1759 in science

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Last updated September 16, 2023

The year 1759 in science and technology involved several significant events.

Astronomy

Halley's Comet returns; a team of three mathematicians, Alexis Clairaut, Jérome Lalande and Nicole Reine Lepaute, have – for the first time – predicted the date.

Biology

Caspar Friedrich Wolff's dissertation at the University of Halle Theoria Generationis supports the theory of epigenesis.^[1]

Botany

Kew Gardens established in England by Augusta of Saxe-Coburg, the mother of George III.^[2]

Geology

Giovanni Arduino proposes dividing the geological history of Earth into four periods: Primitive, Secondary, Tertiary and Volcanic, or Quaternary.^[3]

Medicine

June 15 – The first vascular surgery in history is performed by a Dr. Hallowell at Newcastle upon Tyne in England, who uses suture repair rather than a tying off with a ligature to repair an aneurysm on a patient's brachial artery.^[4]^[5] The new procedure of reconstructing a damaged artery replaces the practice of ligation that had risked the amputation of a limb or organ failure.^[6]
Angélique du Coudray publishes Abrégé de l'art des accouchements ("The Art of Obstetrics").

Physics

Posthumous publication of Émilie du Châtelet's French translation and commentary on Newton's Principia , Principes mathématiques de la philosophie naturelle.

Technology

English clockmaker John Harrison produces his "No. 1 sea watch" ("H4"), the first successful marine chronometer.^[7]

Transport

James Brindley is engaged by the Duke of Bridgewater to construct a canal to transport coal to Manchester from the duke's mines at Worsley, in North West England.
October 16 – Smeaton's Tower, John Smeaton's Eddystone Lighthouse off the coast of South West England, is first illuminated.^[8]

Awards

Copley Medal: John Smeaton ^[9]

Births

January 29 – Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc, French botanist (died 1828)
July 19 – Jacques Anselme Dorthès, French physician, entomologist and naturalist (died 1794)^[10]
August 12 – Thomas Andrew Knight, English horticulturalist (died 1838)
September 19 – William Kirby, English entomologist (died 1850)
December 2 – James Edward Smith, English botanist (died 1828)
Date unknown – Maria Petraccini, Italian anatomist and physician (died 1791)

Deaths

February 16 – Bartholomew Mosse, Irish surgeon (born 1712)
April 6 – Johann Gottfried Zinn, German anatomist and botanist (born 1727)
July 27 – Pierre Louis Maupertuis, French mathematician (born 1698)
September 10 – Ferdinand Konščak, Croatian explorer (born 1703)
November 29 – Nicolaus I Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (born 1687)

Related Research Articles

1759 (MDCCLIX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1759th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 759th year of the 2nd millennium, the 59th year of the 18th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1759, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

John Smeaton was a British civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbours and lighthouses. He was also a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed "civil engineer", and is often regarded as the "father of civil engineering". He pioneered the use of hydraulic lime in concrete, using pebbles and powdered brick as aggregate. Smeaton was associated with the Lunar Society.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eddystone Lighthouse</span> Lighthouse in Cornwall, England

The Eddystone Lighthouse is a lighthouse that is located on the Eddystone Rocks, 9 statute miles (14 km) south of Rame Head in Cornwall, England. The rocks are submerged below the surface of the sea and are composed of Precambrian gneiss.

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Smeaton's Tower is a memorial to civil engineer John Smeaton, designer of the third and most notable Eddystone Lighthouse. A major step forward in lighthouse design, Smeaton's structure was in use from 1759 to 1877, until erosion of the ledge it was built upon forced new construction. The tower was largely dismantled and rebuilt on Plymouth Hoe in Plymouth, Devon, where it stands today.

Sir Astley Paston Cooper, 1st Baronet was a British surgeon and anatomist, who made contributions to otology, vascular surgery, the anatomy and pathology of the mammary glands and testicles, and the pathology and surgery of hernia.

Events from the year 1759 in Great Britain. This year was dubbed an "Annus Mirabilis" due to a succession of military victories in the Seven Years' War against French-led opponents.

References

↑ Petrunkevitch, Alexander (June 1920). "Russia's Contribution to Science". Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. New Haven. 23: 235.
↑ "Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". World Heritage . UNESCO. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
↑ Bates, Marston (1950). The Nature of Natural History. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 51.
↑ Lambert, Richard (1761). "A new technique of treating an aneurysm". Medical Observations and Inquiries.
↑ Ikuta, Yoshikazu (2012). "History of Microsurery". Telemicrosurgery: Robot Assisted Microsurgery. Springer. p. 5.
↑ Friedman, Steven G. (2008). A History of Vascular Surgery. John Wiley & Sons. p. ix.
↑ Royal Greenwich Observatory (2012). Royal Observatory Greenwich souvenir guide. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-1-906367-51-0. the first precision watch and considered by many today as the most important timekeeper ever.
↑ "Eddystone Lighthouse". Trinity House. Archived from the original on 9 September 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-06.
↑ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
↑ Nicolas, Michel (5 August 2016). Histoire littéraire de Nîmes et des localités voisines qui forment actuellement le département du Gard (in French). Paris: BnF collection ebooks. ISBN 9782346019731 . Retrieved 25 February 2021.

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[1] Petrunkevitch, Alexander (June 1920). "Russia's Contribution to Science". Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. New Haven. 23: 235.

[2] "Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". World Heritage . UNESCO. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-04.

[3] Bates, Marston (1950). The Nature of Natural History. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 51.

[4] Lambert, Richard (1761). "A new technique of treating an aneurysm". Medical Observations and Inquiries.

[5] Ikuta, Yoshikazu (2012). "History of Microsurery". Telemicrosurgery: Robot Assisted Microsurgery. Springer. p. 5.

[6] Friedman, Steven G. (2008). A History of Vascular Surgery. John Wiley & Sons. p. ix.

[7] Royal Greenwich Observatory (2012). Royal Observatory Greenwich souvenir guide. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-1-906367-51-0. the first precision watch and considered by many today as the most important timekeeper ever.

[thinfo-8] "Eddystone Lighthouse". Trinity House. Archived from the original on 9 September 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-06.

[9] "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 July 2020.

[10] Nicolas, Michel (5 August 2016). Histoire littéraire de Nîmes et des localités voisines qui forment actuellement le département du Gard (in French). Paris: BnF collection ebooks. ISBN 9782346019731 . Retrieved 25 February 2021.

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