2-2-2

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Replica of Adler at Furth, May 2008 Adler May 2008 Fuerth 3.jpg
Replica of Adler at Fürth, May 2008

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-2-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, two powered driving wheels on one axle, and two trailing wheels on one axle. The wheel arrangement both provided more stability and enabled a larger firebox than the earlier 0-2-2 and 2-2-0 types. This wheel arrangement is sometimes described as a Single , although this name could be used to describe any kind of locomotive with a single pair of driving wheels.

Contents

Equivalent classifications

Other equivalent classifications are:

History

The 2-2-2 configuration appears to have been developed by Robert Stephenson & Company in 1834, as an enlargement of their 2-2-0 Planet configuration, offering more stability and a larger firebox. The new type became known as Stephenson's Patentee locomotive. [1] Adler, the first successful locomotive to operate in Germany, was a Patentee supplied by Robert Stephenson & Company in component form in December, 1835 was one of the earliest examples. Other examples were exported to the Netherlands, Russia and Italy. [2] By 1838 the 2-2-2 had become the standard passenger design by Robert Stephenson & Company. [3]

Eighteen of the first nineteen locomotives ordered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel for the opening of the Great Western Railway in 1837/8 were of the 2-2-2 type. [4] These included six 2-2-2 locomotives built by Charles Tayleur at his Vulcan Foundry. Also in 1837 the successful North Star broad gauge locomotive was delivered to the Great Western Railway by Stephenson, becoming the first of a class of twelve locomotives by 1841.

Great Western Railway North Star at Swindon North Star photograph.jpg
Great Western Railway North Star at Swindon

Later UK developments

Sharp, Roberts & Company constructed more than 600 2-2-2 locomotives between 1837 and 1857. Ten of these supplied to the Grand Junction Railway became the basis of Alexander Allan's successful designs for the railway from 1845 (the first of which, formerly named Columbine, is preserved). John Rennie supplied 2-2-2 locomotives to the London and Croydon Railway from 1838 and the London and Brighton Railway in 1840. [5] Arend ("eagle") was one of the two first steam locomotives in the Netherlands, built by R. B. Longridge and Company of Bedlington, Northumberland in 1839.

The Great Western Railway continued to order both broad gauge and standard gauge locomotives on the railway, including the Firefly and Sun classes (1840–42), which were enlarged versions of North Star. Bury, Curtis and Kennedy supplied six 2-2-2 locomotives to the Bristol and Gloucester Railway in 1844, and fourteen to the Great Southern and Western Railway in Ireland in 1848, (the last of these has been preserved at Cork Kent railway station.

The original "Jenny Lind" locomotive, 1847. Jenny Lind locomotive.jpg
The original "Jenny Lind" locomotive, 1847.

The Jenny Lind locomotive, designed by David Joy and built in 1847 for the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway by the E. B. Wilson and Company of Leeds, became the basis of hundreds of similar passenger locomotives built during the 1840s and 1850s by this and other manufacturers for UK railways. The London and North Western Railway Cornwall locomotive was designed at Crewe Works as a 4-2-2 by Francis Trevithick in 1847, but was rebuilt as a 2-2-2 in 1858.

Although by the 1860s the 2-2-2 configuration was beginning to be superseded by the 2-4-0 type with better adhesion, the invention of steam sanding gave 2-2-2 singles a new lease of life, and they continued to be built until the 1890s. Notable late examples include William Stroudley's singles of 1874–1880, William Dean's 157 class of 1878–79, [6] and his 3001 class (1891–92), [7] [8] both for the Great Western Railway. James Holden of the Great Eastern Railway created some 2-2-2 singles in 1889 by removing the coupling rod from a 2-4-0.

Belgium

Replica of 'Le Belge' 1835 Stoomloc Le Belge.jpg
Replica of 'Le Belge' 1835

The first steam railway locomotive built in Belgium in 1835, and was built by John Cockerill under license to a design by Robert Stephenson & Company It was built for use on the first main line on the European mainland, the Brussels-Mechelen line. [9] A replica was built at the workshops of Boissellerie Cognaut for the 150th anniversary of the formation of Belgium. [10] Brussels-Mechelen line

Italy

Two 2-2-2 locomotives were imported from Longridge and Co of Bedlington Ironworks England for the Naples–Portici railway in 1839 named Bayard and Vesuvio. A replica of 'Bayard is at the Naples Railway Museum. [11]

Germany

Most of the earliest locomotives to operate in what is now Germany before the mid-1840s were 2-2-2s delivered by UK manufacturers. However, by 1839 the type was also being built locally see List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses. The Pegasus of 1839 was the first locomotive to be built by the Sächsische Maschinenbau-Compagnie in Chemnitz. August Borsig and Company manufactured Beuth in 1843 which was highly successful; its valve design became de facto standard for locomotives for decades to come. [12] By 1846 he had manufactured more than a hundred similar locomotives. Both the Leipzig-Dresden Railway and Royal Bavarian State Railways (Königlich Bayerische Staatsbahn) built several 2-2-2 classes 1841-1859. Similarly, the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg Friedrich-Franz Railway grouped various 2-2-2 steam locomotives procured from German manufacturers between 1848 and 1863 into its Mecklenburg I class.

Austria

The Imperial Austrian State Railways (kaiserlich-königliche österreichische Staatsbahnen or kkStB) built two successful locomotives of this wheel arrangement in 1907. Similarly the Federal Railway of Austria (BBÖ) built two examples of an express tank locomotive in 1934 and 1937.

Latvia

One of last 2-2-2 tank locomotives were ordered by Latvian Railways, for local traffic. The locomotives Tk class were designed by German Hohenzollern, and 20 were manufactured in Germany and Latvia in 1928-1934. [13] They were next seized by Soviet railways. After World War II one served in Poland as OKa1 class. [13]

The locomotive "Pioneer" in service on the Cumberland Valley Railroad in the 1880s or 1890s. PioneerLocomotiveSmithsonian.jpg
The locomotive "Pioneer" in service on the Cumberland Valley Railroad in the 1880s or 1890s.
"Fairy Queen" Operating in 2011 The Queen in a somewhat dilapidated condition. Nevertheless, my tenth visit was of worth^^ - Flickr - Dr. Santulan Mahanta (cropped).jpg
"Fairy Queen" Operating in 2011

Preserved examples and replicas

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stephenson's Rocket</span> Steam locomotive by Robert Stephenson in 1829

Stephenson's Rocket is an early steam locomotive of 0-2-2 wheel arrangement. It was built for and won the Rainhill Trials of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway (L&MR), held in October 1829 to show that improved locomotives would be more efficient than stationary steam engines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">0-4-0</span> Locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-4-0 represents one of the simplest possible types, that with two axles and four coupled wheels, all of which are driven. The wheels on the earliest four-coupled locomotives were connected by a single gear wheel, but from 1825 the wheels were usually connected with coupling rods to form a single driven set.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4-4-0</span> Locomotive wheel arrangement

4-4-0, in the Whyte notation, denotes a steam locomotive with a wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles, four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles, and no trailing wheels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4-2-0</span> Locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-2-0 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles, two powered driving wheels on one axle and no trailing wheels. This type of locomotive is often called a Jervis type, the name of the original designer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crampton locomotive</span> Type of steam locomotive, built from 1846

A Crampton locomotive is a type of steam locomotive designed by Thomas Russell Crampton and built by various firms from 1846. The main British builders were Tulk and Ley and Robert Stephenson and Company.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4-8-0</span> Locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-8-0 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles, usually in a leading truck or bogie, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and no trailing wheels. In North America and in some other countries the type was usually known as the Twelve-wheeler.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GWR 4100 Class</span> Class of 84 British 4-4-0 locomotives

The GWR 4100 Class was a class of steam locomotives in the Great Western Railway (GWR) of the United Kingdom.

The Great Western Railway 3800 Class, also known as the County Class, were a class of 4-4-0 steam locomotives for express passenger train work introduced in 1904 in a batch of ten. Two more batches followed in 1906 and 1912 with minor differences. They were designed by George Jackson Churchward, who used standard components to produce a four-coupled version of his Saint Class 4-6-0s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GWR Star Class</span>

The Great Western Railway (GWR) Star Class of 2-2-2 broad gauge steam locomotives were used for passenger train work. Designed by Robert Stephenson, the class was introduced into service between November 1838 and November 1841, and withdrawn between April 1864 and September 1871.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GWR Iron Duke class</span> Steam locomotives built 1846–1847

The Great Western Railway Iron Duke Class 4-2-2 was a class of 7 ft 1⁄4 in broad gauge steam locomotives for express passenger train work.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2-4-4T</span> Tank locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, 2-4-4 is a steam locomotive with two unpowered leading wheels followed by four powered driving wheels and four unpowered trailing wheels. This configuration was only used for tank locomotives; no tender locomotives with this wheel arrangement were made.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4-2-4T</span> Tank locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-2-4 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles, two powered driving wheels on one axle, and four trailing wheels on two axles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">0-2-2</span> Locomotive wheel arrangement

An 0-2-2, in the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, is one that has two coupled driving wheels followed by two trailing wheels, with no leading wheels. The configuration was briefly built by Robert Stephenson and Company for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2-4-0</span> Locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-4-0 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles and no trailing wheels. In most of North America it became known as a Porter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">0-4-2</span> Locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-4-2 represents the wheel arrangement with no leading wheels, four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles and two trailing wheels on one axle. While the first locomotives of this wheel arrangement were tender engines, the configuration was later often used for tank engines, which is noted by adding letter suffixes to the configuration, such as 0-4-2T for a conventional side-tank locomotive, 0-4-2ST for a saddle-tank locomotive, 0-4-2WT for a well-tank locomotive and 0-4-2RT for a rack-equipped tank locomotive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">0-4-4T</span> Tank locomotive wheel arrangement

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-4-4 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles, and four trailing wheels on two axles. This type was only used for tank locomotives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GWR 3031 Class</span> Type of British steam locomotive

The Dean Single, 3031 Class, or Achilles Class was a type of steam locomotive built by the British Great Western Railway between 1891 and 1899. They were designed by William Dean for passenger work. The first 30 members of the class were built as 2-2-2s of the 3001 Class.

<i>Adler</i> (locomotive)

The Adler was the first locomotive that was successfully used commercially for the rail transport of passengers and goods in Germany. The railway vehicle was designed and built in 1835 by the British railway pioneers George and Robert Stephenson in the English city of Newcastle. It was delivered to the Bavarian Ludwig Railway for service between Nuremberg and Fürth. It ran officially for the first time there on 7 December 1835. The Adler was a steam locomotive of the Patentee type with a wheel arrangement of 2-2-2 or 1A1. The Adler was equipped with a tender of type 2 T 2. It had a sister locomotive, the Pfeil.

<i>Patentee</i> (locomotive) Steam locomotive introduced in 1833

The Patentee locomotive was a revolutionary 2-2-2 steam locomotive type introduced by Robert Stephenson and Company in 1833, as an enlargement of their 2-2-0 Planet type. The wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, two powered driving wheels on one axle, and two trailing wheels on one axle provided more stability and enabled a larger firebox than the earlier 0-2-2 and 2-2-0 types.

Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-2-2-0 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles, four independently driven driving wheels on two axles, and no trailing wheels. The arrangement became known as double single.

References

  1. ↑ Hamilton Ellis, The pictorial encyclopaedia of railways, Hamlyn, 1968, p.37.
  2. ↑ Ellis, The pictorial encyclopaedia of railways, p.37.
  3. ↑ Science Museum, The British Railway Locomotive 1803–1853, H.M.S.O, 1958, p.13.
  4. ↑ Reed, P.J.T. (February 1953). White, D.E. (ed.). The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway, part two: Broad Gauge. Kenilworth: Railway Correspondence & Travel Society. p. B9. ISBN   0-901115-32-0.
  5. ↑ D.L. Bradley, Locomotives of the London Brighton and South Coast Railway, Part 1, Railway Correspondence & Travel Society, 1969, p.36.
  6. ↑ Tabor, F.J. (February 1956). White, D.E. (ed.). The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway, part four: Six-wheeled Tender Engines. Kenilworth: Railway Correspondence & Travel Society. p. D15.
  7. ↑ Tabor 1956 , p. D19
  8. ↑ le Fleming, H.M. (October 1954). White, D.E. (ed.). The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway, part seven: Dean's Larger Tender Engines. Kenilworth: Railway Correspondence & Travel Society. pp. G7–G8. ISBN   0-901115-18-5.
  9. ↑ "La Construction des LOCOMOTIVES à VAPEUR en Belgique". www.tassignon.be (in French).
  10. ↑ "La loco à vapeur de Vresse-sur-semois". home.scarlet.be (in French).
  11. ↑ "The Naples Railway Museum". www.internationalsteam.co.uk. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  12. ↑ Christopher Chant, 'The World's Railways, Regency House Publishing (2001)1552671607
  13. 1 2 3 Altbergs, Toms. The Latvian Tk tanks, "Locomotives International" No.101, p. 54-56


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