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| Abylopsis tetragona | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Hydrozoa |
| Order: | Siphonophorae |
| Family: | Abylidae |
| Genus: | Abylopsis |
| Species: | A. tetragona |
| Binomial name | |
| Abylopsis tetragona (Otto, 1823) | |
Abylopsis tetragona is a species of siphonophore in the family Abylidae. [1]
Abylopsis tetragona is a species of siphonophores in the family Abylidae. Abylopsis tetragona is a single-celled organism, which is primarily gelatinous and measures about 1 cm. This species has an anterior nectophore and a posterior nectophore three times as wide. Both facets are less regularly pentagonal. A. Tetragona has radial symmetry and has two basal teeth. This species has an exoskeleton of chitin and are almost entirely marine. The A. Tetragona has two body forms; a polyp and a medusa. All Hydrozoans have many cells that can form into two tissue types: Epidermis and gastrodermis. Abylopsis Tetragona's common name is siphonophore and can be defined as eurythermal and euryhaline, meaning that they can endure a wide range of temperatures and salinities. Siphonophores, at first sight, can be thought to be a long mega-animal, as seen in the picture to the right. But looking at it more closely, this mega-organism is made up of individual organisms called zooids (attached polyps medusae). Each zooid has a different role within the colony. Abylopsis Tetragona lacks pneumatophore (float) and has a nectophore. This means that A. tetragona uses its swimming bells to help with the locomotion of the colony. Siphonophores can undergo bioluminescent structures, enabling them to lure their prey and have some defense mechanism against their predators. This species attaches itself to shells, seaweed, and other surfaces at the bottom of the ocean.
Abylopsis tetragona can be found at depths between 0 and 200m deep from the tropical to temperate oceans. This species is abundant in the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian oceans, and the Mediterranean Sea. In the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean sea, the Abylopsis tetragona is mainly found between the depths of 50 and 200m. This species lives in both coastal and open waters. This species can be found at depths of 100m at night through vertical migration.
There are no studies on the species specifically. However, calycophoran siphonophores feed on plankton. They are known as voracious predators who primarily feed on fish larvae and herbivorous plankton. This species show selectivity in its eating habits. They digest their food in their simple gastrovascular cavity, which is lined with flagellated cells. These cells help circulate the food in the cavity.
This species was only recorded in the medusoid stage. However, more generally, calycophorae siphonophorae, the family of the Abylopsis tetragona, start their life cycle as an egg that forms into protozoid. Then, the protozoid buds with other zooids and grows into a mature colony. After, the members of the colony liberate eggs and sperm, and this starts the cycle again.
Abylopsis tetragona is known as ocean drifters, which means that they are unable to move on their own. This species also uses vertical migration to allow them to stay away from predators and feed. They go up to depths of 100m at night, while in the day, they can go down to depths of 200m. The gelatinous carnivores increased in the water column due to waters warming. They travel the depths of the waters by means of a gas-filled tissue.
The main breeding period of this species is during the spring (April to June), despite their constant presence in the waters all year round. They reproduce asexually through a budding process, creating daughter polyps. This organism has minimal parental investment. The sperm and eggs that are released in the water are left to survive without parental assistance.
Plankton are the diverse collection of organisms that drift in water but are unable to actively propel themselves against currents. The individual organisms constituting plankton are called plankters. In the ocean, they provide a crucial source of food to many small and large aquatic organisms, such as bivalves, fish, and baleen whales.
Zooplankton are the heterotrophic component of the planktonic community, having to consume other organisms to thrive. Plankton are aquatic organisms that are unable to swim effectively against currents. Consequently, they drift or are carried along by currents in the ocean, or by currents in seas, lakes or rivers.
The Portuguese man o' war, also known as the man-of-war or bluebottle, is a marine hydrozoan found in the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. It is considered to be the same species as the Pacific man o' war or bluebottle, which is found mainly in the Pacific Ocean. The Portuguese man o' war is the only species in the genus Physalia, which in turn is the only genus in the family Physaliidae.
Siphonophorae is an order within Hydrozoa, which is a class of marine organisms within the phylum Cnidaria. According to the World Register of Marine Species, the order contains 175 species described thus far.
Holoplankton are organisms that are planktic for their entire life cycle. Holoplankton can be contrasted with meroplankton, which are planktic organisms that spend part of their life cycle in the benthic zone. Examples of holoplankton include some diatoms, radiolarians, some dinoflagellates, foraminifera, amphipods, krill, copepods, and salps, as well as some gastropod mollusk species. Holoplankton dwell in the pelagic zone as opposed to the benthic zone. Holoplankton include both phytoplankton and zooplankton and vary in size. The most common plankton are protists.
Pyrosomes are free-floating colonial tunicates in family Pyrosomatidae. There are three genera, Pyrosoma, Pyrosomella and Pyrostremma, and eight species. They usually live in the upper layers of the open ocean in warm seas, although some may be found at greater depths.
Diel vertical migration (DVM), also known as diurnal vertical migration, is a pattern of movement used by some organisms, such as copepods, living in the ocean and in lakes. The adjective "diel" comes from Latin: diēs, lit. 'day', and refers to a 24-hour period. The migration occurs when organisms move up to the uppermost layer of the water at night and return to the bottom of the daylight zone of the oceans or to the dense, bottom layer of lakes during the day. DVM is important to the functioning of deep-sea food webs and the biologically-driven sequestration of carbon.
Praya dubia, the giant siphonophore, lives in the mesopelagic zone to bathypelagic zone at 700 m (2,300 ft) to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) below sea level. It has been found off the coasts around the world, from Iceland in the North Atlantic to Chile in the South Pacific.
Marrus orthocanna is a species of pelagic siphonophore, a colonial animal composed of a complex arrangement of zooids, some of which are polyps and some medusae. Swimming independently in the mid-ocean, it lives in the Arctic and other cold, deep waters. It is a colonial creature that is born from a single egg which is fertilized. Later on, a protozoan forms that eventually grows to form more duplicating members of the colony. It belongs to the order Siphonophorae and the genus Marrus, which also includes M. antarcticus, M. claudanielis, and M. orthocannoides.
Pyrosoma atlanticum is a pelagic species of marine colonial tunicate in the class Thaliacea found in temperate waters worldwide. The name of the genus comes from the Greek words pyros meaning 'fire' and soma meaning 'body', referring to the bright bioluminescence sometimes emitted. The specific epithet atlanticum refers to the Atlantic Ocean, from where the first specimen of the species was collected for scientific description; it was described in 1804 by François Péron, a French naturalist.
Apolemia is a genus of siphonophores. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Apolemiidae.
Apolemia uvaria, commonly known as string jellyfish, barbed wire jellyfish, and long stringy stingy thingy, is a siphonophore in the family Apolemiidae.
Parasagitta setosa, the coastal arrow worm, is a small arrow worm in the family Sagittidae, previously referred to as Sagitta setosa. It is native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, and also occurs in the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea.
Muggiaea kochii is a species of small hydrozoan, a siphonophore in the family Diphyidae.
Physonectae is a suborder of siphonophores. In Japanese it is called 胞泳.
Calycophorae is a suborder of Siphonophores alongside two other suborders Physonectae and Cystonectae. This suborder includes the giant siphonophore, ; one of the longest lengthwise extant creatures (40–50m). While the Physonectae have a pneumatophore, nectophore, and a siphosome, Cystonectae lack a nectophore, and Calycophorae lack a pneumatophore. From the bell-shaped nectophores, Physonectae and Calycophorae are called Codonophores or Greek for bell-bearers. The distribution, morphology, and behaviors of Calycophorae species are vast and greatly depend on the species. Calycophoraes typically consist of two nectophores with a siphosome that have many tentacles that grow out of the siphosome. The Calycophoraes move by propelling water out of the nectophore much like how jellyfishes move. The tentacles act as fishing nets where the nematocysts on the tentacles paralyze their prey which are then later fed on. Calycophorae have three life stages, which are the larval development stage, the polygastric stage, and the eudoxid maturation stage. Each Calycophorae colony forms from one fertilized egg.
Bassia is a monotypic siphonophore genus in the family Abylidae. The genus contains the single species Bassia bassensis.
Nanomia bijuga, first described by Stefano Delle Chiaje in 1844 and originally named Physsophora bijuga, is a species of mesopelagic siphonophore in the family Agalmatidae As with all members of the siphonophorae order, it is a colonial organism composed of individual zooids. N. bijuga has a fairly broad distribution, and has been observed in the coastal waters off of North America and Europe. The species has been found to occupy both epipelagic and mesopelagic depths. They utilize specialized swimming zooids for both propulsion and escape behaviors. Similar to other siphonophores, Nanomia bijuga employ stinging tentacles for hunting and defense. They primarily feed on small crustaceans, especially krill.
Lensia is a genus of hydrozoans belonging to the order Siphonoporae and the family Diphyidae. This genus is colonial and consists of many different types of highly specialized zooids. The genus Lensia was first established in 1932 by Dr. Arthur Knyvett Totton, who would also describe and add another 11 species during his career. As of March 2023, the genus consists of only 26 described and accepted species and an additional seven uncertain species, according to the World Register of Marine Species.
Tima nigroannulata, commonly known as the elegant jellyfish, is a recently discovered colonial hydrozoa found on the Pacific coast of Japan.
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Buecher, E., 1999. Appearance of Chelophyes appendiculata and Abylopsis tetragona (Cnidaria, Siphonophora) in the Bay of Villefranche, northwestern. Mediterranean. Journal of Sea Research 41, 295–307
Castelbon C. (1987). Les migrations nycthémérales du zooplancton. Déterminisme expérimental des réactions locomotrices. Thèse de Doctorat ès Sciences, Université Aix-Marseille II, 380 p.
Guerrero, E., Kienberger, K., Villaescusa, A. et al. First record of beaching events for a calycophoran siphonophore: Abylopsis tetragona (Otto, 1823) at the Strait of Gibraltar. Mar Biodiv 49, 1587–1593 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-018-0926-1
GREVE, W., 1977. Interspecific interaction: the analysis of complex structures in carnivorous zooplankton populations. Helgol. Wiss. Meeresunters., Vol. 30, pp. 83–91
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