The 1936 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an above-average cyclone season, featuring eighteen depressions, eight of which intensified into deep depressions. Of those eight systems, six intensified into cyclonic storms. Of these six, three intensified further, becoming severe cyclonic storms and very severe cyclonic storms. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and November, with peaks in late April to May and October to November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in the basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), which at the time, was the sole agency issuing warnings on tropical cyclones in the basin.
The 1936 North Indian Ocean cyclone season took place during the neutral phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation,[1] which is correlated with less activity in the basin.[2] Additionally, ENSO-neutral conditions are also correlated to a higher chance of landfall in the eastern coast of India,[3] hence the fact that a majority of the systems impacted land.[4] In total, the season had eighteen depressions, eight of which intensified into deep depressions, with six intensifying further into cyclonic storms, and three further developing into severe cyclonic storms and very severe cyclonic storms.[4]
The season began on April 21, when a cyclone developed in the Bay of Bengal. Peaking as an very severe cyclonic storm, it would make landfall in modern-day Myanmar prior to dissipating.[5] A month after that system dissipated, another very severe cyclonic storm formed in late May, making landfall in East India prior to dissipating.[6] Three depressions would form in June, with two developing into cyclonic storms.[7] In July, three depressions would form, with one of them developing into a deep depression prior to dissipating.[8] In August, two systems would form, with one of them becoming a deep depression prior to making landfall in Andhra Pradesh.[9] September would feature three systems.[10] The first and second systems, weak depression, would not be of much importance.[11] However, the third system would peak as a very severe cyclonic storm prior to striking Odisha in early October.[12] In October, only one system, a deadly cyclonic storm would form.[13] However, November and December would be more active, featuring two depressions each.[14] The last system, a weak depression offshore Sri Lanka, would form on December 30 and dissipate early the next day.[15]
On April 21, due to a temporary advancement of the southwest monsoon, a low-pressure area was first identified near the Nicobar Islands. Developing over the southeastern Bay of Bengal, later that day, it coalesced into an area of unsettled weather.[16] Further development occurred, and on 00:00 UTC the next day, the disturbance developed into a depression west of the Nicobar Islands.[16][17] Undergoing rapid intensification,[18] by 12:00 UTC that same day, the cyclone had peaked as a very severe cyclonic storm with sustained winds of 65kn (75mph; 120km/h).[17] It later attained a minimum pressure of 993hPa (29.3inHg) at 21:00 UTC that day.[19] Soon after, the cyclone recurved,[17] with its intensity remaining the same as it tracked northeastward the next few days.[19] At 03:00 UTC on April 26,[17] the cyclone made its first landfall over Cheduba Island near peak intensity, producing intense winds there.[19] Soon after, it made its second landfall along the coast of Myanmar, somewhere between Thandwe and Kyaukphyu.[18] Rapidly weakening, it dissipated later that day.[19]
The most intense storm to strike Myanmar prior to 1970,[20] immense property damage occurred in Thandwe and Kyaukphyu.[19] Many villages along the coast were destroyed either due to the cyclone's winds or storm surge.[19] Over 150,000 were affected by the resulting flooding that came from it.[21] In some villages, torrential rainfall destroyed all of the grain that was stored while thousands of cattle were lost. Initial reports also stated that more than due to the cyclone, over 1000 people had died or drowned,[22] however, more modern reports stated that only 36 people had actually died.[20]
On May 22, due to the southwest monsoon strengthening, an area of unsettled weather formed over the Bay of Bengal.[22] Just a few hours later, this disturbance developed into a depression.[22] However, further intensification was slow to occur, as it would not become a cyclonic storm until May 25.[22] Paralleling the eastern coast of India as it recurved northwards prior to resuming its northeastward track a few days later, the next day, the cyclone peaked as a very severe cyclonic storm with sustained winds of 75mph (120km/h).[23] Despite weakening into a severe cyclonic storm[22] as it made landfall along the coast of eastern India on May 27,[23] it attained a minimum pressure of 979hPa (28.9inHg) at that time.[22] Tracking northeastward after landfall, it weakened rapidly once inland, eventually dissipating over Mymensingh on May 29.[24]
Due to the cyclone, the southwest monsoon was able to establish itself in Northern India and Myanmar. As a result, torrential rainfall occurred, peaking with 21in (53cm) in Cherrapunji and 15in (38cm) in Shillong on May 29. Many rivers flooded, carrying away cattle and making many families homeless. Nearly every single building in Tura was damaged due to flooding as overflowing rivers caused many boats to be lost.[25]
Cyclonic Storm Three
Cyclonic storm(IMD)
Duration
11 June– 17 June
Peak intensity
65km/h (40mph) (3-min);
On June 10, an area of unsettled weather was first over the northern Bay of Bengal. Developing into a cyclonic circulation a few hours later, on June 11, this disturbance developed into a depression.[26] As it tracked northwest towards India,[27] it intensified into a deep depression a few hours later.[28] As a result, prior to making landfall southeast of Balasore,[28] it peaked as a minimal cyclonic storm early on June 13 with peak winds of 40mph (65km/h).[27] However, once inland, it rapidly weakened, becoming a depression by June 14.[28] The weakening depression would persist northwestwards, dissipating over Westcentral India on June 17.[28]
Due to the cyclone, the southwest monsoon was able to establish itself in North and Central India, causing torrential rainfall.[28] As a result, a country boat travelling in the Gomal River capsized, causing 20 deaths.[29] Locally heavy rain would also occur in the Central Provinces and Orissa, peaking in Kumhari, which received 11in (28cm) of rainfall.[28] The cyclone, which at the time was expected to impact Mount Everest, prevented Hugh Ruttledge and his fellow climbers from successfully completing their expedition.[30]
Depression Four
Depression(IMD)
Duration
25 June– 28 June
Peak intensity
≤45km/h (30mph) (3-min);
On June 21, after temporarily weakening, the monsoon began strengthening over the Bay of Bengal. As a result, three days later, a trough of low pressure was first identified offshore Orissa and Ganjam. This trough would develop in favorable environmental conditions,[31] becoming a depression on June 25.[32] Deepening as it travelled near-stationary for the next few days, the depression finally made landfall near Balasore on June 28. Once inland, the depression rapidly weakened, dissipating just a few hours later.[31]
Cyclonic Storm Five
Cyclonic storm(IMD)
Duration
28 June– 4 July
Peak intensity
85km/h (50mph) (3-min);
On June 28, a land depression was first identified over the west Central Provinces.[32] As it tracked northwestwards and then westwards,[33] it began deepening over Deesa.[32] As a result, early on July 1, it developed into a cyclonic storm over Badin,[32] peaking with sustained winds of 50mph (85km/h) later that day.[33] However, weakening soon commenced, and as it crossed into the Arabian Sea on July 2,[32] it weakened into a deep depression.[33] The weakening cyclone would traverse westwards prior to dissipating over Oman on July 4.[32]
Heavy rainfall associated with the storm caused three deaths in Ernakulam and uprooted several trees. Additionally, three country boats carrying merchandise were capsized.[34]
Depression Six
Depression(IMD)
Duration
2 July– 5 July
Peak intensity
≤45km/h (30mph) (3-min);
On June 30, a low-pressure area was first identified over Myanmar. Travelling eastwards, this disturbance would spawn an area of unsettled weather over the north and central Bay of Bengal.[32] As a result of this, on July 2, a depression formed over the bay.[35] Initially tracking north, after it made landfall between Balasore and Sagar Island the next day, it would begin tracking northwestwards instead. As a result, the weakening depression would persist until finally dissipating on July 5.[35]
Land Depression Seven
Depression(IMD)
Duration
7 July– 11 July
Peak intensity
≤45km/h (30mph) (3-min);
On July 7, a land depression was first identified near Lucknow. This depression would slowly track southwestwards, deepening slightly due to the rains intensifying the monsoon over the United Provinces. However, two days later, it began tracking northwestwards, weakening steadily. As a result, it dissipated over Bareilly on July 11.[35]
Deep Depression Eight
Deep depression(IMD)
Duration
21 July– 29 July
Peak intensity
55km/h (35mph) (3-min);
On July 20, a cyclonic circulation was first identified offshore Orissa. Developing, it soon became a depression the next day.[35] Developing as it initially moved near-stationary,[35] on 03:00 UTC that same day, it became a deep depression.[36] Soon after, it tracked northwestwards, making landfall along the coast of Puri and Gopalpur two days later.[35] Once inland, the depression slowly weakened as it tracked northwestwards,[35] slowly tracking northwards prior to dissipating on July 29.[35][36]
Depression Nine
Depression(IMD)
Duration
17 August– 18 August
Peak intensity
≤45km/h (30mph) (3-min);
On August 15, due to the strengthening monsoon, an area of unsettled weather formed in the northern Bay of Bengal. Developing offshore Odisha, two days later, the disturbance developed into a depression. Tracking northwards, after it made landfall near Chandabali on the evening of August 18, it rapidly weakened, dissipating soon after.[37]
Deep Depression Ten
Deep depression(IMD)
Duration
26 August– 1 September
Peak intensity
55km/h (35mph) (3-min);
On August 25, an area of unsettled weather with a weak low-level circulation formed over the northern Bay of Bengal.[9] Developing into a shallow depression early the next day, it initially stalled prior to deepening.[38] As a result, as it tracked southwestwards prior to recurving on August 28,[39] it peaked as a deep depression.[38] However, as it neared the coast, the system weakened into a depression,[38] prior to making landfall near Kalingapatnam on 03:00 UTC on August 29.[38][36] Tracking northwestwards soon after,[39] it persisted inland prior to dissipating on September 1.[38]
Depression Eleven
Depression(IMD)
Duration
5 September– 9 September
Peak intensity
≤45km/h (30mph) (3-min);
On September 4, due to the strengthening monsoon, an area of unsettled weather formed in the northern Bay of Bengal. Developing into a depression a day later, it began tracking northwestwards. Never developing further, after it made landfall in Odisha on September 7, it kept moving northwestwards prior to being absorbed by a trough of low pressure over northern India.[38]
Depression Twelve
Depression(IMD)
Duration
29 September– 1 October
Peak intensity
≤45km/h (30mph) (3-min);
On September 27, an area of unsettled weather was first identified over the Bay of Bengal. The next day, ship reports revealed that two cyclonic circulations had formed from this disturbance. Both developing into depressions on September 29, the former one would intensify further prior to making landfall in Tharrawaddy. Tracking northwestwards soon after, it would degenerate into a weak low-pressure area. Despite that it was able to retain its upper-level circulation.[40]
On September 29, two depressions would form from an area of unsettled weather over the Bay of Bengal. While the former one would make landfall in Tharrawaddy and dissipate,[40] the latter one would track northeastwards due to favorable upper-level conditions.[41] As a result, on October 2, it would deepen into a deep depression, developing into a cyclonic storm a few hours later.[41] Further developing, the next day, the system intensified into a severe cyclonic storm,[42] peaking with sustained winds of 75mph (120km/h).[43] On 21:00 UTC that same day,[43] the cyclone would make landfall alongside the coast of Odisha.[42] Rapidly weakening once inland, by the next day, the cyclone had weakened into a deep depression, further weakening as it recurved northeastwards.[42] It would finally dissipate over Bangladesh on October 7.[42]
Widespread rainfall from the cyclone affected Myanmar, Bangladesh, and portions of India, with the most concentrated amounts seeing in Odisha. As a result, extensive damage occurred in the state, with Cuttack alone seeing 300 homes collapsing.[42] In Bangladesh, many areas in Noakhali District were inundated due to the cyclone's storm surge.[44] In West Bengal, the cyclone produced a tornado which capsized several country boats carrying jute.[45] In total, the cyclone caused one death.[46]
Cyclonic Storm Fourteen
1936 Andhra Pradesh cyclone
Cyclonic storm(IMD)
Duration
25 October– 31 October
Peak intensity
85km/h (50mph) (3-min);
On October 25, due to the northeast monsoon establishing itself, a cyclonic circulation developed in the southern Bay of Bengal.[47] Developing into a depression later that day, the cyclone would develop into a cyclonic storm as it tracked north-northwestwardly.[15] Soon after, it peaked with sustained winds of 50mph (85km/h) on October 27.[48] Tracking northwestwardly for a while, it later made landfall near Machilipatnam on 06:00 UTC the next day.[15][48] Weakening soon after, it became a deep depression over Hyderabad, finally dissipating over the Central Provinces on October 31.[15]
Severe rainfall from the cyclone caused immense damage in Andhra Pradesh. Many villages were either inundated or collapsed due to heavy rainfall, causing thousands to become homeless. In Chirala, the tobacco factory sustained 2 lakh rupees ($75,000) in damage.[15][49] In total, the storm killed 233 people in India.[50] In the storm's aftermath, Mahatma Gandhi visited flooded areas to bring help pay for flood relief.[51]
On November 1, a low-pressure area formed near the eastern coast of Sri Lanka. Developing further, as it tracked into the Arabian Sea two days later, it became a depression. Tracking westwards and then northwestwards, on November 6, the depression intensified further, becoming a deep depression.[52] Further deepening as it tracked northwards towards the coast of Gujarat, it attained a minimum pressure of 1,005hPa (29.7inHg) on November 12. However, soon after, it rapidly weakened, dissipating on November 15 over Kutch.[52]
Depression Sixteen
Depression(IMD)
Duration
4 November– 7 November
Peak intensity
≤45km/h (30mph) (3-min);
On November 3, an area of unsettled weather formed in the southern Bay of Bengal, developing into a depression early the next day. Never intensifying further, the depression would track northwestwardly and then west-northwestwardly prior to weakening four days later. It soon made landfall along the coast of Chennai, dissipating a few hours later.[53]
Depression Seventeen
Depression(IMD)
Duration
2 December– 4 December
Peak intensity
≤45km/h (30mph) (3-min);
From November 28–30, a low-pressure area in the Gulf of Thailand would produce convective activity in the Andaman Sea. As it passed through Thailand and entered the Andaman Sea on December 1, it would produce an area of unsettled weather which developed into a depression early the next day. Never intensifying further, the depression degenerated into a trough of low pressure on December 4. This remnant trough would persist prior to dissipating two days later.[54]
Depression Eighteen
Depression(IMD)
Duration
30 December– 31 December
Peak intensity
≤45km/h (30mph) (3-min);
On December 30, an area of unsettled weather formed offshore Sri Lanka over the southwest Bay of Bengal, developing into a depression a few hours later. Never intensifying further, the depression would track southwesterly into the Arabian Sea prior to degenerating into a low-pressure area early the next day.[55]
Other systems
According to IBTrACS, on July 2, a tropical cyclone formed in the border of India and Pakistan. Crossing into the Arabian Sea the next day, it dissipated.[56]
According to IBTrACS, on July 15, a depression with sustained winds of 30mph (45km/h) formed in modern-day Pakistan. Crossing into the Arabian Sea the next day, it dissipated.[57]
Bibliographies
India Meteorological Department (1936). "Annual Summary— Storms & Depressions"(PDF). India Weather Review. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
Wahiduzzaman, Md; Oliver, Eric C. J.; Wotherspoon, Simon J.; Luo, Jing-Jia (February 2020). "Seasonal forecasting of tropical cyclones in the North Indian Ocean region: the role of El Niño-Southern Oscillation". Climate Dynamics. 54 (3–4): 1571–1589. doi:10.1007/s00382-019-05075-7.
Season effects
This is a table of all storms in the 1936 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. It mentions all of the season's storms and their names, duration, peak intensities according to the IMD storm scale, damage, and death totals. Damage and death totals include the damage and deaths caused when that storm was a precursor wave or extratropical low. All of the damage figures are in 1936 USD.
The 1972 Pacific typhoon season was an above average season, producing 31 tropical storms, 24 typhoons and 2 intense typhoons. It has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1972, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.
The 2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season had no bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with peaks in May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean.
The 1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season had no bounds, but tropical cyclones in the North Indian Ocean tend to form between April and December, with peaks in May and November. The 1970 season saw a total of seven cyclonic storms, of which three developed into severe cyclonic storms. The Bay of Bengal was more active than the Arabian Sea during 1970, with all of the three severe cyclonic storms in the season forming there. Unusually, none of the storms in the Arabian Sea made landfall this year. The most significant storm of the season was the Bhola cyclone, which formed in the Bay of Bengal and hit Bangladesh on November 12. The storm killed at least 500,000, making it the deadliest tropical cyclone in recorded history. The season was also the deadliest tropical cyclone season globally, with 500,805 fatalities, mostly due to the aforementioned Bhola cyclone.
The 2003 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was the last season that tropical cyclones were not publicly labeled by India Meteorological Department (IMD). Also was mostly focused in the Bay of Bengal, where six of the seven depressions developed. The remaining system was a tropical cyclone that developed in the Arabian Sea in November, which was also the only system that did not affect land. There were three cyclonic storms, which was below the average of 4–6. Only one storm formed before the start of the monsoon season in June, although it was also the most notable. On May 10, a depression formed in the central Bay of Bengal, and within a few days became a very severe cyclonic storm. After it stalled, it drew moisture from the southwest to produce severe flooding across Sri Lanka, killing 254 people and becoming the worst floods there since 1947. Damage on the island totaled $135 million (2003 USD). The storm eventually made landfall in Myanmar on May 19. It is possible that the storm contributed to a deadly heat wave in India due to shifting air currents.
The 2002 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was a below average season in terms of tropical cyclone formation. The season had no official bounds, but most storms formed in either May or after October. No depressions or storms formed during the monsoon season from July to September, the first such instance on record. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean – the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent – and the Arabian Sea to the west of India. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) releases unofficial advisories. An average of four to six storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November. Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45°E and 100°E are included in the season by the IMD.
The 2001 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was fairly quiet, although activity was evenly spread between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. There were six depressions tracked by the India Meteorological Department (IMD), which is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the northern Indian Ocean. The agency also tracked four cyclonic storms, which have maximum winds of at least 65 km/h (40 mph) sustained over 3 minutes. The American-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) tracked an additional storm – Tropical Storm Vamei – which crossed over from the South China Sea at a record-low latitude.
The 2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was fairly quiet compared to the year before, 1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, with all of the activity originating in the Bay of Bengal. The basin comprises the Indian Ocean north of the equator, with warnings issued by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) in New Delhi. There were six depressions throughout the year, of which five intensified into cyclonic storms – tropical cyclones with winds of 65 mph (105 km/h) sustained over 3 minutes. Two of the storms strengthened into a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm, which has winds of at least 120 km/h (75 mph), equivalent to a minimal hurricane. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) also tracked storms in the basin on an unofficial basis, estimating winds sustained over 1 minute.
The 1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with peaks in May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean.
The 1991–92 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season was an average cyclone season in which most storms remained over open waters. At the time, the season's official bounds lasted from November 15, 1991, to April 30, 1992, although this season began early when three tropical depressions formed before the official start. The second, designated Tropical Depression A2 by the Météo-France office (MFR) on Réunion, passed north of Madagascar on October 16 before weakening.
The 1992–93 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season lasted longer than normal, with the first storm Aviona forming on September 27 and the final storm Konita not dissipating until May 7. It was an above-average season, with four tropical cyclones – the equivalent of a minimal hurricane – along with six tropical storms, one subtropical depression, and several depressions including one that was named. The basin is defined as the area west of 90°E and south of the Equator in the Indian Ocean, which includes the waters around Madagascar westward to the east coast of Africa. Tropical cyclones in this basin are monitored by the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre in Réunion (MFR), as well as by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC).
India is a country in the north of Indian Ocean that is the most vulnerable to getting hit by tropical cyclones in the basin, from the east or from the west. On average, 2–3 tropical cyclones make landfall in India each year, with about one being a severe tropical cyclone or greater.
The 1993–94 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season was the most active season in the basin since the start of reliable satellite coverage in 1967, until the record was surpassed 25 years later in the 2018–19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. Activity lasted from mid-November, when Moderate Tropical Storm Alexina formed, until mid-April, when Tropical Cyclone Odille became extratropical. Four tropical cyclones – Daisy, Geralda, Litanne, and Nadia – struck eastern Madagascar, of which Geralda was the costliest and deadliest. With gusts as strong as 350 km/h (215 mph) accompanied by heavy rainfall, Geralda destroyed more than 40,000 homes and left 356,000 people homeless. Geralda killed 231 people and caused more than $10 million in damage. Cyclone Nadia was the second deadliest cyclone, having killed 12 people in northern Madagascar and later severely damaging portions of northeastern Mozambique, killing about 240 people and leaving $20 million in damage in the latter country. In February, Cyclone Hollanda struck Mauritius near peak intensity, causing $135 million in damage and two deaths.
The 1994–95 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season was fairly active, with storms forming regularly from October through April. It was much less damaging than its predecessor, and most of the storms in the season remained over water or only brushed land. The first system was Tropical Depression A1, which formed in October and passed north of Madagascar. The first named storm was Albertine, which formed on November 23 in the northeastern portion of the basin and became one of three intense tropical cyclones. The last storm was Marlene, which was also an intense tropical cyclone and dissipated on April 11.
The 1960 North Indian Ocean cyclone season featured two deadly tropical cyclones that collectively killed approximately 20,000 people collectively in East Pakistan. The Indian subcontinent divides the North Indian Ocean into two areas: the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre for this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories. On average, five storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season with dual peaks in activity during May and November. Cyclones that occurred between 45°E and 100°E were included in seasonal records by the IMD.
The 1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season had no bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with peaks in May and November. The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean—the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories. An average of four to six storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November. Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45°E and 100°E are included in the season by the IMD.
The 2014 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The season included two very severe cyclonic storms, both in October, and one other named cyclonic storm, classified according to the tropical cyclone intensity scale of the India Meteorological Department. Cyclone Hudhud is estimated to have caused US$3.58 billion in damage across eastern India, and more than 120 deaths.
The 2016 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. It was the deadliest season since 2010, killing more than 400 people. The season was an average one, seeing four named storms, with one further intensifying into a very severe cyclonic storm. The first named storm, Roanu, developed on 19 May while the season's last named storm, Vardah, dissipated on 18 December. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with the two peaks in May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean.
The 2018 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was one of the most active North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons since 1992, with the formation of fourteen depressions and seven cyclones. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with the two peaks in May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean.
The 2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was the second most active North Indian Ocean cyclone season on record in terms of cyclonic storms, the 1992 season was more active according to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. The season featured 12 depressions, 11 deep depressions, 8 cyclonic storms, 6 severe cyclonic storms, 6 very severe cyclonic storms, 3 extremely severe cyclonic storms, and 1 super cyclonic storm, Kyarr, the first since Cyclone Gonu in 2007. Additionally, it also became the third-costliest season recorded in the North Indian Ocean, only behind the 2020 and 2008 seasons.
The 1968 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an active cyclone season. Cyclone seasons in the Northern Indian Ocean have no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with peaks in May and November. These dates conventionally determine the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the basin. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean—the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent, and the Arabian Sea to the west of India. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories. An average of four to six storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season. Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45°E and 100°E are included in the season by the IMD.
References
↑ "Past Events". Physics Science Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
1 2 Gahtan, J.; Knapp, K. R.; Schreck, C. J.; Diamond, H. J.; Kossin, J. P.; Kruk, M. C. (2024). 1936 Severe Cyclonic Storm UNNAMED (1936144N14084) (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
1 2 Gahtan, J.; Knapp, K. R.; Schreck, C. J.; Diamond, H. J.; Kossin, J. P.; Kruk, M. C. (2024). 1936 Cyclonic Storm UNNAMED (1936163N20089) (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
1 2 3 Gahtan, J.; Knapp, K. R.; Schreck, C. J.; Diamond, H. J.; Kossin, J. P.; Kruk, M. C. (2024). 1936 Cyclonic Storm UNNAMED (1936180N23077) (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
1 2 3 Gahtan, J.; Knapp, K. R.; Schreck, C. J.; Diamond, H. J.; Kossin, J. P.; Kruk, M. C. (2024). 1936 Depression UNNAMED (1936203N18087) (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
1 2 Gahtan, J.; Knapp, K. R.; Schreck, C. J.; Diamond, H. J.; Kossin, J. P.; Kruk, M. C. (2024). 1936 Depression UNNAMED (1936239N19089) (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
1 2 Gahtan, J.; Knapp, K. R.; Schreck, C. J.; Diamond, H. J.; Kossin, J. P.; Kruk, M. C. (2024). 1936 Severe Cyclonic Storm UNNAMED (1936273N15086) (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
1 2 Gahtan, J.; Knapp, K. R.; Schreck, C. J.; Diamond, H. J.; Kossin, J. P.; Kruk, M. C. (2024). Severe Cyclonic Storm UNNAMED (1936299N10088) (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
1 2 "Top 25 Natural Disasters in India according to Number of Killed (1901-2000)". ADRC 20th Century Asian Natural Disasters Data Book(PDF). Asian Disaster Reduction Center. August 2002. p.8. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
↑ Gahtan, J.; Knapp, K. R.; Schreck, C. J.; Diamond, H. J.; Kossin, J. P.; Kruk, M. C. (2024). 1936 UNNAMED (1936177N21088) (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
↑ Gahtan, J.; Knapp, K. R.; Schreck, C. J.; Diamond, H. J.; Kossin, J. P.; Kruk, M. C. (2024). 1936 Depression UNNAMED (1936197N24069) (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
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