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All 450 seats in the State Duma 226 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Turnout | 61.85% (![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Legislative elections were held in Russia on 19 December 1999 to elect the 450 seats in the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly. [1] Like in the previous elections in 1995, the electoral system resulted in many parties competing for the proportional seats and a significant number of independent deputies elected.
According to the 1993 electoral law, 225 members of the house were allocated proportionally, using statewide party lists, while other 225 members were elected in single-member constituencies, using first past the post system.
To secure a place on the ballot, parties had to have registered with the Russian Ministry of Justice one year before the election (instead of six months in previous elections). As an alternative to gathering 200,000 signatures, they had the option of paying a deposit of just over two million roubles, returnable if the party won at least 3.0 percent of the list vote. In order to increase proportionality, the law provided that if parties reaching the five per cent threshold got in total 50 per cent or less of the vote, parties with at least 3.0 per cent of the vote would also win seats by declining numbers of votes up to the point at which the total share of vote exceeded 50 per cent. However, if after this procedure the parties winning seats still had less than 50 per cent of the vote, the election was to be deemed invalid. In the single-member district ballots, if votes cast against all exceeded the votes of each candidate, a repeat election had to be held within four months. As a result, repeat elections had to be held in eight districts. Finally, as an alternative to gathering signatures in support of their nomination, single-member district candidates were also given the option of paying a deposit of 83,490 roubles, returnable if they won at least 5.0 percent of the district vote.
Electoral association | Abbr. | Lead candidates | Political position | Ideology | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia | LDPR | Vladimir Zhirinovsky • Anatoly Bykov • Mikhail Musatov | Right-wing | Right-wing populism / Russian nationalism / Unitarism | On 11 October 1999 the CEC rejected the federal party list due to inaccurate data about the candidates, [3] including LDPR's no.2 Anatoly Bykov who was wanted on suspicion of money laundering. [4] | |
Salvation | Spas | Alexander Barkashov • Vladimir Davidenko • Dmitry Belik | Far-right | Russian nationalism / Antisemitism / Anti-immigrant sentiment | Affiliated with the Russian National Unity, Salvation movement was registered with the CEC on 2 November 1999 and received ballot number 4. It was disqualified from the election on 25 November after some of its regional chapters were found existing only on paper. [5] | |
Ecological Party of Russia "Kedr" | KEDR | Anatoly Panfilov • Vladimir Petrov • Ivan Okhlobystin | Centre | Green politics | Registered with the CEC on 3 November 1999, receiving ballot number 24. Disqualified on 10 December after two of its top-three candidates withdrew from election. [6] | |
Russian Party | RP | Vladimir Miloserdov • Galina Chubkova • Valery Luzgin | Far-right | Ultranationalism / Russian irredentism | Did not submit signatures to the CEC before deadline or pay an election deposit. [7] | |
Russian Patriotic Popular Movement | RPND | Aleksandr Fyodorov • Aleksandr Kravchuk • Aleksey Vedenkin | Far-right | Russian nationalism | Did not submit signatures to the CEC before deadline or pay an election deposit. [8] | |
Russian Conservative Party of Entrepreneurs | RKPP | Mikhail Toporkov • Yury Antonov • Viktor Gokinayev | Right-wing | Conservatism | Registration denied after one of top-three candidates was recalled by the party. [9] |
The early election campaign saw the initial surge in popularity of Fatherland-All Russia bloc, led by the Moscow mayor Yuri Luzhkov and the former Prime Minister Yevgeny Primakov, which tried to capitalize upon the perceived incapacity of President Boris Yeltsin and the weakness of his administration. The tide had turned on 9 August 1999 when Yeltsin designated Vladimir Putin as Prime Minister and his eventual successor. On 24 November, Putin announced that "as a citizen" he will support the recently formed pro-government bloc Interregional Movement "Unity", headed by General Sergei Shoigu, a member of all Russian governments since 1994.
Polling firm | Fieldwork date | CPRF | Unity | OVR | SPS [b] | LDPR | NDR | Yabloko | NRPR | Lead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VCIOM [10] | 12 Dec | 24 | 21 | 12 | 7 | 4 | — | 8 | — | 3 |
FOM [10] | 12 Dec | 21 | 16 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 7 | — | 5 |
ROMIR [10] | 10-12 Dec | 17 | 17 | 9 | 7 | 5 | — | 7 | — | Tie |
ARPI [10] | 10-12 Dec | 20.8 | 14.7 | 11.6 | 6.5 | 4.4 | — | 9 | — | 6.1 |
Vladimir Putin endorses Unity bloc | ||||||||||
FOM [11] | 20-21 Nov | 29.1 | 11.1 | 15.2 | 6.9 | 5.5 | 1.3 | 11.1 | — | 10 |
FOM [11] | 13-14 Nov | 30.1 | 10.9 | 19.1 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 2.7 | 10.9 | — | 8 |
FOM [11] | 6-7 Nov | 27.3 | 10.9 | 21.9 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 4.1 | 12.3 | — | 4 |
FOM [11] | 30-31 Oct | 25.9 | 9.0 | 22.0 | 3.8 | 5.1 | 2.5 | 12.9 | — | 3 |
CEC forces LDPR to re-register as "Zhirinovsky Bloc" | ||||||||||
ARPI [12] | 4-10 Oct | 30 | — | 25 | — | 7 | 5 | 19 | — | 5 |
FOM [13] | 18-19 Sep | 21 | — | 29 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 10 | 4 | 8 |
Russian apartment bombings | ||||||||||
FOM [13] | 4-5 Sep | 20 | — | 23 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 12 | 4 | 3 |
FOM [13] | 21–22 Aug | 21 | — | 27 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 8 | 4 | 6 |
Vladimir Putin appointed prime minister | ||||||||||
FOM [13] | 24-25 Jul | 23 | — | 15 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 11 | 5 | 8 |
ROMIR [14] | 5–15 Jul | 22.5 | — | 13 | 3.2 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 13.5 | 2.6 | 9 |
FOM [13] | 26-27 Jun | 22 | — | 15 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 11 | 5 | 7 |
ROMIR [14] | 5–15 Jun | 21.9 | — | 17.2 | 5.7 | 4.9 | 3.7 | 12.2 | 7.6 | 4.7 |
FOM [13] | 29–30 May | 24 | — | 16 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 13 | 5 | 8 |
Impeachment attempt of Boris Yeltsin fails in the State Duma | ||||||||||
Sergey Stepashin appointed prime minister | ||||||||||
ROMIR [14] | 5–15 May | 23.6 | — | 13.5 | 1.3 | 5.4 | 3.2 | 13.4 | 4 | 10.1 |
FOM [13] | 24-25 Apr | 23 | — | 13 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 15 | 4 | 8 |
ROMIR [14] | 5–15 Apr | 23.4 | — | 11.3 | 3.6 | 6.6 | 3.4 | 15.7 | 6.1 | 7.7 |
FOM [13] | 27-28 Mar | 24 | — | 13 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 14 | 5 | 10 |
PM Primakov cancels visit to the US over Yugoslavia bombings | ||||||||||
ROMIR [14] | 5–15 Mar | 25.5 | — | 9.6 | 0.9 | 5.2 | 2.2 | 13.7 | 4.4 | 11.8 |
FOM [13] | 27-28 Feb | 26 | — | 16 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 11 | 5 | 10 |
ROMIR [14] | 5–15 Feb | 23.1 | — | 10.6 | 1 | 4.7 | 2.3 | 11.9 | 5 | 11.2 |
ROMIR [14] | 5–15 Jan 1999 | 22.8 | — | 13.6 | 0.9 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 13.3 | 4.5 | 9.2 |
ROMIR [14] | 5–15 Nov 1998 | 25.1 | — | — | 1.1 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 12.7 | 8.3 | 12.4 |
FOM [15] | 11 Oct 1997 | 21 | — | — | — | 2 | 8 | 10 | — | 11 |
FOM [15] | 23 Dec 1995 | 19 | — | — | — | 8 | 8 | 7 | — | 11 |
1995 election | 19 Dec 1995 | 22.3 | New | New | New | 11.2 | 10.1 | 6.9 | New | 11.1 |
Party | Party-list | Constituency | Total seats | +/– | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | ||||
Communist Party | 16,196,024 | 24.78 | 67 | 8,893,547 | 13.71 | 46 | 113 | –44 | |
Unity | 15,549,182 | 23.79 | 64 | 1,408,801 | 2.17 | 9 | 73 | New | |
Fatherland – All Russia | 8,886,753 | 13.59 | 37 | 5,469,389 | 8.43 | 31 | 68 | New | |
Union of Right Forces | 5,677,247 | 8.68 | 24 | 2,016,294 | 3.11 | 5 | 29 | New | |
Zhirinovsky Bloc | 3,990,038 | 6.10 | 17 | 1,026,690 | 1.58 | 0 | 17 | –34 | |
Yabloko | 3,955,611 | 6.05 | 16 | 3,289,760 | 5.07 | 4 | 20 | –25 | |
Communists and Workers of Russia – for the Soviet Union | 1,481,890 | 2.27 | 0 | 439,770 | 0.68 | 0 | 0 | –1 | |
Women of Russia | 1,359,042 | 2.08 | 0 | 326,884 | 0.50 | 0 | 0 | –3 | |
Party of Pensioners | 1,298,971 | 1.99 | 0 | 480,087 | 0.74 | 1 | 1 | New | |
Our Home – Russia | 790,983 | 1.21 | 0 | 1,733,257 | 2.67 | 7 | 7 | –48 | |
Russian Party for the Protection of Women | 536,022 | 0.82 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
Congress of Russian Communities–Yury Boldyrev Movement | 405,298 | 0.62 | 0 | 461,069 | 0.71 | 1 | 1 | –4 | |
Stalin Bloc – For the USSR | 404,274 | 0.62 | 0 | 64,346 | 0.10 | 0 | 0 | New | |
For Civil Dignity | 402,754 | 0.62 | 0 | 147,611 | 0.23 | 0 | 0 | New | |
All-Russian Political Movement in Support of the Army | 384,404 | 0.59 | 0 | 466,176 | 0.72 | 2 | 2 | New | |
Peace, Labour, May | 383,332 | 0.59 | 0 | 126,418 | 0.19 | 0 | 0 | New | |
Andrei Nikolayev and Svyatoslav Fyodorov Bloc | 371,938 | 0.57 | 0 | 676,437 | 1.04 | 1 | 1 | New | |
Party of Peace and Unity | 247,041 | 0.38 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
Russian All-People's Union | 245,266 | 0.38 | 0 | 700,976 | 1.08 | 2 | 2 | –3 | |
Russian Socialist Party | 156,709 | 0.24 | 0 | 662,030 | 1.02 | 1 | 1 | New | |
Russian Cause | 111,802 | 0.17 | 0 | 1,846 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | |
Conservative Movement of Russia | 87,658 | 0.13 | 0 | 125,926 | 0.19 | 0 | 0 | New | |
All-Russian People's Party | 69,695 | 0.11 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
All-Russian Socio-Political Movement "Spiritual Heritage" | 67,417 | 0.10 | 0 | 594,426 | 0.92 | 1 | 1 | New | |
Socialist Party of Russia | 61,689 | 0.09 | 0 | 30,085 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | New | |
Social-Democrats of Russia | 50,948 | 0.08 | 0 | 18,618 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Russian Ecological Party "Kedr" | 112,167 | 0.17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Russian Patriotic Popular Movement | 10,481 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
Russian Party | 7,918 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Russian Conservative Party of Entrepreneurs | 2,647 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
Independents | 27,877,095 | 42.98 | 105 | 105 | +28 | ||||
Against all | 2,198,702 | 3.36 | – | 7,695,171 | 11.86 | 8 | 8 | – | |
Vacant seats | 1 | 1 | – | ||||||
Total | 65,370,690 | 100.00 | 225 | 64,865,922 | 100.00 | 225 | 450 | 0 | |
Valid votes | 65,370,690 | 98.05 | 64,865,922 | 97.84 | |||||
Invalid/blank votes | 1,296,992 | 1.95 | 1,429,779 | 2.16 | |||||
Total votes | 66,667,682 | 100.00 | 66,295,701 | 100.00 | |||||
Registered voters/turnout | 108,073,956 | 61.69 | 108,073,956 | 61.34 | |||||
Source: Nohlen & Stöver, University of Essex |