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The Hygrophoraceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Originally conceived as containing white-spored, thick-gilled agarics, including Hygrophorus and Hygrocybe species, DNA evidence has extended the limits of the family, so it now contains not only agarics, but also basidiolichens and corticioid fungi. Species are thus diverse and are variously ectomycorrhizal, lichenized, associated with mosses, or saprotrophic. The family contains 25 genera and over 600 species. None is of any great economic importance, though fruit bodies of some Hygrocybe and Hygrophorus species are considered edible and may be collected for sale in local markets.
Hygrocybe is a genus of agarics in the family Hygrophoraceae. Called waxcaps in English, basidiocarps are often brightly coloured and have waxy to slimy caps, white spores, and smooth, ringless stems. In Europe they are characteristic of old, unimproved grasslands which are a declining habitat, making many Hygrocybe species of conservation concern. Elsewhere they are more typically found in woodlands. Most are ground-dwelling and all are believed to be moss associates. Around 150 species are recognized worldwide. Fruit bodies of several Hygrocybe species are considered edible and are sometimes offered for sale in local markets.
The Clavariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Collectively, they are commonly known as coral fungi due to their resemblance to aquatic coral, although other vernacular names including antler fungi, finger fungi, worm mold, and spaghetti mushroom are sometimes used for similar reasons.
The Clavulinaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family is not well defined, but currently comprises species of clavarioid fungi as well as some corticioid fungi. These species are nutritionally diverse, some being ectomycorrhizal, others wood-rotting saprotrophs, others lichenized, and yet others lichenicolous.
Humidicutis is a small genus of brightly coloured agarics, the majority of which are found in Eastern Australia. They were previously described as members of Hygrocybe. The genus Porpolomopsis is closely related, and the species in it were once placed in Humidicutis. The genus was described by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1959.
Porpolomopsis lewelliniae, commonly known as the mauve splitting wax-cap, is a gilled fungus of the waxcap family found in wet forests of eastern Australia and New Zealand. The small mauve- or lilac-coloured mushrooms are fairly common and appear in moss or leaf litter on the forest floor in autumn, and are biotrophic. The key distinguishing feature is the splitting of the cap dividing down the middle of the individual gills.
Atheliaceae is a family of corticioid fungi placed under the monotypic order Atheliales. Both the order and the family were described by Walter Jülich in 1981. According to a 2008 estimate, the family contains 20 genera and approximately 100 species. However, many genera formerly considered to belong in the Atheliaceae have since been moved to other families, including Amylocorticiaceae, Albatrellaceae, and Hygrophoraceae. Despite being a relatively small group with inconspicuous forms, Atheliaceae members show great diversity in life strategies and are widespread in distribution. Additionally, being a group strictly composed of corticioid fungi, they may also provide insights on the evolution of fruiting body forms in basidiomycetes.
Acantholichen is a fungal genus in the family Hygrophoraceae. A monotypic genus, it contains a single species, the basidiolichen Acantholichen pannarioides, discovered originally in Costa Rica in 1998. This species has a bluish, gelatinous thallus, and a fine, white powdery bloom covering the hairy upper surface; this surface is said to resemble "an unshaven chin".
Haasiella is a fungal genus in the family Hygrophoraceae. It is a monotypic genus that contains only the species Haasiella splendidissima. Haasiella venustissima, formerly considered to be a distinct species based on its one and two-spored basidia, was found by a DNA study to be synonymous with H. splendidissima. H. splendidissima is only known from Europe and is saprotrophic on wood. Haasiella was described as a new genus in 1966 by Czech mycologists František Kotlaba and Zdeněk Pouzar. It is most closely related to the genus Hygrophorus.
Hygroaster is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. The genus was described by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1955.
Pseudoarmillariella is a genus of fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. The genus contains three species found in Central America, North America, and Asia. Pseudoarmillariella was described by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1956.
Chromosera is a genus of fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. Within the family Hygrophoraceae it is closely related to the genus Gloioxanthomyces. It contains five species. The generic name honors the mycologist Meinhard Moser, and also alludes (chromos) to the distinct coloration of the mushrooms.
Semiomphalina is a basidiolichen genus in the family Hygrophoraceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species Semiomphalina leptoglossoides, found in Papua New Guinea.
Cantharocybe is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. The genus was described by American mycologists Howard E. Bigelow and Alexander H. Smith in 1973. Cantharocybe contains three species: the type C. gruberi, and C. brunneovelutina from Belize, reported as new to science in 2011, and C. virosa, transferred from "Megacollybia", and found in Bangladesh and India.
Aeruginospora furfuracea is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoraceae. The species, described by Egon Horak in 1973, is found in New Zealand. It is currently placed in the genus Aeruginospora, but may actually belong in Camarophyllopsis.
Gliophorus is a genus of agaric fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. Gliophorus species belong to a group known as waxcaps in English, sometimes also waxy caps in North America or waxgills in New Zealand. The genus was described by Czech mycologist Josef Herink in 1958, but is currently synonymized with Hygrocybe by most standard authorities. It has, however, been adopted in New Zealand which has an unusually large number of native Gliophorus species.
Gliophorus versicolor is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hygrophoraceae. Found in New Zealand, it was described as new to science in 1973 by mycologist Egon Horak. Within the genus Gliophorus, it is classified in the section Glutinosae, a grouping of species characterized by having bright colors, decurrent gills, and a gelatinized subhymenium. Fruit bodies have hemispherical to convex caps typically measuring 20 mm (0.8 in), although some have been recorded up to 50 mm (2.0 in). Moist caps are gluey with a color ranging from reddish brown to pinkish-lilac; the cap margin has radial grooves mirroring the gills underneath. The gills have an adnate to somewhat decurrent attachment to the stipe. They are widely spaced with color similar to the cap, or whitish. The cylindrical, hollow stipe measures 2–7 cm (0.8–2.8 in) by 1.5–3 mm (0.06–0.12 in) thick. The fungus is saprobic, and fruits on the ground among Dacrycarpus and Nothofagus.
Gloioxanthomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. It was circumscribed in 2013 to contain G. nitidus, and the type species, G. vitellinus. Within the Hygrophoracae, it is in the tribe Chromosereae and closely related to the genus Chromosera. The generic name derives from the Greek gloio ("glutinous"), xantho ("yellow"), and myces (fungus).
Gloioxanthomyces nitidus, commonly known as the shining waxcap, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoraceae. It was originally described by Miles Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis in 1853 as a species of Hygrophorus. The specific epithet nitidus means "shining". It was one of two species transferred to the newly created genus Gloioxanthomyces in 2013. Fruitbodies have convex, apricot-yellow to orange caps that are 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) in diameter. The pale yellow, waxy gills are decurrent, with a somewhat distant spacing. Other than the gills and the base of the stipe, the bright coloring of the fruitbody fades with age. Spores are elliptical, smooth, and measure 6–10 by 4–6 µm. It is found in North America, where it grows on the ground in groups in coniferous or mixed forests. It prefers bogs, swamps, and similar moist habitats.
Porpolomopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. It was circumscribed in 2008 by Andreas Bresinsky to contain P. calyptriformis. Bresinsky separated it from the genus Hygrocybe based on its color and the absence of DOPA pigments. P. lewelliniae was transferred to the genus based on DNA and morphology. Three undescribed species also belong in the genus. Species of Porpolomopsis have also formerly been placed in the genus Humidicutis, to which they are closely related but differ in having narrowly attached or free gills and the shape of the hyphae in their cap. Species of Porpolomopsis are found in Europe, North America, Asia, Australia and New Zealand.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lodge DJ, Padamsee M, Matheny PB, Aime MC, Cantrell SA, Boertmann D, et al. (2014). "Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 64 (1): 1–99. doi: 10.1007/s13225-013-0259-0 . S2CID 220615978.
- ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
- ↑ Horak, E. (1973). "Fungi agaricini Novaezelandiae I-V". Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia. 43: 1–200 (see p. 125).