2019 Nobel Prize in Literature

Last updated
Nobel prize medal.svg 2019 Nobel Prize in Literature
Peter Handke
Peter-handke.jpg
"for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience."
Date
  • 10 October 2019 (2019-10-10) (announcement)
  • 10 December 2019
    (ceremony)
Location Stockholm, Sweden
Presented by Swedish Academy
First awarded1901
Website Official website
←  2018  · Nobel Prize in Literature ·  2020  →

The 2019 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the Austrian writer Peter Handke (born 1942) "for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience." [1] The prize was announced by the Swedish Academy on 10 October 2019. [2] Handke is the second Austrian Nobel laureate in Literature after Elfriede Jelinek, who won the prize in 2004.

Contents

Laureate

Peter Handke is one of the most influential writers in Europe after the Second World War. His bibliography contains novels, essays, note books, dramatic works and screenplays. Already in the 1960s, Handke set his mark on the literary scene. He distanced himself from prevailing demands on community-oriented and political positions. His works are filled with a strong desire to discover and to bring his discoveries to life by finding new literary expressions for them. One of his books is Wunschloses Unglück ("A Sorrow Beyond Dreams", 1972), written after his mother's suicide. Among his important works are Publikumsbeschimpfung ("Offending the Audience", 1966), Die Angst des Tormanns beim Elfmeter ("The Goalie's Anxiety at the Penalty Kick, 1970), Die linkshändige Frau ("The Left-Handed Woman", 1976), and Die morawische Nacht ("The Moravian Nights", 2008). [3]

Reactions

Personal reactions

Interviewed by Adam Smith, Chief Scientific Officer of Nobel Media, Handke described a sense of inexplicable freedom on hearing the news, the fact that he felt the need for another metamorphosis and discusses ways in which his writing brought him the most fulfilment. [4] Asked what drives him to write productively and explore many genres, he responded saying:

"To dream... before I start to write, the dreaming about the book, about the voyage, about the expedition. And then, then sometimes at the end of the day when I've finished the day what I wrote comes back to me like a strange kind of sea. This is a very good feeling. Sometimes writing comes back like, like a vague [French: wave] of... vague of happiness. Sometimes, not always! [4]

International reactions

Handke's denial of the Bosnian genocide is one of the many grounds for the heavy criticism he receives after receiving the prize. Exhumation Site in Cancari valley.jpg
Handke's denial of the Bosnian genocide is one of the many grounds for the heavy criticism he receives after receiving the prize.
Countries that boycotted the 2019 Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm, Sweden, in protest of Handke's award of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Literature. 2019 Nobel Prize Award Ceremony boycotting countries.svg
Countries that boycotted the 2019 Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm, Sweden, in protest of Handke's award of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Literature.

The decision of the Nobel Committee to award Handke a Nobel Prize in literature in 2019 was denounced internationally by a variety of public and academic intellectuals, writers and journalists. Criticism focuses on the writer's view on the breakup of Yugoslavia and Yugoslav Wars, which has been described as pro-Serbian, his support of the late Slobodan Milošević, and Bosnian genocide denial. [5] [6] [7] The high-profile figures who decried the decision of the Swedish Academy include individuals such as Deborah Lipstadt, Holocaust historian, who in her letter published in The New York Times wrote that the Nobel committee has awarded Handke a platform which "he does not deserve and the public does not need him to have", adding that such platform could convince some that his "false claims must have some legitimacy"; [8] Miha Mazzini, who said that "some artists sold their human souls for ideologies (Hamsun and Nazism), some for hate (Céline and his rabid antisemitism), some for money and power (Kusturica) but the one that offended me the most was Handke with his naivety for the Milošević regime. ... I found him cruel and totally self-absorbed in his naivety"; [6] Hari Kunzru, who said that Handke is "a troubling choice for a Nobel committee" and that he is "a fine writer, who combines great insight with shocking ethical blindness"; [9] [6] Salman Rushdie, who also criticized Handke's support for wartime Serbia in 1999; [9] [10] and Slavoj Žižek, [10] [7] Aleksandar Hemon, [11] Bora Ćosić, [7] and others.

The award was met with negative criticism in Kosovo, [lower-alpha 1] Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Croatia, and Turkey, resulting in public statements of disapproval. [12] [13] [14] Afghanistan, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Turkey boycotted the 2019 Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm, Sweden in protest against Handke's award of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Literature. [15] [16] [17] Expressing "deep regret", the decision was condemned by PEN America, [18] PEN England and Wales, [10] PEN Norway, [19] PEN Bosnia and Herzegovina, [20] and PEN Croatia. [21] [10] [22] [13] [9] A group of demonstrators protested against the writer when he arrived to receive the prize. [23] Mothers of Srebrenica protested against the award with messages to oppose the "spreading lies", while Women – Victims of War association from Republika Srpska organized a rally in Stockholm in support of Handke, saying that they support all people "who speak accurately and correctly and who think with their head". [24]

PEN International issued the following statement from its President Jennifer Clement in response to the awarding of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Literature: [25]

"The Nobel prize for literature does not only recognise the literary works and prowess of a writer, but also legitimises the entire body of a writer's work, including any works which comment on current affairs. As PEN members we are dedicated to embodying the principles of our Charter. We work to 'dispel all hatreds and to champion the ideal of one humanity living in peace and equality in one world.' The Academy's choice to recognise an author who has repeatedly questioned the legitimacy of well-documented war crimes is highly regrettable, particularly as it will, no doubt, be distressing to the many victims. At a time when leaders and public figures sow division and intolerance, and court populism, we must celebrate the works and voices of those among us who seek to do the opposite."

Support for Handke came from Jon Fosse, former recipient of the Ibsen Award, who welcomed the decision of the Swedish Academy to award Handke the Nobel Prize, saying that he was a worthy recipient and deserved it. [26] The Nobel laureate Elfriede Jelinek said: "The great poet Handke has earned the Nobel prize 10 times." Norwegian novelist Karl Ove Knausgård reacted to the Nobel Prize for Handke: "I can’t think of a more obvious Nobel laureate than him." He added that the Austrian had written masterpieces in every decade of his career. [27] Olga Tokarczuk, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for 2018 at the same ceremony, said she was proud to be with Handke, whom she greatly values, and tо the fact that both awards go to Central Europe. [28] [29] Award-winning filmmakers Wim Wenders and Emir Kusturica publicly congratulated Handke and traveled to Stockholm for the award ceremony to support him. [30] [31] Austrian president Alexander Van der Bellen called Handke's voice "unfussy and unique … We have a lot to thank Peter Handke for. I hope he knows that." [32]

Both the Swedish academy and Nobel Committee for Literature members defended their decision to award Handke the Nobel prize. Academy members Mats Malm and Eric M. Runesson wrote in the Swedish paper Dagens Nyheter that Handke had "definitely made provocative, inappropriate and unclear statements on political issues" but that they had "found nothing in what he has written that involves attacks on civil society or respect for the equal value of all people". [33] The Swedish Academy quoted an article published in Libération [34] and the Süddeutsche Zeitung in 2006, in which Handke said that "the Srebrenica massacre was the worst crime against humanity in Europe since World War II". [33] Additionally, Handke stated the following in 2019 through the publishing house Suhrkamp Verlag: "In 2006 I wrote: 'Srebrenica massacre was the worst crime against humanity in Europe since World War II'. I would like to add: of course the genocide has caused infinite suffering, which I have never denied. A suffering that cannot be extinguished by anything. I regret my remarks, should they have conveyed something else." [35] Nobel Committee's external member Henrik Petersen described Handke as "radically unpolitical" in his writings and that this support for Serbs had been misunderstood, while Rebecka Kärde said: "When we give the award to Handke, we argue that the task of literature is other than to confirm and reproduce what society’s central view believes is morally right" adding that the author "absolutely deserves a Nobel Prize." [33] [36]

Mats Malm, permanent secretary of Swedish Academy since 2019. Mats Malm 2019.jpg
Mats Malm, permanent secretary of Swedish Academy since 2019.

The Intercept published a number of articles by Peter Maass criticizing Peter Handke's Nobel Prize in Literature reception because of his attitudes towards the Srebrenica massacre committed by the Bosnian Serbs. [37] In another article by Intercept, Maass went to great length to call Handke an "exponent of white nationalism". Subsequently, in an interview conducted by Maass in December 2019, asking Handke whether the 1995 Srebrenica massacre (8,000 unarmed Muslim men and boys were killed by the Bosnian Serb Army of Republika Srpska) had happened, Handke responded: "I prefer toilet paper, an anonymous letter with toilet paper inside, to your empty and ignorant questions."

Maass also claims that two Nobel prize jurors, Henrik Petersen and Eric Runesson, were adhering to conspiracy theories with regard to American involvement in the Balkan conflict and that they were "misinformed" about Handke's literary achievements. [38] Germany's Eugen Ruge also protested against the scale of the criticism. In November 2019, around 120 authors, literary scholars, translators, and artists expressed their unease in an open letter. They felt that the criticism against Handke was no longer rational. The letter stated that the criticism of Handke "consists almost entirely of hatred, resentment, insinuations, distortions and the like. It has degenerated into anti-Handke propaganda." [39] [40] [41]

On December 10, 2019, Christina Doctare participated in a demonstration at Norrmalmstorg in Stockholm wherein she returned her Nobel Peace Prize medal from 1988, which she was awarded jointly in her capacity as a member of the United Nations peacekeeping forces. [42] "The academy has shown arrogance, ignorance and a lack of knowledge by giving Handke the award," she said. "Literature can never be above war crimes. Those who say so have blood on their hands." [42] [43]

Award ceremony

John Banville received a "prank call" hours before the Swedish Academy announced the official winner, informing him that he was among the newest Nobel laureates. John Banville (2019) II.jpg
John Banville received a "prank call" hours before the Swedish Academy announced the official winner, informing him that he was among the newest Nobel laureates.

Prize presentation

The presentation speech delivered by Prof. Anders Olsson, Nobel Committee Chairman, on December 10, 2019, described Handke's style of writing, saying: [44]

"Peter Handke's work is suffused with a strong spirit of discovery, a desire to write the world fresh. In his debut year, 1966, he attacked the literary world for its short- comings in describing reality, but over fifty years later, with about 80 works behind him – including films and about a score of plays – it is evident not only that he has realised his dream of a new prose, but also how his writing has become influential for several generations of writers in post-war Europe... [His] writing is often about returning to origins to remember the dead, but no strict iteration is possible.

"Handke's groundbreaking artistry with language emerges when his hyperactive sense for the particular compels investigation of his own medium. In his books we are often on foot, and his 'epic steps' appear with full effect in his story Slow Homecoming 1979. The story being told has almost dissolved in description, but the telling still lives on, guided by the narrators grounded feet and a gaze gifted with linguistic eyes. He has written: To be receptive is everything... [He] has said that the classics not only saved him but also preserved him. But he is also a deeply contemporary writer who must confront a paternal heritage perverted by the Nazis' occupation of Austria in the war. He represents a Slovenian maternal lineage, which motivates his anti-nationalistic myth of his origin.

Banquet speech

At the Nobel Banquet held at the Blue Hall, Stockholm City Hall's main hall, Handke delivered the following short speech: [45]

"This is the first 'toast' in my life. In my old English dictionary 'to toast' means: 'to greet, in distance a beautiful lady'. This is the second time in my life, I address myself to a King and a Queen. The other time I found myself confronted to – Saint Louis, King of France, and his beloved wife, Margareta de Navarra. But this was in the twelfth century and it was a dream... Thank you all for your presence. My wish, my greetings: they go to the WILD GEESE in Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige and the wish is: that the geese should in the future, beyond Sweden, also overfly every landscape not only in Europe and so transform even the smallest country into a world wide one! Selma Lagerlöf's wild geese forever... Strawberry Fields for ever. Wild Strawberries for ever."

Banville's "Prank Call"

A man impersonating Malm rang the novelist John Banville on the day that the Swedish Academy intended to announce the recipients of the 2019 and 2018 Nobel Prizes in Literature. [46] The man purporting to be Malm told Banville he had won and even read out the customary citation and asked if he would prefer to be designated the 2018 or 2019 laureate. [47] [48] Banville was attending a physiotherapy appointment at the time and was lying face down on a couch when the call came. [48] He informed his daughter; she called her father back while watching the live announcement at midday to tell him his name had not been mentioned. [47] After the announcement, a voicemail to Banville (again from the man posing as Malm) claimed the Swedish Academy had withdrawn his prize due a disagreement. [46] Banville felt sorry for the man purporting to be Malm: "He certainly sounded upset, he was a very good actor". [47] But he later compared the voice of the speaker to that of the real Malm, at which point he realised that neither man sounded alike. [48] [47] However, despite this, when Banville rang the number back he found himself in contact with the offices of the Swedish Academy. [46]

Nobel Committee

The Swedish Academy's Nobel Committee for the 2019 and 2020 Nobel Prize in Literature were the following members: [49] [50]

Committee Members
Seat No.PictureNameElectedPositionProfession
12 Per Wastberg 2010c (cropped).jpg Per Wästberg
(b. 1933)		1997committee chairnovelist, journalist, poet, essayist
11 Mats Malm on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2022 (cropped).jpg Mats Malm
(b. 1964)		2018associate member
permanent secretary		translator, literary historian, editor
14 Kristina Lugn in 2019 (cropped2).jpg Kristina Lugn
(1948–2020)		2006memberpoet, dramatist, writer
8 Jesper2 (cropped2).jpg Jesper Svenbro
(b. 1944)		2006memberpoet, classical philologist
4 Anders Olsson at Goteborg Book Fair 2018 (cropped2).jpg Anders Olsson
(b. 1949)		2008memberliterary critic, literary historian
External Members
Kristoffer Leandoer 01.JPG Kristoffer Leandoer [51]
(b. 1962)		2019memberauthor, literary critic, translator
Gun-Britt Sundstrom 01 (cropped).jpg Gun-Britt Sundström [51]
(b. 1945)		memberauthor, literary critic, translator
BLANK ICON (cropped).png Rebecka Kärde
(b. 1991)		memberliterary critic, translator
Mikaela Blomqvist 2019 (P1010839) (cropped).jpg Mikaela Blomqvist
(b. 1987)		memberliterary critic, theatre critic
BLANK ICON (cropped).png Henrik Peterson
(b. 1973)		membertranslator, literary critic, publisher

Notes

  1. ↑ The political status of Kosovo is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008, Kosovo is formally recognised as an independent state by 97 UN member states (with another 15 states recognising it at some point but then withdrawing their recognition), while Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory.

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References

  1. ↑ The Nobel Prize in Literature 2019 nobelprize.org
  2. ↑ The Nobel Prize in Literature 2019 Price Announcement.
  3. ↑ Peter Handke Facts nobelprize.org
  4. 1 2 Telephone interview, October 2019 nobelprize.org
  5. ↑ Ben Hutchinson (18 October 2019). "Peter Handke: entering the curious canon – Literature". TLS. Times Literary Supplement . Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  6. 1 2 3 Cain, Sian (10 October 2019). "'A troubling choice': authors criticise Peter Handke's controversial Nobel win". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  7. 1 2 3 Traynor, Ian (21 April 1999). "Stand up if you support the Serbs". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 November 2019. This writer, the Austrian, has his very personal style. The very worst crimes get mentioned rather sweetly. And so the reader completely forgets that we're dealing with crimes. The Austrian writer who visited my country found only very proud people there. They proudly put up with everything that happened to them, so much so that in their pride they didn't bother to ask why all this was happening to them.
  8. ↑ Deborah E. Lipstadt (18 October 2019). "Opinion – Peter Handke, an Undeserving Nobel Laureate". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2020. Dissenting, Mr. Stephens contends that art and politics are separate realms. Decry the artist's politics but treasure his artistry. Mr. Stephens ignores the immense platform or megaphone the Nobel committee has awarded Mr. Handke. There will be those who will be convinced that his false claims must have some legitimacy, simply because he is a Nobel winner.
  9. 1 2 3 "Critics condemn 'shameful' Nobel for writer Handke". BBC News. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Slavoj Žižek, Salman Rushdie, američki i britanski P.E.N. osudili izbor Petera Handkea, austrijski predsjednik Alexander Van der Bellen smatra da 'imamo još puno toga naučiti od Handkea'". slobodnadalmacija.hr (in Croatian). Slobodna Dalmacija. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  11. ↑ Hemon, Aleksandar (15 October 2019). "Opinion – 'The Bob Dylan of Genocide Apologists'". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 May 2020. Perhaps the esteemed Nobel Committee is so invested in the preservation of Western civilization that to it a page of Mr. Handke is worth a thousand Muslim lives. Or it could be that in the rarefied chambers in Stockholm, Mr. Handke's anxious goalie is far more real than a woman from Srebrenica whose family was eradicated in the massacre. The choice of Mr. Handke implies a concept of literature safe from the infelicities of history and actualities of human life and death. War and genocide, Milosevic and Srebrenica, the value of the writer's words and actions at this moment in history, might be of interest to the unsophisticated plebs once subjected to murder and displacement, but not to those who can appreciate "linguistic ingenuity" that "has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience." For them, genocide comes and goes, but literature is forever.
  12. ↑ "Outrage in Bosnia, Kosovo over Peter Handke's Nobel prize win". Al Jazeera. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  13. 1 2 "Peter Handke: Critics hit out at Nobel Prize award". BBC. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  14. ↑ "Kosovo to boycott Nobel ceremony over Handke's literature prize". Al Jazeera. 8 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  15. ↑ "Die Welt erinnert sich an das Massaker von Srebrenica am Vorabend der Nobelpreisverleihung für Handken". Koha.net (in German). 9 December 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  16. ↑ "Six South European Countries Will Boycott Nobel Ceremony over Peter Handke Award". Exit.al. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  17. ↑ "Serbia Honors 2019 Nobel Prize-Winner For Literature, Who Denies Srebrenica Genocide". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 10 May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  18. ↑ "Statement: Deep Regret Over the Choice of Peter Handke for the 2019 Nobel Prize in Literature". PEN America. 10 October 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  19. ↑ William Nygaard: – En lettelse om han sa fra seg prisen, Dagbladet , 19 September 2014
  20. ↑ "P.E.N. Centar u BiH o dodjeli Nobelove nagrade za književnost Peteru Handkeu". P.E.N. (in Bosnian). 11 October 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  21. ↑ "Croatian P.E.N.: Awarding Nobel Prize to Handke Contrary to Prize's Original Idea". total-croatia-news.com. 15 October 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  22. ↑ "ŠEF HRVATSKOG PEN CENTRA O NOBELU ZA HANDKEA 'On je govorio da Dubrovčani glume da ih se ubija, nije imao trunka empatije, stao je uz zločince' – Jutarnji List". www.jutarnji.hr (in Croatian). 17 October 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  23. ↑ "Raste mot Ibsenpris-vinner". NRK. 21 September 2014.
  24. ↑ "Bosnians Protest in Stockholm as Handke Receives Nobel Prize". Balkan Insight . 10 December 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  25. ↑ "Choice to award Peter Handke Nobel Prize is regrettable and distressing to victims". pen-international.org. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  26. ↑ "Raste mot Ibsenpris-vinner". nrk.no (in Norwegian). Norsk Rikskringkasting. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  27. ↑ "Peter Handke: The Nobel prize-winning author accused of praising war criminals" . The Independent . 15 December 2019. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  28. ↑ Marshall, Alex; Alter, Alexandra (10 October 2019). "Olga Tokarczuk and Peter Handke Awarded Nobel Prizes in Literature". The New York Times . Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  29. ↑ "Olga Tokarczuk: Interview". NobelPrize.org. 15 December 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  30. ↑ Platthaus, Andreas (11 December 2019). "Dem König so nah". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  31. ↑ "Emir Kusturica otišao u Stokholm da podrži svog velikog prijatelja: Reditelj za Novosti otkriva šta je to što spaja Handkea i Andrića". Večernje novosti (in Serbian). 9 December 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  32. ↑ "'A troubling choice': authors criticise Peter Handke's controversial Nobel win". The Guardian . 11 October 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  33. 1 2 3 "Peter Handke receives Nobel Literature prize". BBC News. 10 December 2019.
  34. ↑ "Parlons donc de la Yougoslavie". Libération (in French). Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  35. ↑ "Handke über Srebrenica". Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). 25 October 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  36. ↑ Flood, Alison (21 October 2019). "This article is more than 6 months old Swedish Academy defends Peter Handke's controversial Nobel win". The Guardian.
  37. ↑ Maass, Peter (November 14, 2019). "Peter Handke Won Nobel Prize After Two Jurors Fell for Conspiracy Theory". The Intercept. Retrieved 2023-03-24.
  38. ↑ Maass, Peter. "Peter Handke Won the Nobel Prize After Two Jurors Fell for a Conspiracy Theory About the Bosnia War". Archived from the original on 17 January 2021.
  39. ↑ "Congratulations, Nobel Committee, You Just Gave the Literature Prize to a Genocide Apologist". TheIntercept. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  40. ↑ Sheeehan D. (6 December 2019) "I prefer toilet paper to your empty and ignorant questions." The Peter Handke drama rolls on. lithub.com. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  41. ↑ "Nobel laureate Peter Handke's critics and supporters". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  42. 1 2 "Doctare to return Nobel medal in protest over genocide denier". Al Jazeera . 12 December 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  43. ↑ "Swedish physician Christina Doctare returns Nobel Prize, protesting Handke". b92. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  44. ↑ Award ceremony speech 2019 nobelprize.org
  45. ↑ Peter Handke - Banquet speech nobelprize.org
  46. 1 2 3 Hilliard, Mark (11 October 2019). "John Banville says he was phoned by Swedish Academy number shortly before announcement". The Irish Times . Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  47. 1 2 3 4 Hilliard, Mark (12 October 2019). "John Banville believes 'man with a grudge' behind Nobel prize hoax - Writer is sanguine about the incident, saying: 'for 40 minutes I was a Nobel Prize winner'". The Irish Times . Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  48. 1 2 3 Walawalkar, Aaron (12 October 2019). "'Don't buy the champagne': Booker prize winner targeted by phone hoax". The Observer . Retrieved 12 October 2019. The Irish writer had been lying face down on his couch, mid-physiotherapy session, when he received a call from a man purporting to be Mats Malm, the permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy, half an hour before the true winners would be revealed at a ceremony in Stockholm on Thursday. 'He asked me if I would prefer the 2018 or 2019 prize and read me the citation he would print about my work', Banville recalled.
  49. ↑ The Nobel Prize in Literature: How are The Nobel Prize laureates in literature decided Svenska Akademien
  50. ↑ "Swedish Academy names new jury members for Nobel Prize in literature". Gulf Times. 29 November 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  51. 1 2 "Two members leave Nobel literature committee, lamenting slow pace of change". reuters.com. 2 December 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
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