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4 (of the 440) seats to the Pyithu Hluttaw (House of Representatives) 1 (of the 224) seats to the Amyotha Hluttaw (House of Nationalities) 8 seats to Regional Parliaments | |||||||||||||||||||
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By-elections were held in Myanmar on 3 November 2018 to fill 13 parliamentary seats: one in the Amyotha Hluttaw, four in the Pyithu Hluttaw, and eight in the State and Regional Hluttaw. The seats were left vacant due to the resignation or death of incumbent Members of Parliament. [1]
| Party | Votes | Votes % | Seats Won | Seats % | Change | Seats Before | Seats After | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Union Solidarity and Development Party | 1 | |||||||
| Total | 100 | 1 | 100 | 224 | 224 | |||
| Party | Votes | Votes % | Seats Won | Seats % | Change | Seats Before | Seats After | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National League for Democracy | 3 | |||||||
| Shan Nationalities League for Democracy | 1 | |||||||
| Total | 100 | 4 | 100 | 224 | 224 | |||
| Party | Votes | Votes % | Seats Won | Seats % | Change | Seats Before | Seats After | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National League for Democracy | 4 | |||||||
| Union Solidarity and Development Party | 2 | |||||||
| Chin League for Democracy | 1 | |||||||
| Independent | 1 | |||||||
| Total | 100 | 8 | 100 | 224 | 224 | |||
| Constituency | State/Region | House | Party Before | Party After | Incumbent MP | Reason for Vacancy | Elected MP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Myitkyina 2 | Kachin | Nationalities | Union Solidarity and Development Party | ||||
| Kanpetlet | Chin | Representatives | National League for Democracy | ||||
| Myingyan | Mandalay | National League for Democracy | |||||
| Lechar | Shan | Shan Nationalities League for Democracy | |||||
| Tamwe | Yangon | National League for Democracy | |||||
| Matupi 1 | Chin | State/Region | Chin League for Democracy | ||||
| Ottwin 1 | Bago | National League for Democracy | |||||
| Thabeikkyin 1 | Mandalay | National League for Democracy | |||||
| Ethnic Affairs Minister (Shan) | Mandalay | National League for Democracy | National League for Democracy | U Sai Seng Mai | |||
| Minbu 2 | Magway | National League for Democracy | |||||
| Rathedaung 2 | Rakhine | Independent | Tin Maung Win | ||||
| Tamu 2 | Sagaing | Union Solidarity and Development Party | |||||
| Seikkan 2 | Yangon | National League for Democracy | Union Solidarity and Development Party | Nay Myo Aung |
Myanmar is a unitary republic, with elected representatives at the national and, state or region levels. On the national level, the head of state, the President, is elected indirectly through an Electoral College. According to the 2008 constitution, the term durations of the legislature, the President, and the Cabinet are five years. All elections are regulated by the Union Election Commission.
The Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar is the supreme law of Myanmar. Myanmar's first constitution adopted by constituent assembly was enacted for the Union of Burma in 1947. After the 1962 Burmese coup d'état, a second constitution was enacted in 1974. The country has been ruled by military juntas for most of its history.
The Shan Nationalities League for Democracy is a political party in Myanmar (Burma). The party was established on 26 October 1988, and campaigns for the interests of the Shan people. The SNLD became the largest Shan party in the Assembly of the Union following the 2015 general election. The party is a federal party having local branches in most townships in Shan State and few in other states and regions such as Kayah, Kachin, and Mandalay.
The Union Solidarity and Development Party is a political party in Myanmar, registered on 8 June 2010 by the Union Election Commission and currently standing as the largest opposition party in the bicameral Assembly of the Union. It is the successor to the formerly ruling military junta's mass organisation, the Union Solidarity and Development Association. The party was headed by President Thein Sein until 2013, and its headquarters are in Naypyidaw's Dekkhinathiri Township. It is known for its close ties with the military and most of the party officials are former military personnel.
The Democratic Party is a political party in Myanmar (Burma), founded in 1988. It was formally registered in May 2010, with its headquarters in Pazundaung Township, Yangon.
The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw is the de jure national-level bicameral legislature of Myanmar established by the 2008 National Constitution. The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw is made up of two houses, the Amyotha Hluttaw, a 224-seat upper house as well as the Pyithu Hluttaw, a 440-seat lower house.
The Amyotha Hluttaw is the de jure upper house of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, the bicameral legislature of Myanmar (Burma). It consists of 224 members, of whom 168 are directly elected and 56 appointed by the Myanmar Armed Forces. The last elections to the Amyotha Hluttaw were held in November 2015. At its second meeting on 3 February 2016, Mahn Win Khaing Than and Aye Thar Aung were elected Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Amyotha Hluttaw and Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw as a whole.
The Pyithu Hluttaw is the de jure lower house of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, the bicameral legislature of Myanmar (Burma). It consists of 440 members, of which 330 are directly elected through the first-past-the-post system in each townships, and 110 are appointed by the Myanmar Armed Forces.
The Rakhine Nationalities Development Party was a political party in Myanmar (Burma), representing the interests of the Rakhine people in Rakhine State and Yangon Region. The party contested 44 seats, of which it won 35. RNDP was the largest party in the Rakhine State Hluttaw, the sole State or Region Hluttaw whose largest party was not the Union Solidarity and Development Party following the 2010 General Election. The party was at times accused of stirring up anti-Muslim feelings.
Myanmar is divided into twenty-one administrative subdivisions, which include seven states, seven regions, five self-administered zones and one self-administered division. The regions were called divisions prior to August 2010.
The All Mon Region Democracy Party (AMRDP) was a political party in Myanmar, representing the interests of the Mon people. In the 2010 Myanmar general election, which was boycotted by both the main opposition National League for Democracy and the other main Mon party, the Mon National Party, the AMRDP won 16 total seats, 3 in the Pyithu Hluttaw, 4 in the Amyotha Hluttaw and 9 in regional hluttaws.
Win Myint is a Burmese politician who served as the 10th president of Myanmar from 2018 to 2021. He was removed from office in the 2021 Burmese coup d'état. He was the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Myanmar from 2016 to 2018. He also served as a member of parliament in the House of Representatives from 2012 to 2018. Win Myint was viewed as an important ally and placeholder for State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi, who served as the actual head of government but was constitutionally barred from the presidency.
General elections were held in Myanmar on 8 November 2015, with the National League for Democracy winning a supermajority of seats in the combined national parliament. Voting occurred in all constituencies, excluding seats appointed by the military, to select Members of Assembly to seats in both the upper house and the lower house of the Assembly of the Union, and State and Region Hluttaws. Ethnic Affairs Ministers were also elected by their designated electorates on the same day, although only select ethnic minorities in particular states and regions were entitled to vote for them.
The Arakan National Party, is a political party in Myanmar (Burma), representing the interests of the Rakhine people in Rakhine State and Yangon Region. The party was founded on 13 January 2014 and registered with the election commission on 6 March 2014. The chairman of the ANP is Thar Htun Hla. The party is known for its hardline ethnic nationalist stance, as well as its Islamophobic and anti-Rohingya sentiments. Some members of the party were involved in instigating violence against Rohingya people during the communal riots in 2012, which left dozens dead and thousands homeless.
Kayah State Hluttaw is the legislature of the Burmese state of Kayah State. It is a unicameral body, consisting of 20 members, including 15 elected members and 5 military representatives. As of February 2016, the Hluttaw was led by speaker Hla Htwe of the National League for Democracy (NLD).
Shan State Hluttaw is the legislature of Shan State in Burma, established on February 8, 2016. It is a unicameral body, consisting of 137 members—103 elected members and 34 military representatives. As of February 2016, Sai Long Hseng of the Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) leads the Hluttaw.
Sagaing Region Hluttaw is the legislature of the Burmese region of Sagaing Region. It is a unicameral body, consisting of 101 members, including 76 elected members and 25 military representatives. As of February 2016, the Hluttaw was led by speaker Than of the National League for Democracy (NLD).
The Wa Democratic Party is a political party in Myanmar (Burma). The party was founded in 2010 to contest in the 2010 general election. In the 2015 general election, the party won a single seat in the Pyithu Hluttaw, and 2 seats in the Shan State Hluttaw.
The Chin Progressive Party is a Chin political party in Myanmar.
General elections were held in Myanmar on 8 November 2020. Voting occurred in all constituencies, excluding seats appointed by or reserved for the military, to elect members to both the upper house- Amyotha Hluttaw and the lower house- Pyithu Hluttaw of the Assembly of the Union, as well as State and Regional Hluttaws (legislatures). Ethnic Affairs Ministers were also elected by their designated electorates on the same day, although only select ethnic minorities in particular states and regions were entitled to vote for them. A total of 1,171 national, state, and regional seats were contested in the election, with polling having taken place in all townships, including areas considered conflict zones and self-administered regions.
