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Legislative elections were held in Russia on 19 December 1999 to elect the 450 seats in the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly. [1] Like in the previous elections in 1995, the electoral system resulted in many parties competing for the proportional seats and a significant number of independent deputies elected.
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According to the 1993 electoral law, 225 members of the house were allocated proportionally, using statewide party lists, while other 225 members were elected in single-member constituencies, using first past the post system.
To secure a place on the ballot, parties had to have registered with the Russian Ministry of Justice one year before the election (instead of six months in previous elections). As an alternative to gathering 200,000 signatures, they had the option of paying a deposit of just over two million roubles, returnable if the party won at least 3.0 percent of the list vote. In order to increase proportionality, the law provided that if parties reaching the five per cent threshold got in total 50 per cent or less of the vote, parties with at least 3.0 per cent of the vote would also win seats by declining numbers of votes up to the point at which the total share of vote exceeded 50 per cent. However, if after this procedure the parties winning seats still had less than 50 per cent of the vote, the election was to be deemed invalid. In the single-member district ballots, if votes cast against all exceeded the votes of each candidate, a repeat election had to be held within four months. As a result, repeat elections had to be held in eight districts. Finally, as an alternative to gathering signatures in support of their nomination, single-member district candidates were also given the option of paying a deposit of 83,490 roubles, returnable if they won at least 5.0 percent of the district vote.
The early election campaign saw the initial surge in popularity of Fatherland-All Russia bloc, led by the Moscow mayor Yuri Luzhkov and the former Prime Minister Yevgeny Primakov, which tried to capitalize upon the perceived incapacity of President Boris Yeltsin and the weakness of his administration. The tide had turned on 9 August 1999 when Yeltsin designated Vladimir Putin as Prime Minister and his eventual successor. On 24 November, Putin announced that "as a citizen" he will support the recently formed pro-government bloc Interregional Movement "Unity", headed by General Sergei Shoigu, a member of all Russian governments since 1994.
| Polling firm | Fieldwork date | CPRF | Unity | OVR | SPS [a] | LDPR | NDR | Yabloko | NRPR [b] | Lead |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VCIOM [2] | 12 Dec | 24 | 21 | 12 | 7 | 4 | 8 | 3 | ||
| FOM [2] | 12 Dec | 21 | 16 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 7 | 5 | |
| ROMIR [2] | 10-12 Dec | 17 | 17 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 7 | Tie | ||
| ARPI [2] | 10-12 Dec | 20.8 | 14.7 | 11.6 | 6.5 | 4.4 | 9 | 6.1 | ||
| Vladimir Putin endorses Unity bloc | ||||||||||
| FOM [3] | 20-21 Nov | 29.1 | 11.1 | 15.2 | 6.9 | 5.5 | 1.3 | 11.1 | 10 | |
| FOM [3] | 13-14 Nov | 30.1 | 10.9 | 19.1 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 2.7 | 10.9 | 8 | |
| FOM [3] | 6-7 Nov | 27.3 | 10.9 | 21.9 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 4.1 | 12.3 | 4 | |
| FOM [3] | 30-31 Oct | 25.9 | 9.0 | 22.0 | 3.8 | 5.1 | 2.5 | 12.9 | 3 | |
| CEC forces LDPR to re-register as "Zhirinovsky Bloc" | ||||||||||
| ARPI [4] | 4-10 Oct | 30 | 25 | 7 | 5 | 19 | 5 | |||
| FOM [5] | 18-19 Sep | 21 | 29 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 10 | 4 | 8 | |
| Russian apartment bombings | ||||||||||
| FOM [5] | 4-5 Sep | 20 | 23 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 12 | 4 | 3 | |
| FOM [5] | 21–22 Aug | 21 | 27 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 8 | 4 | 6 | |
| Vladimir Putin appointed prime minister | ||||||||||
| FOM [5] | 24-25 Jul | 23 | 15 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 11 | 5 | 8 | |
| ROMIR [6] | 5–15 Jul | 22.5 | 13 | 3.2 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 13.5 | 2.6 | 9 | |
| FOM [5] | 26-27 Jun | 22 | 15 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 11 | 5 | 7 | |
| ROMIR [6] | 5–15 Jun | 21.9 | 17.2 | 5.7 | 4.9 | 3.7 | 12.2 | 7.6 | 4.7 | |
| FOM [5] | 29–30 May | 24 | 16 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 13 | 5 | 8 | |
| Impeachment attempt of Boris Yeltsin fails in the State Duma | ||||||||||
| Sergey Stepashin appointed prime minister | ||||||||||
| ROMIR [6] | 5–15 May | 23.6 | 13.5 | 1.3 | 5.4 | 3.2 | 13.4 | 4 | 10.1 | |
| FOM [5] | 24-25 Apr | 23 | 13 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 15 | 4 | 8 | |
| ROMIR [6] | 5–15 Apr | 23.4 | 11.3 | 3.6 | 6.6 | 3.4 | 15.7 | 6.1 | 7.7 | |
| FOM [5] | 27-28 Mar | 24 | 13 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 14 | 5 | 10 | |
| PM Primakov cancels visit to the US over Yugoslavia bombings | ||||||||||
| ROMIR [6] | 5–15 Mar | 25.5 | 9.6 | 0.9 | 5.2 | 2.2 | 13.7 | 4.4 | 11.8 | |
| FOM [5] | 27-28 Feb | 26 | 16 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 11 | 5 | 10 | |
| ROMIR [6] | 5–15 Feb | 23.1 | 10.6 | 1 | 4.7 | 2.3 | 11.9 | 5 | 11.2 | |
| ROMIR [6] | 5–15 Jan 1999 | 22.8 | 13.6 | 0.9 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 13.3 | 4.5 | 9.2 | |
| ROMIR [6] | 5–15 Nov 1998 | 25.1 | 1.1 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 12.7 | 8.3 | 12.4 | ||
| 1995 election | 19 Dec 1995 | 22.3 | New | New | New | 11.2 | 10.1 | 6.9 | New | 11.1 |
| Party | Party-list | Constituency | Total seats | +/– | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | ||||
| Communist Party | 16,196,024 | 24.78 | 67 | 8,893,547 | 13.71 | 46 | 113 | –44 | |
| Unity | 15,549,182 | 23.79 | 64 | 1,408,801 | 2.17 | 9 | 73 | New | |
| Fatherland – All Russia | 8,886,753 | 13.59 | 37 | 5,469,389 | 8.43 | 31 | 68 | New | |
| Union of Right Forces | 5,677,247 | 8.68 | 24 | 2,016,294 | 3.11 | 5 | 29 | New | |
| Zhirinovsky Bloc | 3,990,038 | 6.10 | 17 | 1,026,690 | 1.58 | 0 | 17 | –34 | |
| Yabloko | 3,955,611 | 6.05 | 16 | 3,289,760 | 5.07 | 4 | 20 | –25 | |
| Communists and Workers of Russia – for the Soviet Union | 1,481,890 | 2.27 | 0 | 439,770 | 0.68 | 0 | 0 | –1 | |
| Women of Russia | 1,359,042 | 2.08 | 0 | 326,884 | 0.50 | 0 | 0 | –3 | |
| Party of Pensioners | 1,298,971 | 1.99 | 0 | 480,087 | 0.74 | 1 | 1 | New | |
| Our Home – Russia | 790,983 | 1.21 | 0 | 1,733,257 | 2.67 | 7 | 7 | –48 | |
| Russian Party for the Protection of Women | 536,022 | 0.82 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Congress of Russian Communities–Yury Boldyrev Movement | 405,298 | 0.62 | 0 | 461,069 | 0.71 | 1 | 1 | –4 | |
| Stalin Bloc – For the USSR | 404,274 | 0.62 | 0 | 64,346 | 0.10 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| For Civil Dignity | 402,754 | 0.62 | 0 | 147,611 | 0.23 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| All-Russian Political Movement in Support of the Army | 384,404 | 0.59 | 0 | 466,176 | 0.72 | 2 | 2 | New | |
| Peace, Labour, May | 383,332 | 0.59 | 0 | 126,418 | 0.19 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Andrei Nikolayev and Svyatoslav Fyodorov Bloc | 371,938 | 0.57 | 0 | 676,437 | 1.04 | 1 | 1 | New | |
| Party of Peace and Unity | 247,041 | 0.38 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Russian All-People's Union | 245,266 | 0.38 | 0 | 700,976 | 1.08 | 2 | 2 | New | |
| Russian Socialist Party | 156,709 | 0.24 | 0 | 662,030 | 1.02 | 1 | 1 | New | |
| Russian Cause | 111,802 | 0.17 | 0 | 1,846 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Conservative Movement of Russia | 87,658 | 0.13 | 0 | 125,926 | 0.19 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| All-Russian People's Party | 69,695 | 0.11 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| All-Russian Socio-Political Movement "Spiritual Heritage" | 67,417 | 0.10 | 0 | 594,426 | 0.92 | 1 | 1 | New | |
| Socialist Party of Russia | 61,689 | 0.09 | 0 | 30,085 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Social-Democrats of Russia | 50,948 | 0.08 | 0 | 18,618 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Russian Ecological Party "Kedr" | 112,167 | 0.17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Russian Patriotic Popular Movement | 10,481 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Russian Party | 7,918 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Russian Conservative Party of Entrepreneurs | 2,647 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Independents | 27,877,095 | 42.98 | 105 | 105 | +28 | ||||
| Against all | 2,198,702 | 3.36 | – | 7,695,171 | 11.86 | 8 | 8 | – | |
| Vacant seats | 1 | 1 | – | ||||||
| Total | 65,370,690 | 100.00 | 225 | 64,865,922 | 100.00 | 225 | 450 | 0 | |
| Valid votes | 65,370,690 | 98.05 | 64,865,922 | 97.84 | |||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 1,296,992 | 1.95 | 1,429,779 | 2.16 | |||||
| Total votes | 66,667,682 | 100.00 | 66,295,701 | 100.00 | |||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 108,073,956 | 61.69 | 108,073,956 | 61.34 | |||||
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver, University of Essex | |||||||||
The politics of Russia take place in the framework of the federal semi-presidential republic of Russia. According to the Constitution of Russia, the President of Russia is head of state, and of a multi-party system with executive power exercised by the government, headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President with the parliament's approval. Legislative power is vested in the two houses of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, while the President and the government issue numerous legally binding by-laws.
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