S.l.]: Academic Press. p. Chapter 70. ISBN   978-0-12-384929-8.
119. Dispenzieri A, Kyle RA, Lacy MQ, Rajkumar SV, Therneau TM, Larson DR, Greipp PR, Witzig TE, Basu R, Suarez GA, Fonseca R, Lust JA, Gertz MA (2003). "POEMS syndrome: definitions and long-term outcome". Blood. 101 (7): 2496–506. doi: 10.1182/blood-2002-07-2299 . PMID   12456500.
120. Lim, Megan S.; Elenitoba-Johnson, Kojo S.J. (May 2004). "The Molecular Pathology of Primary Immunodeficiencies". The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics. 6 (2): 59–83. doi:10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60493-X. PMC   1867474 . PMID   15096561.
121. Hyland KV, Engman DM (2006). "Further thoughts on where we stand on the autoimmunity hypothesis of Chagas disease". Trends in Parasitology. 22 (3): 101–2, author reply 103. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2006.01.001. PMID   16446117.
122. Agustí A, MacNee W, Donaldson K, Cosio M (2003). "Hypothesis: does COPD have an autoimmune component?". Thorax. 58 (10): 832–834. doi:10.1136/thorax.58.10.832. PMC   1746486 . PMID   14514931.
123. Lee SH, Goswami S, Grudo A, Song LZ, Bandi V, Goodnight-White S, Green L, Hacken-Bitar J, Huh J, Bakaeen F, Coxson HO, Cogswell S, Storness-Bliss C, Corry DB, Kheradmand F (2007). "Antielastin autoimmunity in tobacco smoking-induced emphysema". Nature Medicine. 13 (5): 567–9. doi:10.1038/nm1583. PMID   17450149. S2CID   1732877.
124. Blauwet, Lori A.; Cooper, Leslie T. (31 October 2012). "Idiopathic giant cell myocarditis and cardiac sarcoidosis". Heart Failure Reviews. 18 (6): 733–746. doi:10.1007/s10741-012-9358-3. PMID   23111533. S2CID   21558135.
125. Hallmayer J, Faraco J, Lin L, Hesselson S, Winkelmann J, Kawashima M, Mayer G, Plazzi G, Nevsimalova S, Bourgin P, Hong SC, Hong SS, Honda Y, Honda M, Högl B, Longstreth WT, Montplaisir J, Kemlink D, Einen M, Chen J, Musone SL, Akana M, Miyagawa T, Duan J, Desautels A, Erhardt C, Hesla PE, Poli F, Frauscher B, Jeong JH, Lee SP, Ton TG, Kvale M, Kolesar L, Dobrovolná M, Nepom GT, Salomon D, Wichmann HE, Rouleau GA, Gieger C, Levinson DF, Gejman PV, Meitinger T, Young T, Peppard P, Tokunaga K, Kwok PY, Risch N, Mignot E (June 2009). "Narcolepsy is strongly associated with the TCR alpha locus". Nature Genetics. 41 (6): 708–11. doi:10.1038/ng.372. PMC   2803042 . PMID   19412176.
126. "Narcolepsy is an autoimmune disorder, Stanford researcher says". EurekAlert. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 2009-05-03. Archived from the original on 10 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
127. Mignot E (2001). "A commentary on the neurobiology of the hypocretin/orexin system". Neuropsychopharmacology. 25 (5 Suppl): S5–13. doi: 10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00316-5 . PMID   11682267.
128. Maret S, Tafti M (November 2005). "Genetics of narcolepsy and other major sleep disorders" (PDF). Swiss Medical Weekly. 135 (45–46): 662–5. doi:10.4414/smw.2005.11162. PMID   16453205. S2CID   14868861. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
129. Eaton WW, Byrne M, Ewald H, Mors O, Chen CY, Agerbo E, Mortensen PB (2006). "Association of schizophrenia and autoimmune diseases: linkage of Danish national registers". American Journal of Psychiatry. 163 (3): 521–8. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.521. PMID   16513876.
130. Jones AL, Mowry BJ, Pender MP, Greer JM (2005). "Immune dysregulation and self-reactivity in schizophrenia: do some cases of schizophrenia have an autoimmune basis?" (PDF). Immunology and Cell Biology. 83 (1): 9–17. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01305.x. PMID   15661036. S2CID   23236916.
131. Strous RD, Shoenfeld Y (2006). "Schizophrenia, autoimmunity and immune system dysregulation: a comprehensive model updated and revisited". Journal of Autoimmunity. 27 (2): 71–80. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2006.07.006. PMID   16997531.

External links

• NIH Center for Human Immunology, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity