1999 Estonian parliamentary election

1999 Estonian parliamentary election

←  1995 7 March 1999 2003  →
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101 seats in the Riigikogu 51 seats were needed for a majority
First party Second party   Leader Edgar Savisaar Mart Laar Party Centre Pro Patria Union Last election 16 seats 8 seats Seats won 28 18 Seat change 12 10 Popular vote 113,378 77,917 Percentage 23.4% 16.1% Swing 9.23pp New   Third party Fourth party   Leader Siim Kallas Andres Tarand Party Reform SDE Last election 19 seats 6 seats Seats won 18 17 Seat change 1 11 Popular vote 77,088 73,630 Percentage 15.9% 15.2% Swing 0.29pp 9.21pp
Results by electoral district
Prime Minister before election Mart Siimann Coalition Party Prime Minister after election Mart Laar Pro Patria Union

Parliamentary elections were held in Estonia on 7 March 1999. ^[1] The newly elected 101 members of the 9th Riigikogu assembled at Toompea Castle in Tallinn within ten days of the election. The elections proved disastrous for the ruling Estonian Coalition Party, which won only seven seats together with two of its smaller allies. Following the elections, a coalition government was formed by Mart Laar of the Pro Patria Union, including the Reform Party and the Moderates. ^[2] It remained in office until Laar resigned in December 2001, after the Reform Party had left the same governing coalition in Tallinn municipality, making opposition leader Edgar Savisaar new Mayor of Tallinn. The Reform Party and the Estonian Centre Party then formed a coalition government that lasted until the 2003 elections.

Background

Vähi cabinets

After the 1995 parliamentary election, the electoral alliance made up of the Coalition Party and Country Union (KMÜ) and the Centre Party formed a government coalition. The government led by Tiit Vähi remained in office for only seven months, as KMÜ decided to end cooperation with the Centre Party due to the tape scandal in which the leader of the Centre Party Edgar Savisaar was accused of secretly recording political consultations between Prime Minister Tiit Vähi and the chairman of the Reform Party, Siim Kallas.Tiit Vähi and the KMÜ formed a new government with the Reform Party. However, Reform Party had risen in support in the meanwhile to become the most popular party in Estonia, causing tension in the government. Relations between the coalition partners became particularly sharp during the 1996 municipal elections. ^[3]

After the local elections, the Coalition Party signed a cooperation agreement in Tallinn with the Centre Party, leaving the Reform Party, which came first in the elections, as the main opposition in Tallinn. As a result of that, the Reform Party decided to leave the government, forcing Tiit Vähi had to continue with a minority government. In order to expand the government's support area, Vähi appointed several independent technocrats as ministers, the most important of which was the appointment of future president Toomas Hendrik Ilves as Minister of Foreign Affairs. ^[3]

Scandals

In early 1997, a significant scandal arose surrounding the privatization of several apartments in central Tallinn. The controversy arose when it was revealed that well-known figures, including Minister of Foreign Affairs Toomas Hendrik Ilves, as well as Vähi's own daughter, had acquired those living spaces for cheap prices. At the time of the transactions, Tiit Vähi was also heading the Tallinn City Council. Although Vähi narrowly survived a vote of no confidence in parliament, mounting pressure from the media prompted his resignation. ^[4]

During the apartment scandal, in order to divert attention from the scandal, Vähi disclosed that the Bank of Northern Estonia (PEP) had lent 10 million dollars to the Swiss company Paradiso SAL in 1993. However, after the first interest payment, it turned out that such a company didn't exist, and the company's representatives had disappeared along with the money. Since the 10 million dollars had been lent to PEP by the Bank of Estonia, which was headed by Siim Kallas at the time, Vähi hinted that Kallas himself had stolen these millions. Criminal proceedings were started, as a result of which Siim Kallas was charged with both abuse of office and preparation for large-scale looting of state property. However, just before the 1999 election, Kallas was acquitted of all charges.

Mart Siimann's cabinet

KMÜ nominated Mart Siimann, the deputy chairman of the Coalition Party, as the new prime minister candidate. Initially, Siimann tried to form a majority government with the Reform Party and Centre Party, but was unsuccessful. Therefore, the new government only ended up including KMÜ. The government was supported by the Centre Party in the parliament. ^[3]

Coalition preparations

In September 1997, the Reform Party, Pro Patria Union and Moderates signed a cooperation agreement, with which the parliamentary group 'United Opposition' was created in order to oppose the perceived populism and left-leaning economics of the KMÜ and the Centre Party. In January 1998, the Reform Party proposed to the Pro Patria Union and Moderates to come to an agreement to form a government in the event that the parties achieve a parliamentary majority in the upcoming elections. At the end of 1998, the parties signed the agreement without agreeing on an eventual prime minister. ^[5]

Siim Kallas, chairman of the Reform Party, wanted the leader of the party with the most votes to become prime minister. Other political parties were initially against it due the support of the Reform Party being much higher than that of the other signatories to the agreement ^[6] and Kallas' reputation being tarnished by the 10 million dollar scandal. However, eventually the parties settled on the chairman of the party with the most votes becoming the prime minister. The created coalition was nicknamed the Triple Alliance. ^[5]

Electoral system

The 101 members of the Riigikogu (Parliament of Estonia) were elected using a form of proportional representation for a four-year term. The seats were allocated using a modified D'Hondt method. The country was divided into eleven multi-mandate electoral districts. There is a nationwide threshold of 5% for party lists, but if the number of votes cast for a candidate exceeds or equals the simple quota (which shall be obtained by dividing the number of valid votes cast in the electoral district by the number of mandates in the district) the candidate is elected.

Electoral alliances were not allowed anymore, but it didn't prevent a party from including members of another party in its list.

District number	Electoral District	Seats
1	Haabersti, Põhja-Tallinn and Kristiine districts in Tallinn	8
2	Kesklinn, Lasnamäe and Pirita districts in Tallinn	10
3	Mustamäe and Nõmme districts in Tallinn	8
4	Harjumaa (without Tallinn) and Raplamaa counties	12
5	Hiiumaa, Läänemaa and Saaremaa counties	7
6	Lääne-Virumaa and Ida-Virumaa counties	13
7	Järvamaa and Viljandimaa counties	9
8	Jõgevamaa and Tartumaa counties (without Tartu)	8
9	Tartu city	8
10	Võrumaa, Valgamaa and Põlvamaa counties	10
11	Pärnumaa county	8

Contesting parties

See also: List of political parties in Estonia

The Estonian National Electoral Committee announced that 12 political parties and 18 individual candidates registered to take part in the 1999 parliamentary election. Their registration numbers and order were determined by the order of registration. ^[7]

#	Name		Ideology	Political position	Leader	Total candidates	1995 result
							Votes (%)	Seats
1		Reform Party	Classical liberalism	Centre-right	Siim Kallas	212	16.2%	19 / 101
2		Centre Party	Populism	Centre-left	Edgar Savisaar	242	14.2%	16 / 101
3		Moderate People's Party	Social liberalism	Centre to centre-left	Andres Tarand	303	6.0%	6 / 101
4		Pro Patria Union	National conservatism	Right-wing	Mart Laar	178	7.9% [lower-alpha 1]	8 / 101
5		Country People's Party	Agrarianism	Centre to centre-left	Arnold Rüütel	167	32.2% [lower-alpha 2]	41 / 101
6		Russian Party	Russian minority interests	Syncretic	Nikolai Maspanov	148	5.9% [lower-alpha 3]	6 / 101
7		Farmers' Assembly	Agrarianism	Centre	Eldur Parder	36	32.2% [lower-alpha 4]	41 / 101
8		Coalition Party	Economic liberalism	Centre-right	Mart Siimann	216	32.2% [lower-alpha 5]	41 / 101
9		Christian People's Party	Christian democracy	Centre-right	Aldo Vinkel	65	did not exist
10		Progress Party	Social liberalism	Centre	Krista Kilvet	65	did not exist
11		United People's Party	Russia's national interests [8] [9] [10] [11]	Centre-left	Viktor Andrejev	172	5.9% [lower-alpha 6]	6 / 101
12		Blue Party	Cultural intelligence interests [12]	Syncretic	Jaan Laas	62	0.4%	0 / 101
—		Individual candidates	—			18	did not exist

Results

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Estonian Centre Party	113,378	23.41	28	+12
	Pro Patria Union	77,917	16.09	18	+10
	Estonian Reform Party	77,088	15.92	18	–1
	Moderates [lower-alpha 7]	73,630	15.21	17	+11
	Estonian Coalition Party [lower-alpha 8]	36,692	7.58	7	–
	Estonian Country People's Union	35,204	7.27	7	–
	Estonian United People's Party [lower-alpha 9]	29,682	6.13	6	–
	Estonian Christian People's Party	11,745	2.43	0	New
	Russian Party in Estonia	9,825	2.03	0	–
	Estonian Blue Party	7,745	1.60	0	0
	Farmers' Assembly	2,421	0.50	0	–
	Progress Party	1,854	0.38	0	New
	Independents	7,058	1.46	0	0
Total		484,239	100.00	101	0
Valid votes		484,239	98.35
Invalid/blank votes		8,117	1.65
Total votes		492,356	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		857,270	57.43
Source: Nohlen & Stöver

See also

• Members of the 9th Riigikogu

Notes

1. Result of the Pro Patria and ERSP electoral alliance.
2. Result of the Coalition Party and Country People's Union electoral alliance.
3. Result of the Our Home is Estonia electoral alliance with the United People's Party
4. Result of the Coalition Party and Country People's Union electoral alliance.
5. Result of the Coalition Party and Country People's Union electoral alliance.
6. Result of the Our Home is Estonia electoral alliance with the Russian Party
7. The Moderates' list included representatives of the People's Party.
8. The Estonian Coalition Party list included members of the Estonian Country Union and the Party of Estonian Pensioners and Families.
9. The Estonian United People's Party included members of the Estonian Social Democratic Labour Party and the Russian Unity Party.

References

1. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p574 ISBN   978-3-8329-5609-7
2. Estonia: Parliamentary Chamber: Riigikogu: Elections held in 1999 Inter-Parliamentary Union
3. Tammer, Enno; Eesti Päevaleht, eds. (2001). 10 aastat uut Eestit. Aastaraamatu Kes? Mis? Kus? eriväljaanne. Tallinn: Tänapäev. ISBN   978-9985-62-013-7.
4. "Tõnis Erilaiu lehesaba | Kuidas korteriskandaal Tiit Vähi ametist pühkis". www.ohtuleht.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 2023-08-20.
5. Muuli, Kalle (2014). Hainsalu, Esta (ed.). Kodanike riik: reformierakond loomisest kuni tänapäevani. Tallinn: Menu Kirjastus. ISBN   978-9949-549-07-8.
6. "Erakonnamaastikul on jõud tasakaalus". www.ohtuleht.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 2023-08-20.
7. Heinsalu, Alo; Koitmäe, Arne; Mandre, Leino; Pilving, Mihkel; Vinkel, Priit; Eero, Gerli; Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu; Eesti, eds. (2011). Valimised Eestis: statistikat ja selgitusi. Tallinn: Vabariigi Valimiskomisjon.
8. Eesti Päevaleht 20 June 2008: Kaitsepolitsei aastaraamat: Vene luure tegi mullu Eestis usinalt tööd Archived 2008-06-30 at the Wayback Machine by Kärt Anvelt
9. "Counterintelligence". Annual Review 2007 (PDF). Tallinn: Estonian Security Police. 2008. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-04-15.
10. KAPO aastaraamat 2007
11. "Kaitsepolitsei aastaraamat: Vene luure tegi mullu Eestis usinalt tööd". Eesti Päevaleht (in Estonian). Retrieved 2023-08-22.
12. "Uue ajastu arvamusliidrid". Lõuna-Eesti Postimees (in Estonian). 2020-08-16. Retrieved 2023-08-26.

External links

• Election results on the Estonian Electoral Commission website (in Estonian)