Alaska red-tailed hawk

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Alaska red-tailed hawk
Red-tailed hawk, Swan Lake, Victoria, BC (9346135799).jpg
Red-tailed hawk, Swan Lake, Victoria, BC
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Buteo
Species:
B. jamaicensis
Subspecies:
B. j. alascensis
Trinomial name
Buteo jamaicensis alascensis
Grinnell, 1909

The Alaska red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis alascensis) is a subspecies of red-tailed hawk that breeds (and is probably resident) from southeastern coastal Alaska to Haida Gwaii (previously Queen Charlotte Islands) and Vancouver Island in British Columbia. [1] Despite its northerly distribution, this is the second smallest of the red-tailed hawks. Only the Jamaican red-tailed hawk (B. j. jamaicensis) is smaller. Little is known about this subspecies compared to other subspecies of red-tailed hawk. [2]

Contents

Taxonomy and Systematics

The alaska red-tailed hawk was described by Joseph Grinnell (Glacier Bay, Alaska) in 1909 as "always blackest dorsally, and decidedly smaller" than a "large series" of the western red-tailed hawk (B. j. calurus). [3] B. j. alascensis and B. j. calurus were previously considered to be the same subspecies.

Etymology and Taxonomy

The red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) was described by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1788 as Falco jamaicensis. [4] The name "jamaicensis" means "originating in Jamaica", referring to where the original specimen was found. [5] Later, this hawk was placed in the genus Buteo, introduced by Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799. [6] "Buteo" means "buzzard" in Latin. [7] The subspecies B. j. alascensis is named after its main distribution in Alaska, with the suffix "-ensis" indicating origin. [8]

Subspecies status and evidence

The alaska red-tailed hawk is one of 14 recognized subspecies of red-tailed hawk. It is understudied in comparison to other red-tail hawk subspecies and morphologically similar to other subspecies, B. j. calurus (Western red-tailed hawk). [2] Taverner notes "they can be described as small calurus". [9] Evidence for B. j. alascensis being distinct from B.j. calurus is less accurate than other subspecies belonging to Buteo jamaicensis. [2]

Description

Size

The largest females from this subspecies are smaller than almost all male red-tailed hawks from other subspecies in Canada. [10] [11] In wing chord, males range from 334 to 362 mm (13.1 to 14.3 in), averaging 346.5 mm (13.64 in), and females range from 358 to 363 mm (14.1 to 14.3 in), averaging 360.5 mm (14.19 in). Males and females average 227.6 and 226.9 mm (8.96 and 8.93 in) in tail length, 86.9 and 83.2 mm (3.42 and 3.28 in) in tarsal length and 24.4 and 26.4 mm (0.96 and 1.04 in) in culmen length. [12] [10] [13]

Colouration

This race is darker than the pale morph of the western red-tailed hawk (B. j. calurus), nearly solidly dark brown above with almost no pale mottling on the scapulars. The breast is slightly rufous with dark arrowheads rather than streaking around the belly (although not all B. j. alascensis have the arrowheads, probably through hybridization with other races), meanwhile the rest of the underside down to the "trousers" is paler and more washed out than on B. j. calurus. Immatures of this race are usually blackish brown overall with a white throat and wide tail bands, rather unlike B. j. calurus. [12] [10] [14] However, it can be challenging to distinguish juvenile North American buteos. [15]

Identification

While the alaska and western red-tail hawk are not easy to tell apart, the main identifier is that the alaska subspecies is a smaller bird. Adult calurus wings measure over 368mm, while adult alascensis wings measure 368mm and under. [9] B. j. alascensis is also said to have a rosy pink breast in comparison. [3]

Distribution

Range and Habitat

The range of alascensis spans coastal British Columbia including Haida Gwaii and western Vancouver Island all the way up to southeast Alaska. [16] [17] [3] This bird inhabits the temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest.

Migration

Red-tailed hawks are partial migrants, exhibiting varying degrees of migration correlating to latitude. [18] Subspecies occupying the northern third of their distribution (most of Canada and Alaska) are almost fully migratory, whereas many southern populations are fully sedentary. [19] Despite their more northern distribution, red-tailed hawks present in the coastal north, such as the Pacific Northwest and southern Alaska, have been found not to participate in migration which would include the alaska red-tailed hawk. [10]

Behaviour

These hawks are diurnal birds, meaning they are most active during the day and inactive or asleep at night. [20]

Flight

Soaring is the most common method of flight for members of the red-tailed hawk species as it conserves the most energy. [21]

Reproduction and Courtship

Specific reproductive traits of the alaska red-tailed hawk subspecies are unknown however birds in the genus Buteo are typical in their breeding behaviours. Their courtship rituals involve soaring in large circles high in the sky, with the male performing dives. [22] [15] [23] Red-tailed hawks are monogamous and will mate with the same individual until one dies. [24]

Hunting strategies

Like many Buteos, members of the red-tailed hawk species hunt from a perch. [25] [26] Though North American red-tailed hawks can hunt from flight, it is generally uncommon. [21]

Vocalizations

These are vocalizations common to red-tailed hawks as a species. [27] There is likely variance within subspecies such as the alaska red-tailed hawk.

Vocalization table
AgeSoundReasonSource
Young nestlingpipseepresence of parent or disturbance [28]
Juvenileklee-ukhunger call [29]
Adultkee-eee-arrirritation or defense response [28]

Diet

The diet of alaska red-tailed hawks is quite varied as these birds are carnivorous and opportunistic eaters. [27] Rodents such as squirrels, voles, rabbits, and hares constitute the bulk of their diet. [30] They are also known to consume other birds, reptiles, fish, amphibians and invertebrates. [27]

Conservation

Red-tailed hawks as a species were last assessed in October 2016, with their global status deemed "Least concern" by the IUCN. [31] The specific conservation status of the alaska red-tailed hawk subspecies is unknown.

Threats

The Alaskan government proposes that potential threats to red-tailed hawks in Alaska include environmental pollution, habitat loss and starvation. [32] However, they state the first two threats are more unlikely, especially habitat loss, as red-tailed hawks are more adaptable compared to other raptors. Starvation affects many young, inexperienced hawks and is often the reason some do not survive their first year. Bad weather, parasites and injury are the main contributors to death by starvation in red-tailed hawks.

Related Research Articles

<i>Buteo</i> Genus of birds-of-prey including various buzzards and hawks

Buteo is a genus of medium to fairly large, wide-ranging raptors with a robust body and broad wings. In the Old World, members of this genus are called "buzzards", but "hawk" is used in the New World. As both terms are ambiguous, buteo is sometimes used instead, for example, by the Peregrine Fund.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rough-legged buzzard</span> Species of bird

The rough-legged buzzard (Europe) or rough-legged hawk is a medium-large bird of prey. It is found in arctic and subarctic regions of North America, Europe, and Asia during the breeding season, and migrates south for the winter. Historically, it was also known as "rough-legged falcon" in such works as John James Audubon's The Birds of America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great horned owl</span> Species of owl

The great horned owl, also known as the tiger owl or the hoot owl, is a large owl native to the Americas. It is an extremely adaptable bird with a vast range and is the most widely distributed true owl in the Americas. Its primary diet is rabbits and hares, rats and mice, and voles, although it freely hunts any animal it can overtake, including rodents and other small mammals, larger mid-sized mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-tailed hawk</span> Species of bird

The red-tailed hawk is a bird of prey that breeds throughout most of North America, from the interior of Alaska and northern Canada to as far south as Panama and the West Indies. It is one of the most common members within the genus of Buteo in North America or worldwide. The red-tailed hawk is one of three species colloquially known in the United States as the "chickenhawk", though it rarely preys on standard-sized chickens. The bird is sometimes also referred to as the red-tail for short, when the meaning is clear in context.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Broad-winged hawk</span> Species of bird

The broad-winged hawk is a medium-sized hawk of the genus Buteo. During the summer, some subspecies are distributed over eastern North America, as far west as British Columbia and Texas; they then migrate south to winter in the Neotropics from Mexico south to southern Brazil. Other subspecies are all-year residents on Caribbean islands. As in most raptors, females are slightly larger than males. Broad-winged hawks' wings are relatively short and broad with a tapered, somewhat pointed appearance. The two types of coloration are a dark morph with fewer white areas and a light morph that is more pale overall. Although the broad-winged hawk's numbers are relatively stable, populations are declining in some parts of its breeding range because of forest fragmentation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harris's hawk</span> Species of bird

Harris's hawk, formerly known as the bay-winged hawk or dusky hawk, and known in Latin America as the peuco, is a medium-large bird of prey that breeds from the southwestern United States south to Chile, central Argentina, and Brazil. This bird is sometimes reported to be at large in Western Europe, especially Britain, but it is a popular species in falconry and these records almost invariably all refer to escapes from captivity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern red-tailed hawk</span> Subspecies of bird

The eastern red-tailed hawk is a subspecies of the red-tailed hawk that breeds from southeast Canada and Maine south through Texas and east to northern Florida.

The western red-tailed hawk is a subspecies of the red-tailed hawk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southwestern red-tailed hawk</span> Subspecies of bird

The southwestern red-tailed hawk is a subspecies of red-tailed hawk that breeds from northern Chihuahua to southern Texas. It winters in Arizona, New Mexico and southern Louisiana. This seems to be a particularly large subspecies, although its size is not drastically different from the western red-tailed hawk, and, going on average wing size and tarsal length, this appears to be the largest race of red-tailed hawk. The wing chord of males can range from 385 to 402 mm, averaging 393.3 mm (15.48 in), and, in females, it ranges from 425 to 436 mm, averaging 430.7 mm (16.96 in). Additionally, males and females average 210.9 and 223.8 mm in tail length, 88 and 93 mm in tarsal length and 26.3 and 27.5 mm in culmen length. Hybridization seems to occur in eastern Texas with the eastern red-tailed hawk, broadly to the west with B. j. calurus and, possibly, in Nuevo León and Chihuahua with the Mexican Highlands red-tailed hawk. This race combines the darker back of B. j. calurus with the paler underside of B. j. borealis, with the belly band either entirely absent or only manifesting in light streaking. The tail is variable but relatively pale, with some individuals showing almost no dark subterminal band, others having quite a broad subterminal band and some showing extensively barring on top like darker morphs of B. j. calurus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harlan's hawk</span> Subspecies of bird

Harlan's hawk or Harlan's red-tailed hawk is a subspecies of the red-tailed hawk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Krider's hawk</span> Subspecies of bird

Krider's hawk or Krider's red-tailed hawk is a subspecies or color morph of red-tailed hawk. Authorities vary in their treatment of the taxon. It was named after John Krider, the gunsmith from Philadelphia who collected the type specimen, which is preserved in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-shouldered hawk</span> Species of bird

The red-shouldered hawk is a medium-sized buteo. Its breeding range spans eastern North America and along the coast of California and northern to northeastern-central Mexico. It is a permanent resident throughout most of its range, though northern birds do migrate, mostly to central Mexico. The main conservation threat to the widespread species is deforestation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jamaican red-tailed hawk</span> Subspecies of bird

The Jamaican red-tailed hawk is the nominate subspecies of the red-tailed hawk, a bird of prey of North America. The subspecies B. j. jamaicensis occurs in the northern West Indies, including Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and the Lesser Antilles, but not the Bahamas or Cuba, where it is replaced by the Cuban red-tailed hawk. El Yunque National Forest, Puerto Rico, holds some of the highest known density of Jamaican red-tailed hawks. The bird is referred to as a guaraguao in the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central American red-tailed hawk</span> Subspecies of bird

The Central American red-tailed hawk is a subspecies of red-tailed hawk resident from Nicaragua to Panama. This subspecies is relatively small. The wing chord of males can range from 368 to 391 mm, averaging 372.7 mm (14.67 in), and, in females, it ranges from 393 to 427 mm, averaging 401.9 mm (15.82 in). Additionally, males and females average 213.2 and 230 mm in tail length, 88.6 and 86.9 mm in tarsal length and 26 and 26.7 mm in culmen length. This race may average around 900 g (2.0 lb). This subspecies is arguably the most handsomely colored in typical adult plumage. This subspecies is dark brown above and heavily pigmented dorsally, the white of the breast contrasting with a deep rufous abdominal band which contains black streaks and spots. Meanwhile, the flanks, wing linings and sides are an unbarred deep rufous. In some birds, the rich rufous color continues to the underside. The chest is much less heavily streaked than in northern migrants western red-tailed hawk to Central America. Unlike other Central American races of red-tailed hawk, there seems to be no dark morph in this subspecies.

The Tres Marias red-tailed hawk is a relatively small subspecies of red-tailed hawk endemic to Islas Marías, an island some 100 km (62 mi) off the coast of Mexico. Unlike some other island races, the validity of this race has rarely been called into question. The wing chord of males can range from 368 to 370 mm, averaging 369.3 mm (14.54 in), and, in females, it ranges from 395 to 400 mm, averaging 397.4 mm (15.65 in). Males and females average 228.9 and 235.5 mm in tail length, 85.9 and 88.3 mm in tarsal length and 27.4 and 29.2 mm in culmen length. This race is similar to the western red-tailed hawk but, beyond being noticeably smaller, is duskier and duller hued overall and has a more cinnamon wash below, with heavily dark barred thighs.

The Mexican Highlands red-tailed hawk is a subspecies of red-tailed hawk endemic to the Mexican Highlands. Not all authorities recognize this race, however, in recent years, most list it as valid. Like other Neotropical races, this one is relatively small. wing chord averages 378.9 mm (14.92 in) in males and 401.1 mm (15.79 in) in females. Males and females average 215 and 230.4 mm in tail length, 89.1 and 88 mm in tarsal length and 26.3 and 26.8 mm in culmen length. Apparently, this race is similar to B. j. kemsiesi to the south but unlike that race it has rufous barring that extends to the flanks and belly. Apparently, some dark morphs have occurred. One other unique feature is its massive feet, with a toe length nearly 10% longer than the western red-tailed hawk despite its otherwise small body size. The evolutionary reason for these relatively large feet is unknown.

The red-tailed hawk kemsiesi is a dark subspecies of red-tailed hawk resident from Chiapas, Mexico, to Nicaragua. The wing chord of males can range from 357 to 382 mm, averaging 376 mm (14.8 in), and, in females, it ranges from 362 to 402 mm, averaging 398.2 mm (15.68 in). Males and females average 212.5 and 231 mm in tail length, 87.8 and 87.1 mm in tarsal length and 26.1 and 26.4 mm in culmen length. This race is similar to the southwestern red-tailed hawk but markedly smaller, with its thighs barred with rufous. The dark wing marking may not be distinct in paler birds. A dark morph, similar to the western red-tailed hawk, is known to occur in this race.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Socorro red-tailed hawk</span> Subspecies of bird

The Socorro red-tailed hawk is a subspecies of red-tailed hawk endemic to Socorro Island, 600 kilometres (370 mi) off the west coast of Mexico. The wing chord of males can range from 368 to 385 mm, averaging 378.4 mm (14.90 in), and, in females, it ranges from 385 to 415 mm, averaging 412.8 mm (16.25 in). Males and females average 214.1 and 230.4 mm in tail length, 84.9 and 89.1 mm in tarsal length and 24.9 and 28.6 mm in culmen length. One female was found to have weighed 1,260 g (2.78 lb). This race, which is physically fairly similar to the western red-tailed hawk, is not recognized by some authorities because it has a breeding population of perhaps fewer than 20 birds. There are some differences from B. j. calurus, such as their larger, more robust feet and much greater sexual dimorphism, which is the most pronounced of any race linearly, averaging 10.42% when all standard measurements are considered. Furthermore, Socorro hawks tend to average more melantic in overall color, being a duller, darker brown than mainland birds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cuban red-tailed hawk</span> Subspecies of bird

The Cuban red-tailed hawk is a subspecies of red-tailed hawk native to the Bahamas, Florida, and Cuba.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Florida red-tailed hawk</span> Subspecies of bird

The Florida red-tailed hawk is a subspecies of red-tailed hawk. It occurs year-round in peninsular Florida north as far as Tampa Bay and the Kissimmee Prairie and south down to the Florida Keys. This subspecies is very large, only the southwestern red-tailed hawk averages larger in overall dimensions. Although a non-migratory subspecies, its wings are notably longer than those of the eastern red-tailed hawk and S. b. umbrinus may be conspicuously larger than the relatively small southern S. b. borealis that they overlap with. The wing chord of males can range from 396 to 400 mm, averaging 398.8 mm (15.70 in), and, in females, it ranges from 373 to 432 mm, averaging 408.9 mm (16.10 in). Males and females average 225 and 234 mm in tail length, 91.1 and 88.9 mm in tarsal length and 27.2 and 30 mm in culmen length. Compared to B. j. borealis which it replaces, it has a darker back, more similar to the dark brown of the western red-tailed hawk. Adults tend to have chestnut to rufous side patches, multiple tail bars and no barring on the "trousers". A very rare dark morph has been reported.

References

  1. ↑ Tesky, Julie L. "Buteo jamaicensis". United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 10 June 2007.
  2. 1 2 3 Lish, James W.; Voelker, William G. "Field identification aspects of some Red-tailed Hawk subspecies" (PDF). [American Birds]. 40 (2): 197 – via SORA.
  3. 1 2 3 Clark, William S. (2018-05-31). "The Alaska Red-tailed Hawk" (PDF). Western Birds. 49 (2): 126–135. doi:10.21199/WB49.2.3.
  4. ↑ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 266.
  5. ↑ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 371.
  6. ↑ Lacépède, Bernard Germain de (1799). "Discours d'ouverture du Cours d'histoire naturelle", Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux (in French). p. 4.
  7. ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names: From Aalge to Zusii (1. Aufl. ed.). London: Christopher Helm. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4.
  8. ↑ "-ensis". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 2024-10-15.
  9. 1 2 Taverner, P. A. (March 1936). "Taxonomic Comments on Red-Tailed Hawks". The Condor. 38 (2): 66–71. doi:10.2307/1363551. ISSN   0010-5422.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Palmer, R. S. ed. (1988). Handbook of North American Birds. Volume 5 Diurnal Raptors (Part 2).
  11. ↑ Taverner, P. A. (1927). "A study of Buteo borealis, the Red-tailed Hawk, and its varieties in Canada (No. 13)". Canada. Victoria Memorial Museum.
  12. 1 2 Ferguson-Lees, J. & Christie, D. (2001). Raptors of the World. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN   978-0-7136-8026-3.
  13. ↑ Ridgway, R. & Friedmann, H. (1919). The Birds of North and Middle America: A Descriptive Catalogue of the Higher Groups, Genera, Species, and Subspecies of Birds Known to Occur in North America, from the Arctic Lands to the Isthmus of Panama, the West Indies and Other Islands of the Caribbean Sea, and the Galapagos Archipelago. Vol. 50, No. 8. Govt. Print.
  14. ↑ Preston, C. R. & Beane, R. D. (2009). "Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)". The Birds of North America. doi : 10.2173/bna.52.
  15. 1 2 Preston, Charles R (2000). Wild Bird Guide: Red-Tailed Hawk (1 ed.). [Stackpole Books]. pp. 13–27. ISBN   9780811729147.
  16. ↑ Hellmayr, C. E., and Conover, B. 1949. Catalogue of birds of the Americas, part I, no. 4. Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 13 (publ. 634)
  17. ↑ Wheeler, B. K. 2003. Raptors of Western North America. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.
  18. ↑ Bloom, Peter H; McCrary, Michael D.; Scott, J. Michael; Papp, Joseph M.; Sernka, Karyn J.; Thomas, Scott E.; Kidd, Jeff W.; Henckel, Edmund H.; Henckel, Judith L.; Gibson, Marjorie J. (March 2015). "Northward Summer Migration of Red-Tailed Hawks Fledged from Southern Latitudes". Journal of Raptor Research. 49 (1): 1. doi:10.3356/jrr-14-54.1. ISSN   0892-1016.
  19. ↑ Preston, C. R.; Beane, R. D. (2009-05-20). Poole, Alan F. (ed.). "Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)". The Birds of North America Online. doi:10.2173/bna.52.
  20. ↑ Preston, C., R. Beane. 1993. Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). Pp. 1-24 in A Poole, F Gill, eds. The Birds of North America, Vol. 52. Washington DC and Philadelphia, PA: The Academy of Natural Sciences and The American Ornithologists' Union
  21. 1 2 Ballam, J. M. (1984). "The use of soaring by the Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)". The Auk. 101 (3): 519–524. doi:10.1093/auk/101.3.519. JSTOR 4086604.
  22. ↑ Ballam, Joan M. (1984-07-01). "The Use of Soaring by the Red-Tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)". The Auk. 101 (3): 519–524. doi:10.1093/auk/101.3.519. ISSN   0004-8038.
  23. ↑ Conner, Richard N. (1974). "A Note on Aerial Courtship of Red-Tailed Hawks". Bird Banding. 45 (3): 269.
  24. ↑ "Red-tailed hawk". www.natureconservancy.ca. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
  25. ↑ Palmer, Ralph. S (10 September 1988). Handbook of North American birds. Volume 5 Diurnal Raptors (part 2). Yale University Press. ISBN   978-0300040609.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  26. ↑ Preston, C. R.; Beane, R. D. (2009-05-20). Poole, Alan F. (ed.). "Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)". The Birds of North America Online. doi:10.2173/bna.52.
  27. 1 2 3 Preston, C. R. and R. D. Beane (2020). Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (A. F. Poole, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.rethaw.01
  28. 1 2 Brown, L. H., and D. Amadon (1968). Eagles, Hawks, and Falcons of the World. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA
  29. ↑ Fitch, H. S., F. Swensen, and D. F. Tillotson (1946). Behavior and food habits of the Red-tailed Hawk. Condor 48:205–217.
  30. ↑ "Red-tailed Hawk Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
  31. ↑ IUCN (2016-10-01). Buteo jamaicensis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22695933A93534834 (Report). International Union for Conservation of Nature. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22695933a93534834.en.
  32. ↑ Alaska Department of Fish & Game. "Buteos" (PDF). Retrieved 10 October 2024.
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