Abdul Nazer Mahdani

Last updated

Abdunnasir Ma'dani
Abdu Nasser Mahdany.jpg
Personal details
Born (1966-01-18) 18 January 1966 (age 58)
Sasthamkotta, Kollam, Kerala, India
Political party Peoples Democratic Party
SpouseSoofiya Ma'dani
Children3
Alma mater Jami'a Nooriyya Arabic College
Occupation

Abdul Nasar Ma'dani (born 18 January 1966), [1] also spelled Abdunnasir Ma'dani [2] is an Indian politician and Islamic cleric. He is the leader of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) from Kerala. [3]

Contents

Mahdani was accused of involving in 1998 Coimbatore bombings, but was acquitted of all charges after spending 9+1⁄2 years in Coimbatore Central Prison. [4] [5] He is currently under judicial custody at Karnataka in relation with the 2008 Bangalore serial blasts. [6]

Personal life

Ma'dani was born at Anvarserry, Mynagappally, Kollam district to Abdul Samad and Asma Beevi on 18 January 1966. [7] [8] He is married to Soofiya Ma'dani and the couple has three children; a daughter named Shameera and two sons named Umar Mukhthar and Salaludin Ayoobi. Umar Mukhthar is married to Nihammat a native of Thalassery. [9]

His wife Soofiya Ma'dani was the tenth accused in 2005 Kalamassery bus burning case. [10]

He lost his right leg on 6 August 1992 following a bombing attack near Anwarserry and is using Prosthetic leg since then. [11] [12] [13] [14]

Political Activism and allies

At a young age, Mahdani began delivering sermons at a local mosque in the Kollam district. His oratory skills were well received, and he soon built up a following. [15] He subsequently formed the Islamic Seva Sangh (ISS) in 1989. This organization was banned following Demolition of the Babri Masjid. In 1992 he launched a new outfit named Peoples Democratic Party (India) calling for Muslim - Dalit movement. [16]

Though he was jailed since 1998, in 2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election his outfit backed the United Democratic Front and in 2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election his party backed Left Democratic Front. [17] He and his political outfit was in alliance with Communist Party of India (Marxist) for 2009 Indian general elections. [18] He is still the chairman of Peoples Democratic Party.

Chengara Solidarity March

Abdul Nasser Mahdani delivered a speech at Chengara Adivasi Protest in support of the struggle in May 2008. He declared the objective of Muslim-Dalit-Adivasi Unity under the banner of "Power to Avarnas and Liberation to The Oppressed [19] [20]

Incarceration and release

1998 Arrests and release

Ma'dani was arrested by Kerala Police under the leadership of Jacob Thomas IPS on March 31, 1998 from residence at Kaloor in connection with 1998 Coimbatore bombings. He was initially shifted to Kozhikode and then to Tamil Nadu. [21] He was released on August 1, 2007 after acquittal in this case. [22]

Free Ma'dani Campaigns

In March 16, 2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly passed a unanimous resolution seeking release of Ma'dani on humanitarian grounds from Coimbatore Central Prison in connection with 1998 blasts. [23]

His political outfit Peoples Democratic Party and politicians like K. T. Jaleel has also voiced for release of Ma'dani. [24]

With the aim of providing legal and financial aid to PDP chairman Abdul Nasser Ma'dani, who has been arrested in connection with the Bangalore blast case, to wage legal and political battle, Justice For Ma'dani Forum was constituted under the aegis of various Muslim organisations on 25 August 2010. [25] The Justice for Ma'dani Forum demanded that the Bangalore blast case, in which PDP leader Abdul Nasser Ma'dani, has been listed as an accused, should be probed by any agency outside the state of Karnataka, preferably by the National Investigation Agency. [26]

There are a section of society who claims that Ma'dani is unlawfully kept in undertrial for long and is framed. [27]

2010 arrest

Ma'dani was arrested by a join team of Karnataka Police and Kerala Police from his residence at Kollam district on August 17, 2010. [28] He was lodged in Central Prison, Bangalore after the arrests.

Bails after 2010 arrest

Mahdani while being arrested for Bangalore blast case While arresting Ma'dani in the Bangalore case.jpg
Mahdani while being arrested for Bangalore blast case

In March 2013 Mahdani was granted a 5-day interim bail to attend his daughter's wedding and to visit his ailing father. [29] In 2013 bail he has made controversial remarks during speech at daughter's wedding. [30] On 21 October 2013, the Supreme Court of India directed the Karnataka Government to immediately shift Mahdani to a private hospital for treatment. The court also allowed his wife to be along with him as a bystander during his stay in the hospital. [31] In November 2014 Government of Karnataka submitted that the enquiries for trial will be completed in six months. [32]

On 24 July 2017, his bail application for attending his son's marriage on 9 August was initially rejected by NIA court. In response to this, his party PDP called for statewide Hartal in Kerala on 26 July 2017. [33] Later Supreme Court of India granted him 7 day bail from Aug 7 - August 14 to attend his son's wedding at Thalassery. [9]

In 2018 October he was granted bail for visiting his ailing mother. [8] In 2021 Supreme Court rejected his plea for further relaxations in 2014 bail conditions. [34]

Controversies

Islamic Seva Sangh

Mahdani had set up the Islamic Seva Sangh in 1989. It was banned in 1992 for alleged subversive act along with SIMI and Jamaat-e-Islami following the Babri Masjid demolition. [15] [35] [36]

Hate Speeches

There were numerous cases against him charged by Kerala Police for making inflammatory speeches and issuing vitriolic communal statements post Babri Masjid demolition.There is nearly 24 cases charged against him in Kerala. [37]

Alleged involvement in Coimbatore blast case

Ma'dani after his release from Coimbatore jail Coimbathoormadhani.jpg
Ma'dani after his release from Coimbatore jail

He was allegedly involved in the 1998 Coimbatore bombings held on 14 February 1998, that killed 58 people. Mahdani was imprisoned for nine years in this case in Tamil Nadu. Later, Mahdani was acquitted of all charge. [38]

Alleged involvement in Bangalore Blasts

Connections with Thadiyantavide Nazeer

Investigators allege that suspected south India commander of the Lashkar-e-Taiba Thadiyantavide Nazeer came into militancy through ISS founded by Mahdani. [39] [40] Nazeer is suspected to have established links with LeT [40] [41] and was picked up by Bangladeshi authorities and handed over to BSF on the Meghalaya border. [40] [42] In connection with the Bangalore blast case, police have presented phone records to the court proving that Ma'dani contacted the main accused Nazeer several times before and after the blast. Phone calls were made from a number registered in Ma'dani's wife Soofiya's name. [43] [44]

According to the police, after orchestrating the blasts Nasir went in hiding at Ma'dani's office at Anvarssery. [45] However Ma'dani's advocate B. V. Acharya has contended that it is "only a make believe theory to implicate Ma'dani". [46] Nazeer has also confessed that he has coordinated the 2005 Kalamassery bus burning case for release of Ma'dani from Coimbatore jail.

High Court and Supreme court observations in Bangalore blast case

Ma'dani is lodged in Karnataka jail and is in judicial custody for his involvement in the 2008 Bangalore serial blasts, which killed one person and injured 20 more, and for similar incidents in Ahmedabad, Surat and Jaipur. [47] As per former Karnataka state Home Minister V. S. Acharya, Mahdani also allegedly admitted role in the 2010 Bangalore stadium bombing on 17 April 2010, [48] which he had denied earlier. [49] [50] This assertion regarding the confession of Mahdani was rejected by Mahdani's counsel and said that the allegation baseless and devoid of facts, and is politically motivated. [51] After a court issued a fresh non-bailable warrant, [52] Mahdani claimed that he proffered to surrender so as to avoid 'unpleasant situations' when he was to be arrested. [53]

On 11 February 2011, the Karnataka High Court had rejected Mahdani's plea stating that there is no direct evidence of conspiracies against Ma'dani. [54] At the final hearing Justice Markandey Katju uttered that he was wondering as to how a person on a wheel chair could pose a threat if released on bail. [55] The Supreme Court bench was divided on granting bail to Mahdani and posted the matter to Chief Justice of India to form a new bench to decide on the plea. [56] However, in 2013 -14 court relaxed bail conditions and Ma'dani was granted bail on personal grounds by courts multiple times between 2013 and 2018. In 2020 Chief Justice of India Sharad Arvind Bobde called him a dangerous man on a plea for further relaxation in bail conditions. [32]

Murder attempt case

Madhani has been named the first accused in a case registered in 2013 relating to the alleged attempt in 1998 to murder RSS ideologue P. Parameswaran and Father K. K. Alavi, a convert into Christianity from Islam. [57] The case relates to Ma'dani offering money to murder both individuals. Ma'dani dismissed the charges and said he was not involved in it and alleged political conspiracy against him. [57] In September 2015, Crime Branch had submitted to the court that Parameswaran and Alavi had stated that they had never faced any attempt on their life as alleged in the complaint and that no evidence could be obtained to substantiate this allegation against Mahdani. [58] [59]

See also

Related Research Articles

The Students' Islamic Movement of India is a banned terrorist organisation that was formed in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh in April 1977. The stated mission of SIMI is the "liberation of India" by converting it to an Islamic land, or Dār al-'Islām. The SIMI, an organisation of extremists has declared Jihad against India, the aim of which is to establish Dār al-'Islām by converting everyone to Islam.

Events in the year 2005 in the Republic of India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Veerappan</span> Indian criminal (1952–2004)

Koose Munusamy Veerappan was an Indian criminal who was active for 36 years from 1968 to 2004. He was charged with sandalwood smuggling and poaching of elephants in the scrub lands and forests in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala. He was wanted for killing approximately 184 people, about half of whom were police officers and forest officials. He was also responsible for poaching approximately 500 of the 2000 elephants killed in the peninsular region where he was active and for smuggling ivory worth US$2.6 million and about 65 tons of sandalwood worth approximately US$22 million.

Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), is a political party in Kerala, India. The PDP is known more as the party led by Abdul Nazer Mahdani, a popular Muslim leader in Kerala.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1998 Coimbatore bombings</span> Bombings in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

The 1998 Coimbatore bombings occurred on Saturday, 14 February 1998, in the city of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 58 people were killed and over 200 injured in the 12 bomb attacks in 11 places, all within a 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) radius. The explosives used were found to be gelatin sticks activated by timer devices and were concealed in cars, motorcycles, bicycles, sideboxes of two-wheelers, denim and rexine bags, and fruit carts. Several bombs that failed to detonate were defused by bomb disposal squads of the Army, National Security Guards and Tamil Nadu Commando School. The bombings were apparently in retaliation to the 1997 Coimbatore riots during November – December the previous year, when Hindu fundamentalists groups killed 18 Muslims and 2 Hindus and looted several thousands of properties of Muslims following the murder of a traffic policeman named Selvaraj, by a member of the radical Islamist group Al Ummah. The main conspirator was found to be S A Basha, the founder of Al Ummah, an Islamic fundamentalist body. Investigators found out that the blasts were a part of larger conspiracy to target L.K.Advani, the leader of Bharatiya Janata Party on that day at 4 p.m in his election meeting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Popular Front of India</span> Banned Indian Muslim political organisation

Popular Front of India (PFI) is an Islamic political organisation in India, that engages in a radical and exclusivist style of Muslim minority politics. Formed to counter Hindutva groups, it was banned by the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs under Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) on 28 September 2022 for a period of five years.

2008 Bangalore serial blasts occurred on 25 July 2008 in Bangalore, India. A series of nine bombs exploded in which 1 person was killed and 20 injured. According to the Bangalore City Police, the blasts were caused by low-intensity crude bombs triggered by timers.

The 2008 Ahmedabad bombings were a series of 21 bomb blasts that hit Ahmedabad, India, on 26 July 2008, within a span of 70 minutes. Fifty-six people were killed and over 200 people were injured. Ahmedabad is the cultural and commercial heart of Gujarat state and a large part of western India. The blasts were considered to be of low intensity and were similar to the Bangalore blasts, Karnataka which occurred the day before. This bombings were done by Pakistani Islamic Terrorist group Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dileep</span> Indian actor and producer

Gopalakrishnan Padmanabhan, better known by his stage name Dileep, is an Indian actor, producer, and businessman who predominantly works in the Malayalam film industry. He has acted in Tamil, Hindi, and Kannada films. He has won several awards, including Kerala State Film Awards and one Filmfare Awards South.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Social Democratic Party of India</span> Indian political party

Social Democratic Party of India, popularly known as SDPI, is a radical Islamist, fundamentalist Indian political party founded on 21 June 2009 in New Delhi. It is the political wing of the Islamist organization Popular Front of India (PFI).

2010 Bangalore stadium bombing occurred on 17 April 2010 in M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India before a 2010 Indian Premier League match between the Royal Challengers Bangalore and Mumbai Indians. Two bombs exploded around a heavily packed Cricket stadium in which fifteen people were injured. A third bomb was defused outside the stadium. According to the Bangalore City Police, the blasts were caused by low-intensity crude bombs made of powergel which is used in quarrying and were triggered by timers. On 18 April, two more bombs were located near the stadium during search operations.

Syed Mohammed Ahmed Zarar Siddibappa, known as Yasin Bhatkal, is a convicted Indian Islamist terrorist, who was the co-founder and leader of the proscribed terrorist organisation Indian Mujahideen (IM). Yasin along with Riyaz Bhatkal and Iqbal Bhatkal, among others, founded the terrorist organisation around 2005. The jihadist group has carried out several attacks against civilian targets in India and Yasin was notably personally involved in the 2010 Pune bombing, 2010 Bangalore stadium bombing, 2011 Mumbai bombings, 2012 Pune bombings and the 2013 Hyderabad blasts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Disproportionate assets case against J. Jayalalithaa</span> Indian political scandal in 1991–96

Jayaram Jayalalithaa, commonly referred to as Jayalalithaa, was an Indian politician who was the six time Chief Minister of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. She was initially convicted for misusing her office during her tenure of 1991–96. Subramanian Swamy was the chief petitioner. Some of the allegations involved spending on her foster son's lavish marriage in 1996 and her acquisition of properties worth more than ₹66.65 crore, as well as jewellery, cash deposits, investments and a fleet of luxury cars. This was the first case where a ruling chief minister had to step down on account of a court sentence. Ultimately, in May 2015, her conviction was overturned, she was acquitted of all charges, and she then died before the Supreme Court of India reviewed the case in 2017.

Central Prison, Bangalore is the largest prison in the Indian state of Karnataka. Established in 1997, it became the central prison of Bangalore in 2000 when the old jail, which has since been converted to Freedom Park, was shut for renovation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Syed Abdul Nazeer</span> Judge of the Supreme Court of India

Syed Abdul Nazeer is the 22nd Governor of Andhra Pradesh. He is a former judge of the Supreme Court of India and a former judge of the Karnataka High Court. He was appointed the Governor of Andhra Pradesh on 12 February 2023.

Abdul Azeez Madani was an Indian Islamic scholar and writer from Kerala and one of the leaders of traditional Sunni Muslims in India. He died in Badriyya Manzil and was buried in Madani Ustad Maqam at Kunnamangalam.

Nalapad Ahmed Haris is an Indian businessman, politician and sports administrator. He is a member of the Indian National Congress and has represented the Shanti Nagar Assembly constituency in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly since 2008. He was formerly working as the Chairman of the Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">T. G. Mohandas</span> Indian writer social critic

T. G. Mohandas is an Indian lawyer, social critic, writer, journalist and television presenter from Kerala. Mohandas was the state convener of Bharatiya Janata Party's Intellectual Cell and the General Secretary in 1997 of Bharateeya Vichara Kendram and its vice-president in 2006 and served also as General Manager of Ayodhya Printers, a company owned by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).

Events in the year 2022 in India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2005 in Kerala</span> List of events

Events in the year 2005 in Kerala.

References

  1. ↑ "Court nod for Ma'dani to visit ailing mum in Kerala". Gulf-Times (in Arabic). 15 May 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  2. ↑ TwoCircles.net (9 July 2010). "No anticipatory bail for Abdunnasir Ma'dani". TwoCircles.net. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  3. ↑ "Abdul Nasser Madani involved in more blast cases: Karnataka Police". The Times of India. 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  4. ↑ "Maudhany freed, Basha found guilty in Coimbatore blasts case". The Hindu . 2 August 2007. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
  5. ↑ "Madani's custody in Bangalore takes political colour". Indian Express. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  6. ↑ Madani pretending to be ill, SC told - Rediff.com India News
  7. ↑ "Abdul Nasser Madani visits his father". The Indian Express. 11 March 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  8. 1 2 "Madani's mother Asma Beevi passes away". Mathrubhumi. 6 November 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  9. 1 2 "Madani arrives at Thalassery for son's wedding amid tight security". Mathrubhumi. 9 August 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  10. ↑ Emmanuel, Gladwin (15 December 2009). "Soofiya Madani's anticipatory bail plea adjourned by HC". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  11. ↑ "Five acquitted in Madhani murder attempt case". The New Indian Express. 15 May 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  12. ↑ "HC directs RSS leader to surrender in Madani attack case". One India. 11 September 2006. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  13. ↑ Madani slams CBI, Karnataka cops. deccanchronicle.com. 13 June 2010
  14. ↑ HC directs RSS leader to surrender in Madani attack case. News.oneindia.in (11 September 2006). Retrieved on 24 March 2012.
  15. 1 2 Special: Are Kerala's Muslims enamoured with Abdul Nasser Madani?. Rediff.com. Retrieved on 24 March 2012.
  16. ↑ "The Hindu : Kerala / Kollam News : Four PDP members expelled from party". 7 September 2011. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  17. ↑ "Kerala polls: UDF, LDF woo rabble-rousing Abdul Nasser Madani". India Today. 17 April 2006. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  18. ↑ "CPM brings ally PDP out in the open - Indian Express". archive.indianexpress.com. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  19. ↑ Free Maudany Campaign (30 November 2013). "A Full Length Film on the Fabricated Cases on Abdul Nasar Maudany and Others". Youtube. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  20. ↑ Wahab, Hisham Ul (15 August 2016). "Let The Walls Speak: The many meanings of Azaadi". The Companion. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  21. ↑ "Jacob Thomas reveals why he delayed Abdul Nasser Madani's arrest in 1998". The News Minute. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  22. ↑ "Kerala parties start bid for Madani release". The Pioneer. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  23. ↑ "Here's a classic case of minority appeasement". The Economic Times. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  24. ↑ "Either release Madani or hang him, says Kerala Local Administration Minister KT Jaleel". The New Indian Express. 15 April 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  25. ↑ "Justice for Madani Forum set up". The New Indian Express. 26 August 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  26. ↑ "Justice for Madani Forum demands NIA probe in Bangalore blast case". DNA India. 18 September 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  27. ↑ "Pressure grows for Bengaluru blast accused's release". Deccan Herald. 1 November 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  28. ↑ "Bangalore police arrests Madani in Kerala". India Today. 17 August 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  29. ↑ "PDP's Madani allowed to attend daughter's marriage, police to monitor". Firstpost. 7 March 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  30. ↑ "Abdul Nasser Madani again stirs up controversy". The Times of India. 11 March 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  31. ↑ "Give immediate medical treatment to Maudany, court tells Karnataka". The Hindu. 22 October 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  32. 1 2 "Chief Justice of India calls Abdul Nazar Madani a 'dangerous man'". The News Minute. 5 April 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  33. ↑ "NIA court rejects Madani's plea to attend son's wedding, PDP hartal in Kerala Wednesday". OnManorama. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  34. ↑ "SC declines Maudany's plea to relax bail condition in 2008 Bengaluru serial blasts". Deccan Chronicle. 1 October 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  35. ↑ Madani finally held, flown to Bangalore. Hindustan Times (16 August 2010). Retrieved on 24 March 2012.
  36. ↑ An ineffective move Archived 25 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  37. ↑ "SC declines Maudany's plea to relax bail condition in 2008 Bengaluru serial blasts". Deccan Chronicle. 1 October 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  38. ↑ Mangalore Unravelling Bomb Blasts will Trigger off Communal Unrest – Madani
  39. ↑ The Pioneer
  40. 1 2 3 Madani's wife charged with aiding LeT man - Economic Times
  41. ↑ Dacoity case: CB arrests Thadiyantavide Nazeer|work=The Times of India
  42. ↑ "Nazeer confesses he was member of terror outfit". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  43. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  44. ↑ "HC reserves judgment on charge-sheet". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  45. ↑ "After the 2008 bomb blasts, Nasir called his 'le". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  46. ↑ "Archive.ph". Archived from the original on 30 June 2013.
  47. ↑ SC bench split on granting bail to blast accused Madani. Hindustan Times (5 May 2011). Retrieved on 24 March 2012.
  48. ↑ Madani admits to role in Bangalore stadium blasts – Times Of India. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (24 August 2010). Retrieved on 24 March 2012.
  49. ↑ Madani says he will surrender before court. Indian Express (15 August 2010). Retrieved on 24 March 2012.
  50. ↑ Madani under jail threat, again. Deccanherald.com. Retrieved on 24 March 2012.
  51. ↑ "Madani 'confesses' role in Bangalore blasts". The Economic Times . 25 August 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
  52. ↑ Court issues another NBW against Madani. Sify.com. Retrieved on 24 March 2012.
  53. ↑ I will surrender before a court: Madani. Sify.com (15 August 2010). Retrieved on 24 March 2012.
  54. ↑ Madani pretending to be ill, SC told – Rediff.com India News. Rediff.com (29 April 2011). Retrieved on 24 March 2012.
  55. ↑ "How can wheelchair-bound Madani be a threat, asks". The Times of India. 22 April 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  56. ↑ SC split verdict on Mahdani's bail plea in Bangalore blast case. In.news.yahoo.com (4 May 2011). Retrieved on 24 March 2012.
  57. 1 2 "Murder attempt case: Madhani questioned by Kerala police". Mathrubhumi. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017.
  58. ↑ "No Proof on Plot to Kill Parameswaran, Alavi". The Indian Express . 29 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  59. ↑ "Conspiracy to kill RSS ideologue: No interference in probe, says crime branch". The Times of India . 14 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.