2011 Nobel Prizes

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The 2011 Nobel Prizes were awarded by the Nobel Foundation, based in Sweden. Six categories were awarded: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences. [1]

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Nobel Week took place from December 6 to 12, including programming such as lectures, dialogues, and discussions. The award ceremony and banquet for the Peace Prize were scheduled in Oslo on December 10, while the award ceremony and banquet for all other categories were scheduled for the same day in Stockholm. [2] [3]

Prizes

Physics

Awardee(s)
Saul Perlmutter.jpg Saul Perlmutter

(b. 1959)

Flag of the United States.svg American"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae" [4]
Brian P Schmidt.jpg Brian P. Schmidt

(b. 1967)

Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australian
Adam Riess.jpg Adam G. Riess

(b. 1969)

Flag of the United States.svg American

Chemistry

Awardee(s)
Nobel Prize 2011-Nobel interviews KVA-DSC 8039.jpg Dan Shechtman

(b. 1941)

Flag of Israel.svg Israeli

Flag of the United States.svg American

"for the discovery of quasicrystals" [5]

Physiology or Medicine

Awardee(s)
Nobel Prize 2011-Press Conference (3x4 cropped).jpg Bruce A. Beutler

(b. 1957)

Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" [6]
Nobel Prize 2011-Press Conference KI-DSC 7584.jpg Jules A. Hoffmann

(b. 1941)

Flag of France (lighter variant).svg  France
RMSt.jpg Ralph M. Steinman

(1943–2011)

Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity" (awarded posthumously) [7] [8]

Literature

Awardee(s)
Transtroemer (cropped).jpg Tomas Tranströmer

(1931–2015)

Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden "because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality" [9]

Peace

Awardee(s)
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf February 2015.jpg Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

(born 1938)

Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work." [10]
Leymah Gbowee no Fronteiras do Pensamento Porto Alegre 2013 (9730602149) (cropped).jpg Leymah Gbowee

(born 1972)

Tawakkol Karman (2019) II.jpg Tawakkul Karman

(born 1979)

Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen

Economic Sciences

Awardee(s)
Nobel Prize 2011-Press Conference KVA-DSC 7770.jpg Thomas J. Sargent

(b. 1943)

Flag of the United States.svg  United States "for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy" [11]
Nobel Prize 2011-Press Conference KVA-DSC 7720.jpg Christopher A. Sims

(b. 1942)

Controversies

Physiology or Medicine

Steinman passed away from cancer shortly before the awards ceremony, creating a technical complication for the Nobel Foundation regarding its policy of prohibiting posthumous awards. Ultimately, the committee ruled that Steinman's naming as a recipient prior to his death resolved the posthumous question. [12]

Over 20 immunologists, in an open letter published in Nature, applauded the foundation's recognition of "the field of innate immunity" but lamented the lack of acknowledgement for scientists Charles Janeway and Ruslan Medzhitov whose discoveries constituted a "Nobel-standard breakthrough" in regards to said field. [13]

Hoffman's awarding was questioned by Bruce Lemaitre, a scientist who worked in Hoffman's lab in the nineties during the course of Hoffman's immunology research. On a website launched after the award's announcement, Lemaitre claimed that he himself did much of the work on immunity while Hoffman was originally uninterested in his project and later "inappropriately" took credit for it as a group effort. [14]

Peace

Many questioned Sirleaf's awarding of the Peace Prize, pointing to her record as a head of state involving violent and corrupt leadership, as well as her past affiliation to Charles Taylor prior to her tenure as president. [15] Fellow laureate, Gbowee, also criticized Sirleaf's administration on similar lines. [16] However, others pushed back against said criticisms, stating that her advocacy of women's rights in Liberia has still been groundbreaking and influential. [17]

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References

  1. ↑ "2011 Nobel Prize Winners Announced". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
  2. ↑ Royen, Ulrika (2013-06-01). "Video - The Nobel Prize Award Ceremony 2011". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
  3. ↑ Royen, Ulrika (2013-06-01). "Video - The 2011 Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
  4. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
  5. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  6. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
  7. ↑ "Ralph Steinman Remains Nobel Laureate". The Nobel Foundation. 3 October 2011. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  8. ↑ Sample, Ian (3 October 2011). "Nobel prize to be awarded to dead scientist". The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2011. The Nobel foundation concluded that the award should stand, saying: "The Nobel prize to Ralph Steinman was made in good faith, based on the assumption that the Nobel laureate was alive."
  9. ↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2011". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  10. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2011". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2018-07-28. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
  11. ↑ "The Prize in Economic Sciences  2011". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
  12. ↑ Stefanie Ilgenfritz (3 October 2011). "A Posthumous Nobel for Medicine?" The Wall Street Journal.
  13. ↑ Allison, James P.; Benoist, Christophe; Chervonsky, Alexander V. (2011). "Nobels: Toll pioneers deserve recognition". Nature. 479 (7372): 178–178. doi:10.1038/479178a. ISSN   1476-4687.
  14. ↑ "Nobel Prize for Immunologists Provokes Yet Another Debate". www.science.org. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
  15. ↑ "Liberia's 'Iron Lady' Peace Prize Stirs Controversy". Voice of America. 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
  16. ↑ Allison, Simon (2012-10-10). "Fellow Nobel peace prize winner criticises Ellen Johnson Sirleaf". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2024-12-10.
  17. ↑ Cheng, Christine. "Sirleaf: A controversial laureate?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
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