4-4-4

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Reading No. 110 in its official portrait Reading 4-4-4.jpg
Reading No. 110 in its official portrait

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-4-4 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles, four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles, and four trailing wheels on two axles. In the United States, this arrangement was named the Reading type, since the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad was the first to use it. In Canada, this type is known as the Jubilee.

Contents

Other equivalent classifications are:

Usage

Bavarian Railways

A single, experimental 4-4-4, classified as S 2/6, was built for the Royal Bavarian State Railways in 1906 by Maffei. It was successful in an experimental sense, but was too light to haul passenger trains of useful capacity. It was fast, attaining 154 km/h (96 mph) on test, and was semi-streamlined with a pointed nosecone and fairings around the cylinders, stack and dome, and slanted-back cab windows. It inspired the later Bavarian S 3/6 4-6-2 "Pacifics". It passed to the Deutsche Reichseisenbahnen when the German railways were centralised, and was classified as BR 15, number 15 001. It was taken out of service in 1925, and was restored by Maffei to be exhibited at the Munich Transport Exhibition of that year. After the exhibition ended, it was placed in the Nuremberg Transport Museum, where it remains. [1]

Reading Railroad

The Philadelphia and Reading Railway built four C1a Class locomotives in 1915, numbered 110 to 113. They proved to be quite unstable; after that year, they were rebuilt to 4-4-2 "Atlantic" locomotives, classified as P7sa, and renumbered 350 to 353. [1]

Baltimore & Ohio

B&O created a single 4-4-4 in 1934, rebuilding a 4-4-2 "Atlantic" into a solitary class J-1, named Lady Baltimore. This and the single class V-2 4-6-4 Lord Baltimore were built for new lightweight passenger trains. In the Lady Baltimore's case the Abraham Lincoln on the Chicago and Alton Railroad, a wholly owned subsidiary of the B&O. Despite the Alton's flat territory and straight track, the locomotive did not do well. It was returned to the B&O and was again modified at the railroad's Mount Clare shops, a less streamlined cab and front end being fitted. Subsequently, it was placed into local service on the railroad's Wheeling Division, mostly operating between Holloway and Cleveland, Ohio. It proved no more successful in that service, and was sent to the B&O's Riverside Shop for storage. It was scrapped in 1949. [1]

Canadian Pacific

Canadian Pacific Railway class F1a "Jubilee" No. 2928 CPR locomotive 2928 type F1a 4-4-4.jpg
Canadian Pacific Railway class F1a "Jubilee" No. 2928

The Canadian Pacific Railway built two classes of 4-4-4 "Jubilee" locomotives. Both were semi-streamlined, in a similar fashion to the 4-6-4 "Royal Hudson" and 2-10-4 "Selkirk" locomotives. The F2a was styled after the Milwaukee Road "Hiawatha" 4-4-2 "Atlantic", but with a four-wheel trailing truck to support a longer firebox.

Class F2a consisted of five locomotives, Nos. 3000-3004. They can be most easily distinguished from the other type through the main rods being connected to the leading pair of drivers. Some trouble was discovered with this arrangement, as they had a tendency to bend the main rods in reverse. However, they did hold the Canadian record for speed, at 112.5 mph, during a braking test. The pilot was smoothly rounded and streamlined, with two stainless-steel bands. None of this group survive.

Class F1a consisted of twenty locomotives, Nos. 2910-2929. These had the main rods connected to the trailing set of drivers, and a more regular pilot, with a straight pilot beam, a drop-coupler sheet steel pilot below that, and a more regular front deck. Two of this class of locomotive, Nos. 2928 and 2929, have survived. No. 2928 is at the Canadian Railway Museum in Delson, Quebec, while No. 2929 is at Steamtown National Historic Site in Scranton, Pennsylvania. [1]

Britain

In Britain the 4-4-4 arrangement was confined to tank locomotives and there to specific applications requiring either high speed stability in both directions (created by a symmetrical arrangement with bogies front and rear) or a powerful locomotive with as short a fixed wheelbase as possible. Eric G. Barker designed three examples for the Wirral Railway in 1896. [2] The Midland and South Western Junction Railway purchased two 4-4-4 tank engines from Sharp, Stewart and Company but these were not a success due to their poor traction. The North Eastern Railway Class D was designed by Vincent Raven in 1913. [3] Between 1931 and 1936 they were rebuilt with a 4-6-2T wheel layout and re-classified as A8. [4] The H Class locomotives built for the Metropolitan Railway in the 1920s are an example of both these factors leading to a rare use of the 4-4-4 arrangement.

242.001 at the Hungarian Railway Museum MAV 242.jpg
242.001 at the Hungarian Railway Museum

Australia

The Western Australia Government Railway N Class 4-4-4 tank locomotives were introduced in 1896.

Hungary

MÁVAG introduced some MÁV Class 242 4-4-4 streamlined tank locomotives between 1936 and 1939.

India

No. 22782, Railway Museum, Mysore, India (ca. Apr 2022) Side Locomotive NBL 22782 Mysore Apr22 A7C 01895.jpg
No. 22782, Railway Museum, Mysore, India (ca. Apr 2022)

The Vishveshwaraiah Iron and Steel Company, Bhadravati introduces a Class-E 4-4-4T steam locomotive of the North British Locomotive Company in March 1921. The locomotive no. 22782 was built in the Atlas Works, Glasgow in 1920, one of 23 of this type. [5] It is currently exhibited in the Railway Museum in the Mysore Junction Railway Station.

Uruguay

The "D type" 4-4-4T of the Central Uruguay Railway were eight locomotives (Vulcan Foundry 1913 and 1915) for use in the suburban services around Montevideo Central Station.[ citation needed ]

Venezuela

4-4-4T Condor of the Gran Ferrocarril de Venezuela in 1901 'Condor' Ferrocarril de Venezuela.jpg
4-4-4T Cóndor of the Gran Ferro­carril de Venezuela in 1901

The 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge Gran Ferrocarril de Venezuela (Great Venezuela Railway) acquired a class of three 4-4-4T locomotives in 1892, the Cóndor, Gavilán and Halcón. They were built by Hartmann's Sächsische Maschinenfabrik in Chemnitz, Germany. Their maximum speed was 70 km/h (43 mph). [6]

Halcón still exists and, after an overhaul in 1975, was in service on a heritage line until 1997. Today it is in a desolate condition. [7]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">4-6-2</span> Locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-6-2 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles and two trailing wheels on one axle. The 4-6-2 locomotive became almost globally known as a Pacific type after a New Zealand locomotive that was shipped across the Pacific Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4-8-2</span> Locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-8-2 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels, eight powered and coupled driving wheels and two trailing wheels. This type of steam locomotive is commonly known as the Mountain type, but the New York Central Railroad called their 4-8-2s the Mohawk type.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Whyte notation</span> Code for arrangement of locomotive wheels

The Whyte notation is a classification method for steam locomotives, and some internal combustion locomotives and electric locomotives, by wheel arrangement. It was devised by Frederick Methvan Whyte, and came into use in the early twentieth century following a December 1900 editorial in American Engineer and Railroad Journal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">0-4-0</span> Locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-4-0 represents one of the simplest possible types, that with two axles and four coupled wheels, all of which are driven. The wheels on the earliest four-coupled locomotives were connected by a single gear wheel, but from 1825 the wheels were usually connected with coupling rods to form a single driven set.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4-6-4</span> Locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of locomotives, 4-6-4 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels, six powered and coupled driving wheels and four trailing wheels. In France where the type was first used, it is known as the Baltic while it became known as the Hudson in most of North America.

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Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-8-4 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and four trailing wheels on two axles. The type was first used by the Northern Pacific Railway, and initially named the Northern Pacific, but railfans and railroad employees have shortened the name since its introduction. It is most-commonly known as a Northern.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4-6-0</span> Railway steam locomotive wheel arrangement

A 4-6-0 steam locomotive, under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, has four leading wheels on two axles in a leading bogie and six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles with the absence of trailing wheels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2-6-0</span> Locomotive wheel arrangement

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">2-8-4</span> Locomotive wheel arrangement

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">2-6-4</span> Locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, a 2-6-4 locomotive has two leading wheels, six coupled driving wheels and four trailing wheels.

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-8-0 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and no trailing wheels. Locomotives of this type are also referred to as eight coupled.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2-4-2</span> Locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-4-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles and two trailing wheels on one axle. The type is sometimes named Columbia after a Baldwin 2-4-2 locomotive was showcased at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition held at Chicago, Illinois.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2-4-4T</span> Tank locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, 2-4-4 is a steam locomotive with two unpowered leading wheels followed by four powered driving wheels and four unpowered trailing wheels. This configuration was only used for tank locomotives; no tender locomotives with this wheel arrangement were made.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4-2-4T</span> Tank locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-2-4 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles, two powered driving wheels on one axle, and four trailing wheels on two axles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2-4-0</span> Locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-4-0 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles and no trailing wheels. In most of North America it became known as a Porter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">0-4-4T</span> Tank locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-4-4 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles, and four trailing wheels on two axles. This type was only used for tank locomotives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">0-6-4T</span> Tank locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-6-4 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles, and four trailing wheels on two axles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4-6-2+2-6-4</span> Locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, a 4-6-2+2-6-4 is a Garratt or Union Garratt articulated locomotive using a pair of 4-6-2 engine units back to back, with the boiler and cab suspended between them. The 4-6-2 wheel arrangement of each engine unit has four leading wheels on two axles, usually in a leading bogie, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles, and two trailing wheels on one axle, usually in a trailing truck.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "4-4-4 - Trains". train.spottingworld.com.
  2. ↑ The ABC of British Railway Locomotives, Summer 1961, Ian Allan Ltd.
  3. ↑ Ahrons, E. L. (1927). The British Steam Railway Locomotive 1825-1925. Amen Corner, London: Locomotive Publishing Co. p. 338.
  4. ↑ Casserley, H.C.; Asher, L.L. (1961) [1955]. Locomotives of British Railways. Spring Books. p. 113.
  5. ↑ "Steam locomotive at Mysore info sign". Wikimedia Commons . May 7, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
  6. ↑ "The Great Venezuelan Railway". In: Railway Magazine, July 1901, pp. 38–48.
  7. ↑ Jaime Oliva Esteva, Glen Beadon: The 1975 restoration of Great Venezuela Railway "HALCON". YouTube, 2021.

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