3-Methylpyridine

Last updated
3-Methylpyridine
3-methylpyridine-2D-skeletal.png
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
3-Methylpyridine
Other names
3-Picoline
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
1366
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
ECHA InfoCard 100.003.307 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 203-636-9
2450
PubChem CID
RTECS number
  • TJ5000000
UNII
UN number 2313
  • InChI=1S/C6H7N/c1-6-3-2-4-7-5-6/h2-5H,1H3
    Key: ITQTTZVARXURQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • Cc1cccnc1
Properties
C6H7N
Molar mass 93.13 g/mol
AppearanceColorless liquid
Density 0.957 g/mL
Melting point −19 °C (−2 °F; 254 K)
Boiling point 144 °C (291 °F; 417 K)
Miscible
-59.8·10−6 cm3/mol
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg GHS-pictogram-acid.svg GHS-pictogram-skull.svg GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg
Danger
H226, H302, H311, H314, H315, H319, H331, H332, H335
P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P311, P312, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P361, P362, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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3-Methylpyridine or 3-picoline, is an organic compound with formula 3-CH3C5H4N. It is one of three positional isomers of methylpyridine, whose structures vary according to where the methyl group is attached around the pyridine ring. This colorless liquid is a precursor to pyridine derivatives that have applications in the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries. Like pyridine, 3-methylpyridine is a colorless liquid with a strong odor and is classified as a weak base. [1]

Contents

Synthesis

3-Methylpyridine is produced industrially by the reaction of acrolein, with ammonia. These ingredients are combined as gases which flows over an oxide-based heterogeneous catalyst. The reaction is multistep, culminating in cyclisation.

2  CH2CHCHO + NH3 → CH3C5H4N + 2 H2O

This process also affords substantial amounts of pyridine, which arises by demethylation of the 3-methylpyridine. A route that gives better control of the product starts with acrolein, propionaldehyde, and ammonia: [1]

CH2CHCHO + CH3CH2CHO + NH3 → 3-CH3C5H4N + 2 H2O + H2

It may also be obtained as a co-product of pyridine synthesis from acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and ammonia via Chichibabin pyridine synthesis. Approximately 9,000,000 kilograms were produced worldwide in 1989. It has also been prepared by dehydrogenation of 3-methylpiperidine, derived from hydrogenation of 2-Methylglutaronitrile. [2]

Uses

3-Picoline is a useful precursor to agrochemicals, such as chlorpyrifos. [1] Chlorpyrifos is produced from 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, which is generated from 3-picoline by way of cyanopyridine. This conversion involves the ammoxidation of 3-methylpyridine:

CH3C5H4N + 1.5 O2 + NH3 → NCC5H4N + 3 H2O

3-Cyanopyridine is also a precursor to 3-pyridinecarboxamide, [3] [4] [5] which is a precursor to pyridinecarbaldehydes:

3-NCC5H3N + [H] + catalyst → 3-HC(O)C5H4N

Pyridinecarbaldehydes are used to make antidotes for poisoning by organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

Environmental behavior

Pyridine derivatives (including 3-methylpyridine) are environmental contaminants, generally associated with processing fossil fuels, such as oil shale or coal. [6] They are also found in the soluble fractions of crude oil spills. They have also been detected at legacy wood treatment sites. The high water solubility of 3-methyl pyridine increases the potential for the compound to contaminate water sources. 3-methyl pyridine is biodegradable, although it degrades more slowly and volatilize more readily from water samples than either 2-methyl- or 4-methyl-pyridine., [7] [8]

3-Methylpyridine is the main precursor to niacin, one of the B vitamins. Approximately 10,000 tons of niacin are produced annually worldwide. [9]

See also

Toxicity

Like most alkylpyridines, the LD50 of 2-methylpyridine is modest, being 400 mg/kg (oral, rat). [9]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyridine</span> Heterocyclic aromatic organic compound

Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula C5H5N. It is structurally related to benzene, with one methine group (=CH−) replaced by a nitrogen atom (=N−). It is a highly flammable, weakly alkaline, water-miscible liquid with a distinctive, unpleasant fish-like smell. Pyridine is colorless, but older or impure samples can appear yellow, due to the formation of extended, unsaturated polymeric chains, which show significant electrical conductivity. The pyridine ring occurs in many important compounds, including agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and vitamins. Historically, pyridine was produced from coal tar. As of 2016, it is synthesized on the scale of about 20,000 tons per year worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quinoline</span> Chemical compound

Quinoline is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C9H7N. It is a colorless hygroscopic liquid with a strong odor. Aged samples, especially if exposed to light, become yellow and later brown. Quinoline is only slightly soluble in cold water but dissolves readily in hot water and most organic solvents. Quinoline itself has few applications, but many of its derivatives are useful in diverse applications. A prominent example is quinine, an alkaloid found in plants. Over 200 biologically active quinoline and quinazoline alkaloids are identified. 4-Hydroxy-2-alkylquinolines (HAQs) are involved in antibiotic resistance.

In organic chemistry, an aryl halide is an aromatic compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms, directly bonded to an aromatic ring are replaced by a halide. Haloarenes are different from haloalkanes because they exhibit many differences in methods of preparation and properties. The most important members are the aryl chlorides, but the class of compounds is so broad that there are many derivatives and applications.

Dodecanol, or lauryl alcohol, is an organic compound produced industrially from palm kernel oil or coconut oil. It is a fatty alcohol. Sulfate esters of lauryl alcohol, especially sodium lauryl sulfate, are very widely used as surfactants. Sodium lauryl sulfate and the related dodecanol derivatives ammonium lauryl sulfate and sodium laureth sulfate are all used in shampoos. Dodecanol is tasteless, colorless, and has a floral odor.

Isonicotinic acid or pyridine-4-carboxylic acid is an organic compound with the formula C5H4N(CO2H). It is a derivative of pyridine with a carboxylic acid substituent at the 4-position. It is an isomer of picolinic acid and nicotinic acid, which have the carboxyl group at the 2- and 3-position respectively compared to the 4-position for isonicotinic acid.

The Bucherer reaction in organic chemistry is the reversible conversion of a naphthol to a naphthylamine in the presence of ammonia and sodium bisulfite. The reaction is widely used in the synthesis of dye precursors aminonaphthalenesulfonic acids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Picolinic acid</span> Pyridine-2-carboxylic acid; bidentate chelating agent

Picolinic acid is an organic compound with the formula NC5H4CO2H. It is a derivative of pyridine with a carboxylic acid (COOH) substituent at the 2-position. It is an isomer of nicotinic acid and isonicotinic acid, which have the carboxyl side chain at the 3- and 4-positions, respectively. It is a white solid although impure samples can appear tan. The compound is soluble in water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2,6-Lutidine</span> Chemical compound

2,6-Lutidine is a natural heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the formula (CH3)2C5H3N. It is one of several dimethyl-substituted derivative of pyridine, all of which are referred to as lutidines. It is a colorless liquid with mildly basic properties and a pungent, noxious odor.

The Chichibabin pyridine synthesis is a method for synthesizing pyridine rings. The reaction involves the condensation reaction of aldehydes, ketones, α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds, or any combination of the above, with ammonia. It was reported by Aleksei Chichibabin in 1924. Methyl-substituted pyridines, which show widespread uses among multiple fields of applied chemistry, are prepared by this methodology.

Picoline refers to any of three isomers of methylpyridine (CH3C5H4N). They are all colorless liquids with a characteristic smell similar to that of pyridine. They are miscible with water and most organic solvents.

2-Methylpyridine, or 2-picoline, is the compound described with formula C6H7N. 2-Picoline is a colorless liquid that has an unpleasant odor similar to pyridine. It is mainly used to make vinylpyridine and the agrichemical nitrapyrin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1-Methylimidazole</span> Chemical compound

1-Methylimidazole or N-methylimidazole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound with the formula CH3C3H3N2. It is a colourless liquid that is used as a specialty solvent, a base, and as a precursor to some ionic liquids. It is a fundamental nitrogen heterocycle and as such mimics for various nucleoside bases as well as histidine and histamine.

4-Methylpyridine is the organic compound with the formula CH3C5H4N. It is one of the three isomers of methylpyridine. This pungent liquid is a building block for the synthesis of other heterocyclic compounds. Its conjugate acid, the 4-methylpyridinium ion, has a pKa of 5.98, about 0.7 units above that of pyridine itself.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ammoxidation</span> Chemical process for producing nitriles from ammonia and oxygen

In organic chemistry, ammoxidation is a process for the production of nitriles using ammonia and oxygen. It is sometimes called the SOHIO process, acknowledging that ammoxidation was developed at Standard Oil of Ohio. The usual substrates are alkenes. Several million tons of acrylonitrile are produced in this way annually:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2-Vinylpyridine</span> Chemical compound

2-Vinylpyridine is an organic compound with the formula CH2CHC5H4N. It is a derivative of pyridine with a vinyl group in the 2-position, next to the nitrogen. It is a colorless liquid, although samples are often brown. It is used industrially as a precursor to specialty polymers and as an intermediate in the chemical, pharmaceutical, dye, and photo industries. Vinylpyridine is sensitive to polymerization. It may be stabilized with a polymerisation inhibitor such as tert-butylcatechol. Owing to its tendency to polymerize, samples are typically refrigerated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Methional</span> Chemical compound

Methional is an organic compound with the formula CH3SCH2CH2CHO. It is a colorless liquid that is a degradation product of methionine. It is a notable flavor in potato-based snacks, namely potato chips, one of the most popular foods containing methional. Traces of the compound can also be found in black tea and green tea based products. Methional contains both aldehyde and thioether functional groups. It is readily soluble in alcohol solvents, including propylene glycol and dipropylene glycol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2-Methylglutaronitrile</span> Chemical compound

2-Methylglutaronitrile is the organic compound with the formula NCCH2CH2CH(CH3)CN. This dinitrile is obtained in the large-scale synthesis of adiponitrile. It is a colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. It is the starting compound for the vitamin nicotinamide and for the diester dimethyl-2-methylglutarate and the ester amide methyl 5-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-5-oxopentanoate, which are promoted as green solvents. 2-Methylglutaronitrile is chiral but is mainly encountered as the racemate. It is also used to make Dytek A.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicotinonitrile</span> Chemical compound

Nicotinonitrile or 3-cyanopyridine is an organic compound with the formula NCC5H4N. The molecule consists of a pyridine ring with a nitrile group attached to the 3-position. A colorless solid, it is produced by ammoxidation of 3-methylpyridine:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">3,5-Lutidine</span> Chemical compound

3,5-Lutidine is a heterocyclic organic compound with the formula (CH3)2C5H3N. It is one of several dimethyl-substituted derivatives of pyridine, all of which are referred to as lutidines. It is a colorless liquid with mildly basic properties and a pungent odor. The compound is a precursor to the drug omeprazole.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">5-Ethyl-2-methylpyridine</span> Chemical compound

5-Ethyl-2-methylpyridine is an organic compound with the formula (C2H5)(CH3)C5H3N. One of several isomeric pyridines with this formula, this derivative is of interest because it is efficiently prepared from simple reagents and it is a convenient precursor to nicotinic acid, a form of vitamin B3. 5-Ethyl-2-methylpyridine is a colorless liquid.

References

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  2. Eric F. V. Scriven; Ramiah Murugan (2005). "Pyridine and Pyridine Derivatives". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. XLI. doi:10.1002/0471238961.1625180919031809.a01.pub2. ISBN   0471238961.
  3. Nagasawa, Toru; Mathew, Caluwadewa Deepal; Mauger, Jacques; Yamada, Hideaki (1988). "Nitrile Hydratase-Catalyzed Production of Nicotinamide from 3-Cyanopyridine in Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54 (7): 1766–1769. Bibcode:1988ApEnM..54.1766N. doi:10.1128/AEM.54.7.1766-1769.1988. PMC   202743 . PMID   16347686.
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  6. Sims, Gerald K.; O'Loughlin, Edward J.; Crawford, Ronald L. (January 1989). "Degradation of pyridines in the environment". Critical Reviews in Environmental Control. 19 (4): 309–340. Bibcode:1989CRvEC..19..309S. doi:10.1080/10643388909388372. ISSN   1040-838X.
  7. Sims, Gerald K.; Sommers, Lee E. (June 1986). "Biodegradation of pyridine derivatives in soil suspensions". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 5 (6): 503–509. doi:10.1002/etc.5620050601. ISSN   0730-7268.
  8. Sims, Gerald K.; Sommers, Lee E. (October 1985). "Degradation of Pyridine Derivatives in Soil". Journal of Environmental Quality. 14 (4): 580–584. Bibcode:1985JEnvQ..14..580S. doi:10.2134/jeq1985.00472425001400040022x. ISSN   0047-2425.
  9. 1 2 Manfred Eggersdorfer; et al. (2000). "Vitamins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_443. ISBN   3527306730.