Before the arrival of Europeans, the land now known as Western Australia was home to a diverse range of traditional Australian Aboriginal cultures, spread across numerous language groups, many of which remain today. [1] The border delimiting Western Australia from South Australia and the Northern Territory was drawn by the British colonists, at the 129th meridian east, [2] without regard to the boundaries of existing Aboriginal groups. Consequently Aboriginal cultural groupings are not limited by it; some "Western Australian" Aboriginal groups extend across the border into other states.
Grouping the various peoples of Western Australia, the largest of these groups being called "culture blocs", is a subjective endeavor often done by anthropologists. [3] : 40 [4] : 290–293 Groupings have been made that do not reflect how the Aboriginal peoples included in the groupings saw themselves, one example being the "aggregation of clan groups in north-east Arnhem Land who lack a single name for themselves", but whom Warner collectively labels the "Murngin". [4] : 293
In Western Australia, some large cultural blocs that are well attested are: Noongar, Western Desert cultural bloc, Kimberley peoples and Yamatji. [5] : 7 [6] [7] Of these, Noongar and Yamatji are (at least post-colonisation) often self-identified, with the former being a cultural system that has existed prior to colonisation. Western Desert cultural bloc refers to a dialect continuum which contains many communities that before colonisation recognised "their own dialectical affiliations, and [had] no overall term for themselves". [5] : 7 [8] : 204–208 The Kimberley peoples are a collection of smaller cultural blocs in the region. [7] : 3
The Kimberley region is linguistically complex, containing around 27 languages in 5 language groups. It is also one of the major rock art regions of Australia, as well as being a trading focus of pearl shell, shields, myths, rituals and body paint patterns. [9] : 548
Due to the region's rugged terrain and distance from coloniser population centres, it was one of the last areas to be colonised; graziers began moving in in the 1880s. Colonisation was resisted in "drawn-out guerilla warfare" but many massacres still occurred. It was only in the 1920s, after the Forrest River massacre, that public outcry resulted in Aboriginal people being treated in a "less brutal" manner. [9] : 548
Aboriginal divers were often central to the region's pearling industry in the 19th century, this being a "major platform for black-white relations". [9] : 548 [10] : 85, 88
The Noongar people's homeland is the southwest corner of Western Australia. Dialects of the Noongar language were spoken across the region, estimates of the number of dialects range from 3 to 15. [11] [12] : 194, 1010
The Noongar people exhibit a distinct material culture. Traditionally this includes wearing stitched kangaroo skin as an adaptation to the cool, moist winter climate, or using a particular style of axe and saw-like knife. Also constructed were temporary but waterproof semicircular dome huts made with a framework of tied branches and paperbark or grass-tree thatch. [13] : 22, 24 [12] : 1010
Intensive contact with Europeans began in 1825 with the founding of a military base at Mammang Koort (King George Sound) and with the subsequent colonisation of the Swan River area from 1829. By 1840, 7 massacres had taken place; this includes the Pinjarra massacre, where fifteen to eighty Pinjarup Noongar people were killed. [14] [15] Pushed off their lands, Aboriginal communities survived around small towns in the southwest while maintaining familial ties across the region. [12] : 1012
The Western Desert cultural bloc covers much of Western Australia, as well as parts of South Australia and the Northern Territory, occupying area of approximately 670,000 square kilometres (260,000 sq mi). [16] The Western Desert language is a dialect continuum that extends over much of the region.[ citation needed ]
A region of low rainfall and temporary rivers. Its aridity was a limiting factor on population densities, with areas of sandy desert varying perhaps as low as one person per 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) in the sandy deserts to one person to 13 square kilometres (5.0 sq mi) in regions with more permanent water sources. People would gather at permanent water sources in summer and spread out after rain. Waterholes are prominent features of the stories, songs and paintings of the peoples of the region. [9] : 273–275
Mission stations and pastoral properties greatly affected the Desert peoples who moved into them, creating large population centres, a number of which have come under Aboriginal control. There has also been an extensive outstation movement. [9] : 273–275
Originally a Wajarri word for 'man', it has become a general name for Aboriginal people from the Murchison and Gascoyne districts of WA. [12] : 1215
Australia's major drainage basins have been found to correspond with the main culture blocs. This has been explained as a result of the basins' margins being poor in plant, animal and water resources; consequently there is less cultural exchange on their margins than in their interiors. [17] : 78 Simultaneously, drainage basins are not understood to be a strong indicator of historical or social similarities, and are instead one of many elements used in the analysis of social and cultural dynamics. [18] : 68–70
There is also some correspondence between the traditional boundaries of language groups and Australia's bioregions. [19] : 42
This section gives an overview of Australian Aboriginal kinship groupings within Western Australia, with boundaries based on Norman Tindale's 1974 map, as published in Western Australia: An Atlas of Human Endeavour (1979) by the Government of Western Australia. [20] [ better source needed ]
Aboriginal traditional cultures have been greatly impacted since the colonisation of Australia began. During the late 19th and early 20th century it was assumed that Aboriginal Australians were a dying race and would eventually disappear. [21]
While Aboriginal populations in Western Australia did decline until the 1930s, they have since increased.[ citation needed ] Today, all Aboriginal cultures have been impacted by degrees of marginalisation and exclusion from participation in the dominant culture of Australia. This has resulted in higher than average rates of infant mortality, and lower life expectancy, education and rates of employment.[ citation needed ]
191 Aboriginal languages have been documented in WA, [1] but as of 2018 [update] only 31 were spoken. [22]