 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All 450 seats in the State Duma 226 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnout | 61.85% ( 2.53 pp) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Winning party by region | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Legislative elections were held in Russia on 19 December 1999 to elect the 450 seats in the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly. [1] Like in the previous elections in 1995, the electoral system resulted in many parties competing for the proportional seats and a significant number of independent deputies elected.
According to the 1993 electoral law, 225 members of the house were allocated proportionally, using statewide party lists, while other 225 members were elected in single-member constituencies, using first past the post system.
To secure a place on the ballot, parties had to have registered with the Russian Ministry of Justice one year before the election (instead of six months in previous elections). As an alternative to gathering 200,000 signatures, they had the option of paying a deposit of just over two million roubles, returnable if the party won at least 3.0 percent of the list vote. In order to increase proportionality, the law provided that if parties reaching the five per cent threshold got in total 50 per cent or less of the vote, parties with at least 3.0 per cent of the vote would also win seats by declining numbers of votes up to the point at which the total share of vote exceeded 50 per cent. However, if after this procedure the parties winning seats still had less than 50 per cent of the vote, the election was to be deemed invalid. In the single-member district ballots, if votes cast against all exceeded the votes of each candidate, a repeat election had to be held within four months. As a result, repeat elections had to be held in eight districts. Finally, as an alternative to gathering signatures in support of their nomination, single-member district candidates were also given the option of paying a deposit of 83,490 roubles, returnable if she won at least 5.0 percent of the district vote.
The early election campaign saw the initial surge in popularity of Fatherland-All Russia bloc, led by the Moscow mayor Yuri Luzhkov and the former Prime Minister Yevgeny Primakov, which tried to capitalize upon the perceived incapacity of President Boris Yeltsin and the weakness of his administration. The tide had turned on 9 August 1999 when Yeltsin designated Vladimir Putin as Prime Minister and his eventual successor. On 24 November, Putin announced that "as a citizen" he will support the recently formed pro-government bloc Interregional Movement "Unity", headed by General Sergei Shoigu, a member of all Russian governments since 1994.
| Polling firm | Fieldwork date | CPRF | Unity | OVR | SPS [lower-alpha 1] | LDPR | NDR | Yabloko | NRPR [lower-alpha 2] | Lead |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VCIOM [2] | 12 Dec | 24 | 21 | 12 | 7 | 4 | 8 | 3 | ||
| FOM [2] | 12 Dec | 21 | 16 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 7 | 5 | |
| ROMIR [2] | 10-12 Dec | 17 | 17 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 7 | Tie | ||
| ARPI [2] | 10-12 Dec | 20.8 | 14.7 | 11.6 | 6.5 | 4.4 | 9 | 6.1 | ||
| Vladimir Putin endorses Unity bloc | ||||||||||
| FOM [3] | 20-21 Nov | 29.1 | 11.1 | 15.2 | 6.9 | 5.5 | 1.3 | 11.1 | 10 | |
| FOM [3] | 13-14 Nov | 30.1 | 10.9 | 19.1 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 2.7 | 10.9 | 8 | |
| FOM [3] | 6-7 Nov | 27.3 | 10.9 | 21.9 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 4.1 | 12.3 | 4 | |
| FOM [3] | 30-31 Oct | 25.9 | 9.0 | 22.0 | 3.8 | 5.1 | 2.5 | 12.9 | 3 | |
| CEC forces LDPR to re-register as "Zhirinovsky Bloc" | ||||||||||
| ARPI [4] | 4-10 Oct | 30 | 25 | 7 | 5 | 19 | 5 | |||
| FOM [5] | 18-19 Sep | 21 | 29 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 10 | 4 | 8 | |
| Russian apartment bombings | ||||||||||
| FOM [5] | 4-5 Sep | 20 | 23 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 12 | 4 | 3 | |
| FOM [5] | 21–22 Aug | 21 | 27 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 8 | 4 | 6 | |
| Vladimir Putin appointed prime minister | ||||||||||
| FOM [5] | 24-25 Jul | 23 | 15 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 11 | 5 | 8 | |
| ROMIR [6] | 5–15 Jul | 22.5 | 13 | 3.2 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 13.5 | 2.6 | 9 | |
| FOM [5] | 26-27 Jun | 22 | 15 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 11 | 5 | 7 | |
| ROMIR [6] | 5–15 Jun | 21.9 | 17.2 | 5.7 | 4.9 | 3.7 | 12.2 | 7.6 | 4.7 | |
| FOM [5] | 29–30 May | 24 | 16 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 13 | 5 | 8 | |
| Impeachment attempt of Boris Yeltsin fails in the State Duma | ||||||||||
| Sergey Stepashin appointed prime minister | ||||||||||
| ROMIR [6] | 5–15 May | 23.6 | 13.5 | 1.3 | 5.4 | 3.2 | 13.4 | 4 | 10.1 | |
| FOM [5] | 24-25 Apr | 23 | 13 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 15 | 4 | 8 | |
| ROMIR [6] | 5–15 Apr | 23.4 | 11.3 | 3.6 | 6.6 | 3.4 | 15.7 | 6.1 | 7.7 | |
| FOM [5] | 27-28 Mar | 24 | 13 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 14 | 5 | 10 | |
| PM Primakov cancels visit to the US over Yugoslavia bombings | ||||||||||
| ROMIR [6] | 5–15 Mar | 25.5 | 9.6 | 0.9 | 5.2 | 2.2 | 13.7 | 4.4 | 11.8 | |
| FOM [5] | 27-28 Feb | 26 | 16 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 11 | 5 | 10 | |
| ROMIR [6] | 5–15 Feb | 23.1 | 10.6 | 1 | 4.7 | 2.3 | 11.9 | 5 | 11.2 | |
| ROMIR [6] | 5–15 Jan 1999 | 22.8 | 13.6 | 0.9 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 13.3 | 4.5 | 9.2 | |
| ROMIR [6] | 5–15 Nov 1998 | 25.1 | 1.1 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 12.7 | 8.3 | 12.4 | ||
| 1995 election | 19 Dec 1995 | 22.3 | New | New | New | 11.2 | 10.1 | 6.9 | New | 11.1 |
| Party | Party-list | Constituency | Total seats | +/– | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | ||||
| Communist Party | 16,196,024 | 24.78 | 67 | 8,893,547 | 13.71 | 46 | 113 | –44 | |
| Unity | 15,549,182 | 23.79 | 64 | 1,408,801 | 2.17 | 9 | 73 | New | |
| Fatherland – All Russia | 8,886,753 | 13.59 | 37 | 5,469,389 | 8.43 | 31 | 68 | New | |
| Union of Right Forces | 5,677,247 | 8.68 | 24 | 2,016,294 | 3.11 | 5 | 29 | New | |
| Zhirinovsky Bloc | 3,990,038 | 6.10 | 17 | 1,026,690 | 1.58 | 0 | 17 | –34 | |
| Yabloko | 3,955,611 | 6.05 | 16 | 3,289,760 | 5.07 | 4 | 20 | –25 | |
| Communists and Workers of Russia – for the Soviet Union | 1,481,890 | 2.27 | 0 | 439,770 | 0.68 | 0 | 0 | –1 | |
| Women of Russia | 1,359,042 | 2.08 | 0 | 326,884 | 0.50 | 0 | 0 | –3 | |
| Party of Pensioners | 1,298,971 | 1.99 | 0 | 480,087 | 0.74 | 1 | 1 | New | |
| Our Home – Russia | 790,983 | 1.21 | 0 | 1,733,257 | 2.67 | 7 | 7 | –48 | |
| Russian Party for the Protection of Women | 536,022 | 0.82 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Congress of Russian Communities–Yury Boldyrev Movement | 405,298 | 0.62 | 0 | 461,069 | 0.71 | 1 | 1 | –4 | |
| Stalin Bloc – For the USSR | 404,274 | 0.62 | 0 | 64,346 | 0.10 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| For Civil Dignity | 402,754 | 0.62 | 0 | 147,611 | 0.23 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| All-Russian Political Movement in Support of the Army | 384,404 | 0.59 | 0 | 466,176 | 0.72 | 2 | 2 | New | |
| Peace, Labour, May | 383,332 | 0.59 | 0 | 126,418 | 0.19 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Andrei Nikolayev and Svyatoslav Fyodorov Bloc | 371,938 | 0.57 | 0 | 676,437 | 1.04 | 1 | 1 | New | |
| Party of Peace and Unity | 247,041 | 0.38 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Russian All-People's Union | 245,266 | 0.38 | 0 | 700,976 | 1.08 | 2 | 2 | New | |
| Russian Socialist Party | 156,709 | 0.24 | 0 | 662,030 | 1.02 | 1 | 1 | New | |
| Russian Cause | 111,802 | 0.17 | 0 | 1,846 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Conservative Movement of Russia | 87,658 | 0.13 | 0 | 125,926 | 0.19 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| All-Russian People's Party | 69,695 | 0.11 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| All-Russian Socio-Political Movement "Spiritual Heritage" | 67,417 | 0.10 | 0 | 594,426 | 0.92 | 1 | 1 | New | |
| Socialist Party of Russia | 61,689 | 0.09 | 0 | 30,085 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Social-Democrats of Russia | 50,948 | 0.08 | 0 | 18,618 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Russian Ecological Party "Kedr" | 112,167 | 0.17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Russian Patriotic Popular Movement | 10,481 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Russian Party | 7,918 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Russian Conservative Party of Entrepreneurs | 2,647 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Independents | 27,877,095 | 42.98 | 105 | 105 | +28 | ||||
| Against all | 2,198,702 | 3.36 | – | 7,695,171 | 11.86 | 8 | 8 | – | |
| Vacant seats | 1 | 1 | – | ||||||
| Total | 65,370,690 | 100.00 | 225 | 64,865,922 | 100.00 | 225 | 450 | 0 | |
| Valid votes | 65,370,690 | 98.05 | 64,865,922 | 97.84 | |||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 1,296,992 | 1.95 | 1,429,779 | 2.16 | |||||
| Total votes | 66,667,682 | 100.00 | 66,295,701 | 100.00 | |||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 108,073,956 | 61.69 | 108,073,956 | 61.34 | |||||
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver, University of Essex | |||||||||
The politics of Russia take place in the framework of the federal semi-presidential republic of Russia. According to the Constitution of Russia, the President of Russia is head of state, and of a multi-party system with executive power exercised by the government, headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President with the parliament's approval. Legislative power is vested in the two houses of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, while the President and the government issue numerous legally binding by-laws. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991, Russia has seen serious challenges in its efforts to forge a political system to follow nearly seventy-five years of Soviet governance. For instance, leading figures in the legislative and executive branches have put forth opposing views of Russia's political direction and the governmental instruments that should be used to follow it. That conflict reached a climax in September and October 1993, when President Boris Yeltsin used military force to dissolve the parliament and called for new legislative elections. This event marked the end of Russia's first constitutional period, which was defined by the much-amended constitution adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1978. A new constitution, creating a strong presidency, was approved by referendum in December 1993.
LDPR — Liberal Democratic Party of Russia is a Russian ultranationalist and right-wing populist political party in Russia. It succeeded the Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union (LDPSU) in Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The party was led by Vladimir Zhirinovsky since its inception until his death in April 2022. Opposing both communism and capitalism of the 1990s, the party scored a major success in the 1993 Duma elections with almost 23% of the vote, giving it 64 seats of the 450 seats in the State Duma. In the 2021 elections, the party received 7.55% of the vote, giving it 21 seats.
On the federal level, Russia elects a president as head of state and a parliament, one of the two chambers of the Federal Assembly. The president is elected for, at most, two consecutive six-year terms by the people. The Federal Assembly has two chambers. The State Duma has 450 members, elected for five-year terms. The Federation Council is not directly elected; each of the 89 federal subjects of Russia sends 2 delegates to the Federal Council, for a total of 208 (178 + 30, members.
Presidential elections were held in Russia on 26 March 2000. Incumbent prime minister and acting president Vladimir Putin, who had succeeded Boris Yeltsin after his resignation on 31 December 1999, sought a four-year term in his own right and won in the first round.
The State Duma is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia. It was established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993.
The Federation Council, unofficially Senate, is the upper house of the Federal Assembly of Russia. It was established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993.
Sergey Yurievich Glazyev is a Russian politician and economist, member of the National Financial Council of the Bank of Russia, and, since 2008, a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Glazyev was minister of Foreign Economic Relations in Boris Yeltsin's cabinet from 1992 to 1993, a member of the State Duma from 1993 to 2007, one of the leaders of the electoral block Rodina from 2003 to 2004, a candidate for the Presidency of the Russian Federation in 2004, and advisor to the president of the Russian Federation on regional economic integration from 2012 to 2019. As of 2021, he is the Commissioner for Integration and Macroeconomics within the Eurasian Economic Commission, the executive body of the Eurasian Economic Union.
Parliamentary elections were held in Ukraine on 26 March 2006. Election campaigning officially began on 7 July 2005. Between November 26 and 31 December 2005 party lists of candidates were formed.
Legislative elections were held in Russia on 2 December 2007. At stake were the 450 seats in the 5th State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly. Eleven parties were included in the ballot, including Russia's largest party, United Russia, which was supported by President of Russia Vladimir Putin. Official results showed that United Russia won 64.3% of the votes, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation 11.6%, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia 8.1%, and Fair Russia won 7.7%, and none of the other parties won enough votes to gain any seats.
Unity was a Russian political party that was created on 3 October 1999, supported by Russia’s President Boris Yeltsin, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin and dozens of Russian governors to counter the threat which the Kremlin perceived from the Fatherland-All Russia alliance. It was also unofficially dubbed "Medved’" or "Medvedi" (bears), as "MeDvEd" was an acronym of its full name. Later the party adopted a brown bear for its symbol.
Legislative election were held in Russia on 17 December 1995. At stake were the 450 seats in the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly.
Parliamentary elections were held in Russia on 12 December 1993. They were the first parliamentary elections in post-Soviet Russia and the only time to the Federation Council, with future members appointed by provincial legislatures and governors.
The Democratic Party of Russia or DPR is a conservative Russian political party that was founded in 1990. Under the leadership of Andrey Bogdanov, the party advocated the entry of Russia into the European Union. In 2008, the party merged with several others to form the Right Cause. It was re-established as a party and officially registered again in 2012.
The People's Freedom Party, often known by its short form PARNAS, and formerly the Republican Party of Russia – People's Freedom Party, and initially Republican Party of Russia, was a liberal-democratic political party in Russia. It was one of the first opposition parties founded in the final years of the Soviet Union.
Democratic Russia was the generic name for several political entities that played a transformative role in Russia's transition from Communist rule. In 1991–1993, the Democratic Russia Movement was the largest political organization in the country and Boris Yeltsin's base of political support.
Parliamentary elections took place in the Republic of Crimea on 14 September 2014. These were the first elections since Crimea's illegal annexation by the Russian Federation on 18 March. The outcome was an overwhelming victory for President Vladimir Putin's United Russia party.
Legislative elections were held in Russia on 18 September 2016, having been brought forward from 4 December. At stake were the 450 seats in the State Duma of the 7th convocation, the lower house of the Federal Assembly. Prior to the election United Russia had been the ruling party since winning the 2011 elections with 49.32% of the vote, and taking 238 seats (53%) of the seats in the State Duma.
Women of Russia was a political bloc in Russia.
The Party of Russian Unity and Accord was a political party in Russia.
The presidency of Boris Yeltsin began with his first inauguration on 10 July 1991, and ended on 31 December 1999 when he announced his resignation. A referendum held on 17 March 1991 approved the creation of the post of president of Russia; Yeltsin was elected Russia's first president in a presidential election held on 12 June 1991.
