Adventure playground

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An adventure playground is a specific type of playground for children. Adventure playgrounds can take many forms, ranging from "natural playgrounds" to "junk playgrounds", and are typically defined by an ethos of unrestricted play, the presence of playworkers (or "wardens"), and the absence of adult-manufactured or rigid play-structures. [1] [note 1] Adventure playgrounds are frequently defined in contrast to playing fields, contemporary-design playgrounds made by adult architects, and traditional-equipment play areas containing adult-made rigid play-structures like swings, slides, seesaws, and climbing bars. [2]

Contents

History

Harry Shier, in Adventure Playgrounds: An Introduction (1984), defines an adventure playground this way:

An Adventure Playground is an area fenced off and set aside for children. Within its boundaries children can play freely, in their own way, in their own time. But what is special about an Adventure Playground is that here (and increasingly in contemporary urban society, only here) children can build and shape the environment according to their own creative vision. [3]

The first planned playground of this type, the Emdrup Junk Playground, opened in Emdrup, Denmark, in 1943. In 1948, an adventure playground opened in Camberwell, England. The term "junk playground" is a calque from the Danish term skrammellegeplads. Early examples of adventure playgrounds in the UK were known as "junk playgrounds", "waste material playgrounds", or "bomb-site adventure playgrounds". [4] [5] The term "adventure playground" was first adopted in the United Kingdom to describe waste material playgrounds "in an effort to make the ‘junk’ playground concept more palatable to local authorities". [6]

The architect Simon Nicholson numbered among the advantages of the adventure playground, "the relationship between experiment and play, community involvement, the catalytic value of play leaders, and indeed the whole concept of a free society in miniature.'" [7] Essential in this for Nicholson was the concept of 'loose parts': "In any environment, both the degree of inventiveness and creativity, and the possibility of discovery, are directly proportional to the number and kind of variables in it." [8] [9] In a playground context loose parts would include: [10]

Denmark

The first junk playgrounds were based on the ideas of Carl Theodor Sørensen, a Danish landscape architect, who noticed that children preferred to play everywhere but in the playgrounds that he designed. In 1931, inspired by the sight of children playing in a construction site, he imagined "A junk playground in which children could create and shape, dream and imagine a reality". His aim was to provide children living in cities the same opportunities for play that were enjoyed by children living in rural areas. [11] The first adventure playground was set up by a Workers Cooperative Housing Association in Emdrup, Denmark, during the German occupation of the 1940s. The playground at Emdrup grew out of the spirit of resistance to Nazi occupation and parents' fears that "their children's play might be mistaken for acts of sabotage by soldiers". [12] Play advocates sometimes emphasize the importance of adventure playgrounds for children of color in the United States, where policing "can feel like a kind of occupation". [12]

Mischievousness and sneaking around were criminalized in Nazi occupied Copenhagen, Adventure Playgrounds were born as a response.
—  Play:groundNYC,#playwork [13]

United Kingdom

Marjory Allen, an English landscape architect and child welfare advocate, visited and subsequently wrote a widely-read article about the Emdrup Adventure playground titled Why Not Use Our Bomb Sites Like This? and published in the Picture Post in 1946. [14] Marjory Allen's article is often credited with the introduction into the UK of "the idea of transforming bomb sites into 'junk playgrounds', but historians of the Adventure playground movement have pointed to the role played by other experiments carried out by youth workers in the UK. For example, "Marie Paneth, an art therapist heavily influenced by Freud, independently developed the concept of permissive play as a tool for ameliorating childhood aggression in her work running a blitz-era play centre in London although not specifically incorporating the elements of a Junk/Adventure playground pointing to her role in the history of UK specific Playwork development." [15] [16]

List of adventure playgrounds

To date, there are approximately 1,000 adventure playgrounds in Europe, most of them in England, Denmark, France, Germany, The Netherlands and Switzerland. Japan also has a significant number of adventure playgrounds. [17]

The Americas

Canada
United States

Asia

Japan

Australia

Australian Capital Territory :

New South Wales :

Northern Territory

Queensland

South Australia

Tasmania

Riverbend Park. Launceston, Tasmania. [54]

Victoria

Western Australia

Europe

Denmark

Denmark has several adventure playgrounds, now known as Byggelegeplads (Building-playground) and formerly as Skrammellegeplads (Junk-playground). [66] From the first site in Emdrup, the idea spread across the country and at the height of the popularity in the 1960s, there were about 100 adventure playgrounds in the country. [67] Present active adventure playgrounds in Denmark includes:

Italy
Germany
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom

Literature

Academic

Film

Arts and Theatre

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Play is a process that is freely chosen, personally directed and intrinsically motivated. That is, children and young people determine and control the content and intent of their play, by following their own instincts, ideas and interests, in their own way for their own reasons." "Playwork Principles". playwales.org.uk. Playwork Principles Scrutiny Group. 2005. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
  2. ↑ The Setagaya Play Park was featured in episode 48 of Arirang's "Going Global" series "Going Global _ Japan "adventure playground"". www.arirang.com. ARIRANG CULTURE. Archived from the original on 2021-12-19. Retrieved January 23, 2017.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adventure Playground (Berkeley)</span> Urban park and playground in California

Adventure Playground is an urban park and adventure playground in Berkeley, California, located at the Berkeley Marina. The park opened in 1979 based on the ideas of Danish architect Carl Theodor Sørensen, who had made use of scrap junkyards for playgrounds when Copenhagen was under occupation during World War II. The adventure playground model, sometimes referred to as a "junk playground," is to provide children with the resources to build. The available tools include saws, hammers, workbenches, and nails. The legal liability raised by giving children relatively unrestricted access to these tools has made adventure playgrounds rare in the United States, with the Berkeley Adventure Playground being one of only four in the country.

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Huntington Beach Adventure Playground is an adventure playground located within Huntington Beach Central Park in Huntington Beach, California. The first adventure playground in Huntington Beach was established in the 1970s at the bottom of a quarry pit not far from the playground's present site. The original playground included a small shack, office, snack bar, and tool shed. After a number of years in its original location, and a temporary interim nearby due to flooding, the adventure playground was relocated to its present location in 1983. The adventure playground consists of several acres with a shallow pond, treehouses, a "mud park", rafts, rope climbing features, loose parts and scrap wood, and tools.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adventure Playground at the Parish School</span>

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The Emdrup Junk Playground is an adventure playground located in Emdrup, a neighborhood in Copenhagen, Denmark.

References

  1. ↑ Tao, Tao Holmes (November 6, 2015). "Playworkers, Ph.Ds, and the Growing Adventure Playground Movement". atlasobscura.com. Atlasobscura. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
  2. ↑ Hayward, Geoffrey D.; Rothenberg, Marilyn; Beasley, Robert (1974). "Children's Play and Urban Playground Environments: A Comparison of Traditional, Contemporary, and Adventure Playground Types". Environment and Behavior. 6 (2): 131–168. doi:10.1177/001391657400600201. S2CID   220476708.
  3. ↑ Shier, Harry (1984). Adventure Playgrounds: an introduction (PDF). London, UK: National Playing Fields Association.
  4. ↑ Wilson, Penny (2010). The Playwork Primer (PDF). Alliance for Childhood.
  5. ↑ Wilson, Reilly Bergin (2014). Who Owns the Playground: Space and Power at Lollard Adventure Playground (1954–1961) (M.A.). University of Leeds.
  6. ↑ Wilson, Reilly Bergin (2014). Who Owns the Playground: Space and Power at Lollard Adventure Playground (1954–1961) (M.A.). University of Leeds. p. 21.
  7. ↑ Robertson, Juliet (8 December 2017). "Simon Nicholson and The Theory of Loose Parts – 1 Million Thanks — Creative STAR Learning | I'm a teacher, get me OUTSIDE here!". creativestarlearning.co.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  8. ↑ Nicholson, Simon (October 1971). "How Not To Treat Children: The Theory of Loose Parts". Landscape Architecture. 62: 30–34.
  9. ↑ Weinstein, C. S.; David, T. G., eds. (11 November 2013). Spaces for children : the built environment and child development. Plenum Press. p. 205. ISBN   978-1-4684-5227-3 . Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  10. ↑ Play Wales (July 2017). Resources for playing : providing loose parts to support children's play : A Toolkit (PDF). Play Wales. p. 6. ISBN   978-0-9932410-4-8 . Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  11. ↑ Sutton, Lia (2011). "History of Adventure Playgrounds". adventureplaygrounds.hampshire.edu/.
  12. 1 2 Eisa, Nefertari Ulen (July 25, 2016). "When Play Is Criminalized: Racial Disparities in Childhood". truth-out.org. Truth Out. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  13. ↑ Play:groundNYC (May 5, 2017). #playwork. New York, New York: @play_groundnyc.
  14. ↑ Highmore, Ben (2013). "Playgrounds and Bombsites: Postwar Britain's Ruined Landscapes". Cultural Politics. 9 (3): 323–336. doi:10.1215/17432197-2347009.
  15. ↑ Wilson, Reilly Bergin (2014). Who Owns the Playground: Space and Power at Lollard Adventure Playground (1954–1961) (M.A.). University of Leeds.
  16. ↑ Smith, Mark K. (1996). "Featured book: Marie Paneth (1944) Branch Street. A sociological study, London: George Allen and Unwin". www.infed.org. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
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  18. ↑ Telus Spark (May 23, 2019). "Junkyard Playground". sparkscience.ca. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  19. ↑ Nerman, Danielle (September 20, 2016). "City wraps ups Calgary mobile adventure playground pilot". CBC News. Cagdary. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  20. ↑ "Mobile Adventure Playground". calgary.ca. The City of Calgary. 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  21. ↑ "That time when Toronto had the greatest playground ever". blogTO. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
  22. ↑ "Coquitlam's Adventure Playground ends this weekend, will it be back next year? Here's what we found". Newslight. 2018-08-31. Retrieved 2018-10-29.
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  24. ↑ Adventure Playground
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  28. ↑ "どんなところ？". Kawasaki City Children's Dream Park (川崎市子ども夢パーク). 2008. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
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  30. ↑ "Ridgeline Park in Denman Prospect". Denman Prospect. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
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