Wupatki National Monument

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Wupatki National Monument
IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)
Wukoki Ruin.tif
Wukoki in 2008
USA Arizona relief location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Usa edcp relief location map.png
Red pog.svg
Location Coconino County, Arizona, US
Nearest city Flagstaff, Arizona
Coordinates 35°33′27″N111°23′45″W / 35.55750°N 111.39583°W / 35.55750; -111.39583
Area35,422 acres (143.35 km2) [1]
CreatedDecember 9, 1924 (1924-December-09) [2]
Visitors205,122(in 2018) [3]
Governing body National Park Service
Website Wupatki National Monument

The Wupatki National Monument is a United States National Monument located in north-central Arizona, near Flagstaff. Rich in Native American archaeological sites, the monument is administered by the National Park Service in close conjunction with the nearby Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument. Wupatki was established as a national monument in 1924 [4] and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. The listing included three contributing buildings and 29 contributing structures on 35,422 acres (14,335 ha). [5] [6]

Contents

History

The many settlement sites scattered throughout the monument were built by the Ancient Pueblo People, more specifically the Cohonina, Kayenta, and Sinagua. Wupatki, which means "Long Cut House" in the Hopi language, is a multistory pueblo dwelling comprising over 100 rooms and a community room and the northernmost ballcourt ever discovered in North America, creating the largest building site for nearly 50 miles. Nearby secondary structures have also been uncovered, including two kiva-like structures. [7] A major population influx began soon after the eruption of Sunset Crater in the 11th century (between 1040 and 1100), which blanketed the area with volcanic ash, improving agricultural productivity and the soil's ability to retain water. By 1182, approximately 85 to 100 people lived at Wupatki Pueblo, but by 1225, the site was permanently abandoned. For many years, layers of ash and lava would have made habitation difficult. [8] Based on a careful survey of archaeological sites conducted in the 1980s, an estimated 2,000 people moved into the area during the century following the eruption. Agriculture was based mainly on maize and squash raised on the arid land without irrigation. In the Wupatki site, the residents harvested rainwater due to the rarity of springs.[ citation needed ]

Wupatki National Monument Wupatki-1001.jpg
Wupatki National Monument
Wukoki complex Wukoki Ruins.jpeg
Wukoki complex

The dwelling's walls were constructed from thin, flat blocks of the local Moenkopi sandstone, giving the pueblos their distinct red color. Held together with mortar, many of the walls still stand. Each settlement was constructed as a single building, sometimes with scores of rooms. The largest settlement on monument territory is the Wupatki Pueblo, built around a natural rock outcrop. With more than 100 rooms, this pueblo is believed to be the region's tallest and largest structure for its time period. The monument also contains structures identified as a ball court, similar to those found in Mesoamerica and in the Hohokam sites of southern Arizona; this is the northernmost example of this kind of structure. This site also contains a geological blowhole, [9] from which wind escapes from a cave system. Other major sites are Wukoki and The Citadel.

Today, Wupatki appears empty and abandoned, but it is remembered and cared for. Although it is no longer physically occupied, Hopi believe the people who lived and died here remain as spiritual guardians. Stories of Wupatki are passed on among Hopi, Navajo, Zuni, and other Native American tribes in the region. Members of the Hopi Bear, Katsina, Lizard, Rattlesnake, Sand, Snow, and Water Clans return periodically to enrich their personal understanding of their clan history. [10]

View from atop Wupatki Pueblo View from atop a Wupatki Pueblo.jpg
View from atop Wupatki Pueblo

Amidst what would seem a generally inhospitable area due to the lack of food and water sources, several artifacts have been located at the site from distant locations, implying that the people who inhabited Wupatki were involved in trade. During numerous excavations stretching back to the site' exploration in the mid-1800s, [11] items from as far as the Pacific and the Gulf Coasts have been located at the site, such as many different varieties of pottery and seashells.

Climate

Wupatki has a dry climate, classified by the Köppen climate classification system as a borderline semi-arid climate and arid climate (BSk/BWk). Wupatki has cold winters and hot summers.

Studies have been conducted to compare the climate of Wupatki in the 12th and 13th century, to the 20th century. The findings show that there has been very little change to the climate in the last 2,000 years. [12]

Climate data for Wupatki National Monument, Arizona, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1940–present
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °F (°C)76
(24)		77
(25)		85
(29)		92
(33)		101
(38)		107
(42)		109
(43)		106
(41)		102
(39)		93
(34)		82
(28)		72
(22)		109
(43)
Mean maximum °F (°C)61.7
(16.5)		67.7
(19.8)		76.7
(24.8)		84.7
(29.3)		91.5
(33.1)		101.3
(38.5)		103.4
(39.7)		99.7
(37.6)		94.6
(34.8)		85.9
(29.9)		72.7
(22.6)		62.1
(16.7)		104.0
(40.0)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)47.6
(8.7)		54.5
(12.5)		63.1
(17.3)		70.5
(21.4)		79.7
(26.5)		91.5
(33.1)		94.4
(34.7)		91.2
(32.9)		84.6
(29.2)		72.5
(22.5)		57.9
(14.4)		45.9
(7.7)		71.1
(21.7)
Daily mean °F (°C)36.8
(2.7)		42.3
(5.7)		49.8
(9.9)		56.7
(13.7)		65.7
(18.7)		76.7
(24.8)		80.8
(27.1)		78.2
(25.7)		71.2
(21.8)		59.0
(15.0)		45.8
(7.7)		35.5
(1.9)		58.2
(14.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)26.0
(−3.3)		30.1
(−1.1)		36.4
(2.4)		42.9
(6.1)		51.6
(10.9)		61.9
(16.6)		67.1
(19.5)		65.2
(18.4)		57.7
(14.3)		45.6
(7.6)		33.7
(0.9)		25.2
(−3.8)		45.3
(7.4)
Mean minimum °F (°C)14.8
(−9.6)		18.4
(−7.6)		24.5
(−4.2)		30.7
(−0.7)		38.1
(3.4)		49.8
(9.9)		59.2
(15.1)		57.8
(14.3)		46.5
(8.1)		32.3
(0.2)		20.7
(−6.3)		13.3
(−10.4)		11.5
(−11.4)
Record low °F (°C)−4
(−20)		−2
(−19)		10
(−12)		14
(−10)		20
(−7)		30
(−1)		41
(5)		35
(2)		33
(1)		17
(−8)		7
(−14)		−5
(−21)		−5
(−21)
Average precipitation inches (mm)0.68
(17)		0.51
(13)		0.60
(15)		0.41
(10)		0.40
(10)		0.12
(3.0)		1.59
(40)		1.47
(37)		0.99
(25)		0.68
(17)		0.48
(12)		0.58
(15)		8.51
(216)
Average snowfall inches (cm)0.5
(1.3)		0.9
(2.3)		0.4
(1.0)		0.3
(0.76)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.0
(0.0)		0.4
(1.0)		0.9
(2.3)		3.4
(8.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch)3.53.63.62.73.01.27.19.05.43.82.83.749.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch)0.70.60.20.20.00.00.00.00.00.00.20.72.6
Source: NOAA [13] [14]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ "Listing of acreage – December 31, 2011" (XLSX). Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved May 14, 2012. (National Park Service Acreage Reports)
  2. ↑ Proclamation 1721: Setting aside the Wupatki National Monument, Arizona  . December 9, 1924 – via Wikisource.
  3. ↑ "NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report". National Park Service. Retrieved April 11, 2019.
  4. ↑ "History & Culture". Wupatki National Monument Arizona. National Park Service. January 4, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
  5. ↑ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  6. ↑ Catherine M. Cameron and Cherie L. Schieck (July 28, 1992). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Wupatki National Monument".
  7. ↑ Snow, Dean (2010). Archaeology of Native North America. Prentice Hall. p. 134. ISBN   978-0136156864.
  8. ↑ Van Keuren, Scott; Neff, Hector; Agostini, Mark R. (December 2013). "Glaze-paints, technological knowledge, and ceramic specialization in the fourteenth-century Pueblo Southwest". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 32 (4): 675–690. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2013.04.002. ISSN   0278-4165.
  9. ↑ "The Breathing Earth: Wupatki Blowholes" (PDF). nps.gov. National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
  10. ↑ "National Park Service". Wupatki National Monument. National Park Service. November 6, 2010.
  11. ↑ "Welcome to Anthropology Labs". jan.ucc.nau.edu. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
  12. ↑ Romme, William H.; Paul Whitefield, M.; Parker, Cynthia (February 2021). "Insights from recent fires into juniper savanna dynamics at Wupatki National Monument, Arizona, USA". Rangelands. 43 (1): 9–16. doi:10.1016/j.rala.2020.10.003. ISSN   0190-0528.
  13. ↑ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 12, 2022.
  14. ↑ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 12, 2022.
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