1935 Nobel Prize in Literature

1935 Nobel Prize in Literature
First award	1901
Website	Official website
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The 1935 Nobel Prize in Literature was not awarded after the Swedish Academy decided that no author in the field of literature was a suitable candidate. ^[1] Hence, the prize money for this year was 1⁄3 allocated to the Main Fund and 2⁄3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. ^[2]

Deliberations

Nominations

The Nobel Committee of the Swedish Academy received 52 nominations for 38 authors like Frans Eemil Sillanpää (awarded in 1939), Johannes V. Jensen (awarded in 1944), Paul Valéry, Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Roger Martin du Gard (awarded in 1937) and H. G. Wells. ^[3]

Fourteen of the nominees were newly recommended for the prize such as Shaul Tchernichovsky, Miguel de Unamuno, Jules Romains, John Masefield, Elise Richter, Edvarts Virza, Víctor Manuel Rendón, Émile Mâle, James Cousins and G. K. Chesterton. There were five women nominees: Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić, Violet Clifton, Ricarda Huch, Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício and Elise Richter. ^[3]

The authors Henri Barbusse, Ioan Bianu, Arthur Hoey Davis (known as Steele Rudd), Clarence Day, Ella Loraine Dorsey, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Anna Katharine Green, Kaitarō Hasegawa, Mary R. P. Hatch, Louise Manning Hodgkins, Winifred Holtby, Panait Istrati, T. E. Lawrence, James Leslie Mitchell (known as Lewis Grassic Gibbon), Violet Paget (known as Vernon Lee), Fernando Pessoa, Lizette Woodworth Reese, George William Russell, Tsubouchi Shōyō, Kurt Tucholsky, William Watson and Stanley G. Weinbaum died in 1935 without having been nominated for the prize.

Official list of nominees and their nominators for the prize

No.	Nominee	Country	Genre(s)	Nominator(s)
1	Rufino Blanco Fombona (1874–1944)	Venezuela	essays, literary criticism	Several professors from American universities
2	Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić (1874–1938)	Yugoslavia	novel, short story	Gavro Manojlović (1856–1939)
3	Gilbert Keith Chesterton (1874–1936)	United Kingdom	philosophy, theology, essays, literary criticism, novel, short story, poetry	Torsten Fogelqvist (1880–1941)
4	Violet Clifton (1883–1961)	United Kingdom	biography, essays	Nevill Coghill (1899–1980)
5	António Correia de Oliveira (1878–1960)	Portugal	poetry	Alfredo Carneiro da Cunha (1863–1942) Luís da Cunha Gonçalvez (1875–1956)
6	James Cousins (1873–1956)	Ireland   British India	poetry, drama, essays, literary criticism	Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941)
7	Karel Čapek (1890–1938)	Czechoslovakia	drama, novel, short story, essays, literary criticism	Josef Pekař (1870–1937) Josef Šusta (1874–1945) Eight professors [a]
8	Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício (1884–1947)	Portugal	poetry, essays	Bento Carqueja (1860–1935)
9	Miguel de Unamuno (1864–1936)	Spain	novel, poetry, philosophy, essays, drama	Esteban Madruga Jiménez (1890–1980)
10	Roger Martin du Gard (1881–1958)	France	novel, drama, memoir	Torsten Fogelqvist (1880–1941) Anders Österling (1884–1981)
11	Olav Duun (1876–1939)	Norway	novel, short story	Halvdan Koht (1873–1965) Helga Eng (1875–1966)
12	James George Frazer (1854–1941)	United Kingdom	history, essays, translation	Jarl Charpentier (1884–1935)
13	Franz Karl Ginzkey (1871–1963)	Austria	poetry, short story, essays	Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (1862–1953)
14	Vilhelm Grønbech (1873–1948)	Denmark	history, essays, poetry	Sven Lönborg (1871–1959)
15	Jarl Hemmer (1893–1944)	Finland	poetry, novel	Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (1862–1953)
16	Ricarda Huch (1864–1947)	Germany	history, essays, novel, poetry	Ernst Robert Curtius (1886–1956)
17	Johannes V. Jensen (1873–1950)	Denmark	novel, short story, poetry	Vilhelm Andersen (1864–1953) Johannes Brøndum-Nielsen (1881–1977) Hans Brix (1870–1961) Carl Adolf Bodelsen (1894–1978)
18	Guðmundur Kamban (1888–1945)	Iceland	novel, drama	Bengt Hesselman (1875–1952)
19	Rudolf Kassner (1873–1959)	Austria	philosophy, essays, translation	6 professors of the University of Zurich
20	Erwin Guido Kolbenheyer (1878–1962)	Austria	novel, short story, poetry, drama	Hans-Friedrich Rosenfeld (1899–1993)
21	Sven Lönborg (1871–1959)	Sweden	philosophy, history, pedagogy, essays	Emil Rodhe (1863–1936)
22	John Masefield (1878–1967)	United Kingdom	poetry, drama, novel, short story, essays, autobiography	Anders Österling (1884–1981)
23	Émile Mâle (1862–1954)	France	history	Emil Rodhe (1863–1936)
24	Dmitry Merezhkovsky (1865–1941)	Soviet Union	novel, essays, poetry, drama	Sigurd Agrell (1881–1937)
25	Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953)	United States	drama	Martin Lamm (1880–1950)
26	Kostis Palamas (1859–1943)	Greece	poetry, essays	Three professors [b] Verner von Heidenstam (1859–1940)
27	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888–1975)	India	philosophy, essays, law	Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (1862–1953)
28	Víctor Manuel Rendón (1859–1940)	Ecuador	novel, poetry, drama, biography, essays, translation	Celiano Monge Navarrete (1856–1940)
29	Elise Richter (1865–1943)	Austria	philology	Antonin Duraffour (1879–1956) Carlo Tagliavini (1903–1982)
30	Jules Romains (1885–1972)	France	poetry, drama, screenplay	Fredrik Böök (1883–1961)
31	Frans Eemil Sillanpää (1888–1964)	Finland	novel, short story, poetry	Björn Collinder (1894–1983) Eemil Nestor Setälä (1864–1935) Yrjö Hirn (1870–1952) Rafael Erich (1879–1946)
32	Hermann Stehr (1864–1940)	Germany	novel, short story, poetry, drama	Hermann August Korff (1882–1963)
33	Dezső Szabó (1879–1945)	Hungary	novel, essays	Björn Collinder (1894–1983)
34	Shaul Tchernichovsky (1875–1943)	Soviet Union   Mandatory Palestine	poetry, essays, translation	Joseph Klausner (1874–1958)
35	Paul Valéry (1871–1945)	France	poetry, philosophy, essays, drama	Andreas Hofgaard Winsnes (1889–1972) Samson Eitrem (1872–1966) Peter Rokseth (1891–1945) Jens Thiis (1870–1942)
36	Edvarts Virza (1883–1940)	Latvia	poetry, essays, translation	Francis Balodis (1882–1947) Ludis Bērzin̦š (1870–1965)
37	Herbert George Wells (1866–1946)	United Kingdom	novel, short story, essays, history, biography	Sigfrid Siwertz (1882–1970)
38	Tadeusz Stefan Zieliński (1859–1944)	Poland	philology, history, translation, essays	Several professors at the University of Warsaw

Prize decision

In 1935, the Nobel Committee shortlisted the authors Karel Čapek, Miguel de Unamuno, John Masefield, G. K. Chesterton and Roger Martin du Gard for the Nobel Prize in Literature. During the deliberations, Čapek was dismissed for political reasons ^[c] ; De Unamuno, considered as one of the Spanish existentialist writers, was dismissed for his abstract ideas in his literary oeuvres; Masefield was dismissed for his uneven works; Du Gard was praised for his The Thibaults , but the committee decided to wait for its other volumes; and Chesterton, though praised by the committee for his English poems, was dismissed for "doubts over the religious non-fictional works like Saint Francis of Assisi and the biography of Jesus". ^[4] Without Chesterton's religious publications, the succeeding committee members believed he could have won the Nobel for that year. With the aforementioned evaluations, it was decided that no Nobel Prize will be given in the Literature category. ^{[5] [ page needed ] [4]}

Notes

1. All eight were professors of history of literature at the University of Prague, Czechoslovakia.
2. Three professors of literature and/or history from the University of Athens, Greece.
3. Nobel committee member Per Hallström, being a supporter of Nazism at the time, thought Karl Čapek's writings against anti-semitism and the Nazi movement was "unacceptable and unwelcoming". Hallström then convinced his fellow committee members to not award him and any other writers against Adolf Hitler. ^[4]

References

1. "Why was no Nobel Prize for Literature awarded in 1935?". history.stackexchange.com. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
2. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1935 nobelprize.org
3. Nomination archive – Literature 1935 nobelprize.org
4. The Nobel Prize in Literature: Nominations and Reports 1901–1950 nobelprize.org
5. Gustav Källstrand Andens Olympiska Spel: Nobelprisets historia, Fri Tanke 2021