1,3-Cyclohexanedione

Last updated
1,3-Cyclohexanedione
1,3-CHD.png
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Cyclohexane-1,3-dione
Other names
CHD, dihydroresorcinol
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
385888
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.007.255 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 207-980-0
200899
KEGG
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C6H8O2/c7-5-2-1-3-6(8)4-5/h1-4H2
    Key: HJSLFCCWAKVHIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • C1CC(=O)CC(=O)C1
Properties
C6H8O2
Molar mass 112.128 g·mol−1
AppearanceColorless or white solid
Density 1.0861 g/cm3
Melting point 105.5 °C (221.9 °F; 378.6 K)
Acidity (pKa)5.20 (H2O) [1]
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS-pictogram-acid.svg GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg
Danger
H302, H318, H412
P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P312, P305+P351+P338, P310, P330, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

1,3-Cyclohexanedione is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)4(CO)2. It is one of three isomeric cyclohexanediones. It is a colorless compound that occurs naturally. It is the substrate for cyclohexanedione hydrolase. The compound exists mainly as the enol tautomer. [2]

Contents

Synthesis, structure, and reactivity

1,3-Cyclohexanedione is produced by semi-hydrogenation of resorcinol: [3] [4]

C6H4(OH)2 + H2 → C6H8O2

1,3-Cyclohexanedione exists in solution predominantly as the enol tautomer.

Enolization of 1,3-cyclohexanedione. 1,3-CHDenolization.png
Enolization of 1,3-cyclohexanedione.

It reacts under acid catalysis with alcohols to 3-alkoxyenones. [2] Its pKa is 5.26. Treatment of the sodium salt of the enolate with methyl iodide gives 2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione, which also exists predominantly as the enol. [4]

Derivatives

Dimedone (5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione) is a well established reagent. [5]

Several herbicides against grasses are formal derivatives of 1,3-cyclohexanedione. Examples of commercial products include cycloxydim, clethodim, tralkoxydim, butroxydim, sethoxydim, profoxydim, and mesotrione. [6]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ketone</span> Organic compounds of the form >C=O

In organic chemistry, a ketone is an organic compound with the structure R−C(=O)−R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents. Ketones contain a carbonyl group −C(=O)−. The simplest ketone is acetone, with the formula (CH3)2CO. Many ketones are of great importance in biology and in industry. Examples include many sugars (ketoses), many steroids, and the solvent acetone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dicarbonyl</span> Molecule containing two adjacent C=O groups

In organic chemistry, a dicarbonyl is a molecule containing two carbonyl groups. Although this term could refer to any organic compound containing two carbonyl groups, it is used more specifically to describe molecules in which both carbonyls are in close enough proximity that their reactivity is changed, such as 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-dicarbonyls. Their properties often differ from those of monocarbonyls, and so they are usually considered functional groups of their own. These compounds can have symmetrical or unsymmetrical substituents on each carbonyl, and may also be functionally symmetrical or unsymmetrical.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Imine</span> Organic compound or functional group containing a C=N bond

In organic chemistry, an imine is a functional group or organic compound containing a carbon–nitrogen double bond. The nitrogen atom can be attached to a hydrogen or an organic group (R). The carbon atom has two additional single bonds. Imines are common in synthetic and naturally occurring compounds and they participate in many reactions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diazomethane</span> Simplest diazo compound and methylating agent

Diazomethane is an organic chemical compound with the formula CH2N2, discovered by German chemist Hans von Pechmann in 1894. It is the simplest diazo compound. In the pure form at room temperature, it is an extremely sensitive explosive yellow gas; thus, it is almost universally used as a solution in diethyl ether. The compound is a popular methylating agent in the laboratory, but it is too hazardous to be employed on an industrial scale without special precautions. Use of diazomethane has been significantly reduced by the introduction of the safer and equivalent reagent trimethylsilyldiazomethane.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enol</span> Organic compound with a C=C–OH group

In organic chemistry, alkenols are a type of reactive structure or intermediate in organic chemistry that is represented as an alkene (olefin) with a hydroxyl group attached to one end of the alkene double bond. The terms enol and alkenol are portmanteaus deriving from "-ene"/"alkene" and the "-ol" suffix indicating the hydroxyl group of alcohols, dropping the terminal "-e" of the first term. Generation of enols often involves deprotonation at the α position to the carbonyl group—i.e., removal of the hydrogen atom there as a proton H+. When this proton is not returned at the end of the stepwise process, the result is an anion termed an enolate. The enolate structures shown are schematic; a more modern representation considers the molecular orbitals that are formed and occupied by electrons in the enolate. Similarly, generation of the enol often is accompanied by "trapping" or masking of the hydroxy group as an ether, such as a silyl enol ether.

The Simmons–Smith reaction is an organic cheletropic reaction involving an organozinc carbenoid that reacts with an alkene to form a cyclopropane. It is named after Howard Ensign Simmons, Jr. and Ronald D. Smith. It uses a methylene free radical intermediate that is delivered to both carbons of the alkene simultaneously, therefore the configuration of the double bond is preserved in the product and the reaction is stereospecific.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phloroglucinol</span> Chemical compound

Phloroglucinol is an organic compound with the formula C6H3(OH)3. It is a colorless solid. It is used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and explosives. Phloroglucinol is one of three isomeric benzenetriols. The other two isomers are hydroxyquinol (1,2,4-benzenetriol) and pyrogallol (1,2,3-benzenetriol). Phloroglucinol, and its benzenetriol isomers, are still defined as "phenols" according to the IUPAC official nomenclature rules of chemical compounds. Many such monophenolics are often termed polyphenols.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meldrum's acid</span> Chemical compound

Meldrum's acid or 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione is an organic compound with formula C6H8O4. Its molecule has a heterocyclic core with four carbon and two oxygen atoms; the formula can also be written as [−O−(C 2)−O−(C=O)−(CH2)−(C=O)−].

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Favorskii rearrangement</span> Chemical reaction

The Favorskii rearrangement is principally a rearrangement of cyclopropanones and α-halo ketones that leads to carboxylic acid derivatives. In the case of cyclic α-halo ketones, the Favorskii rearrangement constitutes a ring contraction. This rearrangement takes place in the presence of a base, sometimes hydroxide, to yield a carboxylic acid, but usually either an alkoxide base or an amine to yield an ester or an amide, respectively. α,α'-Dihaloketones eliminate HX under the reaction conditions to give α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.Note that trihalomethyl ketone substrates will result in haloform and carboxylate formation via the haloform reaction instead.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tebbe's reagent</span> Chemical compound

Tebbe's reagent is the organometallic compound with the formula (C5H5)2TiCH2ClAl(CH3)2. It is used in the methylidenation of carbonyl compounds, that is it converts organic compounds containing the R2C=O group into the related R2C=CH2 derivative. It is a red solid that is pyrophoric in the air, and thus is typically handled with air-free techniques. It was originally synthesized by Fred Tebbe at DuPont Central Research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclopropanation</span> Chemical process which generates cyclopropane rings

In organic chemistry, cyclopropanation refers to any chemical process which generates cyclopropane rings. It is an important process in modern chemistry as many useful compounds bear this motif; for example pyrethroid insecticides and a number of quinolone antibiotics. However, the high ring strain present in cyclopropanes makes them challenging to produce and generally requires the use of highly reactive species, such as carbenes, ylids and carbanions. Many of the reactions proceed in a cheletropic manner.

Dimedone is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2C(CH2)2(CO)2(CH2). Classified as a cyclic diketone, it is a derivative of 1,3-cyclohexanedione. It is a white solid that is soluble in water, as well as ethanol and methanol. It once was used as a reagent to test for the aldehyde functional group.

Organoiodine chemistry is the study of the synthesis and properties of organoiodine compounds, or organoiodides, organic compounds that contain one or more carbon–iodine bonds. They occur widely in organic chemistry, but are relatively rare in nature. The thyroxine hormones are organoiodine compounds that are required for health and the reason for government-mandated iodization of salt.

Organoiron chemistry is the chemistry of iron compounds containing a carbon-to-iron chemical bond. Organoiron compounds are relevant in organic synthesis as reagents such as iron pentacarbonyl, diiron nonacarbonyl and disodium tetracarbonylferrate. Although iron is generally less active in many catalytic applications, it is less expensive and "greener" than other metals. Organoiron compounds feature a wide range of ligands that support the Fe-C bond; as with other organometals, these supporting ligands prominently include phosphines, carbon monoxide, and cyclopentadienyl, but hard ligands such as amines are employed as well.

Methyl vinyl ether is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3OCH=CH2. A colorless gas, it is the simplest enol ether. It is used as a synthetic building block, as is the related compound ethyl vinyl ether (a liquid at room temperature).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dibenzoylmethane</span> Chemical compound

Dibenzoylmethane (DBM) is an organic compound with the formula (C6H5C(O))2CH2. DBM is the name for a 1,3-diketone, but the compound exists primarily as one of two equivalent enol tautomers. DBM is a white solid. Due UV-absorbing properties, derivatives of DBM such as avobenzone, have found applications as sunscreen products.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diethylphosphite</span> Chemical compound

Diethyl phosphite is the organophosphorus compound with the formula (C2H5O)2P(O)H. It is a popular reagent for generating other organophosphorus compounds, exploiting the high reactivity of the P-H bond. Diethyl phosphite is a colorless liquid. The molecule is tetrahedral.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phenylglycine</span> Chemical compound

Phenylglycine is the organic compound with the formula C6H5CH(NH2)CO2H. It is a non-proteinogenic alpha amino acid related to alanine, but with a phenyl group in place of the methyl group. It is a white solid. The compound exhibits some biological activity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benzylidene acetal</span> Functional group

In organic chemistry, a benzylidene acetal is the functional group with the structural formula C6H5CH(OR)2 (R = alkyl, aryl). Benzylidene acetals are used as protecting groups in glycochemistry. These compounds can also be oxidized to carboxylic acids in order to open important biological molecules, such as glycosaminoglycans, to other routes of synthesis. They arise from the reaction of a 1,2- or 1,3-diols with benzaldehyde. Other aromatic aldehydes are also used.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diethylsuccinoylsuccinate</span> Chemical compound

Diethylsuccinoylsuccinate is an organic compound with the formula [CH2C(OH)=C(CO2Et)]2 (Et = ethyl). A tetrasubstituted derivative of 1,4-cyclohexadiene, the compound is the enol tautomer of the corresponding cyclohexadione. It is produced by base-induced condensation of diethyl succinate:

References

  1. Terasawa, Tadao; Okada, Toshihiko (1977). "Novel heterocyclic synthons. Synthesis and properties of thia- and oxacyclohexane-3,5-diones". J. Org. Chem. 42 (7): 1163–1169. doi:10.1021/jo00427a014.
  2. 1 2 Guppi, Sanjeeva Rao; O'Doherty, George A. (2008). "1,3-Cyclohexadiene". E-EROS Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rn00921. ISBN   978-0471936237.
  3. Thompson, R. B. (1947). "Dihydroresorcinol". Org. Synth. 27: 21. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.027.0021.
  4. 1 2 Mekler, A. B.; Ramachandran, S.; Swaminathan, S.; Newman, Melvin S. (1961). "Methyl-1,3-Cyclohexanedione". Org. Synth. 41: 56. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.041.0056.
  5. Strittmatter, Harald; Hildbrand, Stefan; Pollak, Peter (2007). "Malonic Acid and Derivatives". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a16_063.pub2. ISBN   978-3527306732.
  6. Keith G. Watson (2011). "Cyclohexane-1,3-dione Oxime Ether Grass-Specific Herbicides and the Discovery of Butroxydim". Aust. J. Chem. 64 (4): 367–372. doi:10.1071/CH10366.