Adansonia rubrostipa

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Fony baobab
Rubostipaanjajavycmichaelhogan.jpg
A. rubrostipa in the Anjajavy Forest
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Adansonia
Species:
A. rubrostipa
Binomial name
Adansonia rubrostipa

Adansonia rubrostipa, commonly known as fony baobab, is a deciduous tree in the Malvaceae family. Of eight species of baobab currently recognized, six are indigenous to Madagascar, including fony baobab. It is endemic to western Madagascar, found in Baie de Baly National Park, south. [1] It is associated with well-drained soils and is found in dry and spiny forests. [1] It occurs in the following protected areas: Amoron'i Onilahy, Baie de Baly, Menabe Antimena, Mikea, Namoroka, Ranobe PK 32, Tsimanampesotse, Tsimembo Manambolomaty, Tsinjoriake (La Table/St Augustin). [1]

Contents

Fony baobab is the smallest of the baobabs, easily identified by its distinctive reddish bark. It is usually bottle-shaped and has toothed leaves and round fruit. [2] It was first described by H.Perrier de la Bathie in 1909. [3]

Description

General

This is a small to large deciduous tree 4–5 metres (13–16 ft) tall with reddish brown, peeling bark. The trunk is usually a distinctive bottle shape. Main branches are often horizontal, then curving upward toward the tips. Branches sometimes have spines on the upper surface.

Leaves

Leaves are present from November to April and are made up of 3-5 stalkless (sessile) leaflets with finely toothed edges (teeth about 1 millimetre (0.039 in) long). Most baobab species have untoothed leaves.

Flowers

Flowers are large, showy and highly scented. They emerge when in the trees are in leaf, usually from February to April. Flower buds are 16–28 centimetres (6.3–11.0 in) long and cylindrical, set on a green, 1–2.5 centimetres (0.39–0.98 in) long stalk. The outer part of the perianth, the calyx, is made up of yellowish green lobes with faint reddish stripes. As the flower opens, the calyx lobes fold back and become twisted tightly at the base of the flower. The petals are bright yellow to orange-yellow, spreading, long and narrow but with expanded overlapping bases. Inside the petals is a pale yellow staminal tube (a tube made up of fused stamens) up to 10 centimetres (3.9 in) long and 1–1.2 centimetres (0.39–0.47 in) in diameter. Set at the top of the staminal tube are 100-150 filaments 10–12 centimetres (3.9–4.7 in) long, the outer unfused. The inner 10-20 filaments are erect and united into a central bundle that extends for about 6 centimetres (2.4 in) beyond the top of the tube. This central bundle of fused filaments set above the staminal tube is an identifying feature of fony baobab. In the very centre of the flower is an ovary, covered with dense golden hairs, with a pink 20–25 centimetres (7.9–9.8 in) long style topped by a red stigma that blackens with age. Flowers open around dusk. They take less than 30 minutes to open and have a very short reproductive phase. Pollen is released the first night and the stigmas shrivel by morning. Pollinators include the long-tongued hawkmoth Coelonia solani . [3]

Fruit

Ripe fruit of fony baobab can be found October to November. Fruits are rounded with a 4–5 millimetres (0.16–0.20 in) thick shell (pericarp) with dense reddish-brown hairs. Seeds are kidney-shaped (reniform).

Taxonomy

Plants of the World considers Adansonia fony Baill. to be the accepted name for a broader taxon [4] which includes two varieties: Adansonia fony var. fony and Adansonia fony var. rubrostipa (Jum. & H.Perrier).

Habitat

Fony baobab is associated with well drained, dry habitats on calcareous soils. [1] It is found in dry deciduous forests of western Madagascar, and is an important component of the spiny thickets or "spiny desert" of southern Madagascar, a globally distinctive ecoregion. [5]

Threats

Habitat loss and forest destruction are the chief threats, but population trends are unknown. [1] Forests are logged for timber and charcoal production, or cleared for mining or urbanization. Grazing may disturb baobab seedlings.

Notable Trees

"Grandmother" Fony baobab Fony baobab.jpg
"Grandmother" Fony baobab
"Polygamous" Fony baobab Fony baobab poly.jpg
"Polygamous" Fony baobab

Two large fony baobabs growing in Tsimanampetsotse National Park were studied using radiocarbon dating. [6] One called "Grandmother" is made up of 3 fused trunks of different ages, with the oldest part of the tree an estimated 1,600 years old. The second, "polygamous baobab", has six fused stems, and is an estimated 1,000 years old.

Uses

Roots, seeds and fruits are reportedly edible. Wood of fire-killed trees may be used as thatching material and in some areas trees are cut and used for charcoal production. [3]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Adansonia is a genus made up of eight species of medium-to-large deciduous trees known as baobabs. They are placed in the Malvaceae family, subfamily Bombacoideae. They are native to Madagascar, mainland Africa, and Australia. The trees have also been introduced to other regions such as Asia. The generic name honours Michel Adanson, the French naturalist and explorer who described Adansonia digitata. The baobab is also known as the "upside down tree", a name that originates from several myths. They are among the most long-lived of vascular plants and have large flowers that are reproductive for a maximum of 15 hours. The flowers open around dusk, opening so quickly that movement can be detected by the naked eye, and are faded by the next morning. The fruits are large, oval to round and berry-like and hold kidney-shaped seeds in a dry, pulpy matrix.

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<i>Paulownia</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Paulowniaceae

Paulownia is a genus of seven to 17 species of hardwood trees in the family Paulowniaceae, the order Lamiales. The genus and family are native to east Asia and are widespread across China. The genus, originally Pavlovnia but now usually spelled Paulownia, was named in honour of Anna Pavlovna, queen consort of The Netherlands (1795–1865), daughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia. It is also called "princess tree" for the same reason.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Didiereaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

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<i>Alluaudia ascendens</i> Species of flowering plant

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bombacoideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

Bombacoideae is a subfamily of the mallow family, Malvaceae. It contains herbaceous and woody plants. Their leaves are alternate, commonly palmately lobed, with small and caducous stipules. The flowers are hermaphroditic and actinomorphic; the calyx has 5 sepals united at the base, which are not accompanied by an epicalyx (involucel). The corolla has 5 free petals and an androecium of numerous stamens, typically with free filaments which are not fused in a staminal tube (column). The pollen is smooth and the ovary superior and pluricarpellate. The fruits are schizocarpous or capsular.

<i>Adansonia digitata</i> Species of plant

Adansonia digitata, the African baobab, is the most widespread tree species of the genus Adansonia, the baobabs, and is native to the African continent and the southern Arabian Peninsula. These are long-lived pachycauls; radiocarbon dating has shown some individuals to be over 2,000 years old. They are typically found in dry, hot savannas of sub-Saharan Africa, where they dominate the landscape and reveal the presence of a watercourse from afar. They have traditionally been valued as sources of food, water, health remedies or places of shelter and are a key food source for many animals. They are steeped in legend and superstition. In recent years, many of the largest, oldest trees have died, for unknown reasons. Common names for the baobab include monkey-bread tree, upside-down tree, and cream of tartar tree.

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<i>Brachychiton rupestris</i> Tree in the family Malvaceae native to Queensland, Australia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anjajavy Forest</span>

The Anjajavy's Protected Area is located on a peninsula of the town of Antonibe, in the district of Analalava and in the north-west region of Madagascar. It is part of the Sofia region of the independent province of Mahajanga and its position is between 47°13’ at 44°22’ of longitude east and 14°58 at 15°07’ of latitude south..

<i>Adansonia madagascariensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Adansonia madagascariensis or Madagascar baobab is a small to large deciduous tree in the family Malvaceae. It is one of six species of baobab endemic to Madagascar, where it occurs in the Madagascar dry deciduous forests.

<i>Adansonia grandidieri</i> Species of tree from Madagascar

Adansonia grandidieri is the biggest and most famous of Madagascar's six species of baobabs. It is sometimes known as Grandidier's baobab or the giant baobab. In French it is called Baobab malgache. The local name is renala or reniala. This tree is endemic to the island of Madagascar, where it is an endangered species threatened by the encroachment of agricultural land. This is the tree found at the Avenue of the Baobabs.

<i>Adansonia perrieri</i> Species of flowering plant

Adansonia perrieri, or Perrier's baobab, is a critically endangered species of deciduous tree, in the genus Adansonia. This species is endemic to northern Madagascar. It has been documented in only 10 locations, including the Ankarana, Ampasindava, Loky Manambato and Montagne d'Ambre protected areas. Most populations, however, are outside of protected areas. Each location has few individuals. With an estimated population of fewer than 250 mature individuals and ongoing habitat decline due to fire and cutting for charcoal and timber or clearing for mining, this species has been assessed by IUCN as Critically Endangered. There are three species of baobab found in northern Madagascar, all sharing the common name "bozy".

<i>Adansonia suarezensis</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Adansonia za</i> Species of flowering plant

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avenue of the Baobabs</span> Protected area in Madagascar

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Letsara, R.; Faranirina, L.; Razafindrahaja, V.; Faramalala, M. (2019). "Adansonia rubrostipa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019: e.T37679A64366919. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T37679A64366919.en .
  2. Behrens, K.; Barnes, K. (2016). Wildlife of Madagascar. Wild guides. Princeton University Press. ISBN   978-0691161716.
  3. 1 2 3 Baum, D.A. (1995). "A Systematic Revision of Adansonia (Bombacaceae)". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 82 (3): 440–471. doi:10.2307/2399893. JSTOR   2399893.
  4. "Adansonia fony Baill. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science".
  5. "Madagascar spiny thickets | Ecoregions | WWF".
  6. Patrut, Adrian; von Reden, Karl F.; Danthu, Pascal; Leong Pock-Tsy, Jean-Michel; Patrut, Roxana T.; Lowy, Daniel A. (2015). "Searching for the Oldest Baobab of Madagascar: Radiocarbon Investigation of Large Adansonia rubrostipa Trees". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0121170. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1021170P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121170 . PMC   4373780 . PMID   25806967.

Further reading