Buteo

Last updated

Buteo
Temporal range: 33.9–0  Ma
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Oligocene – present
Buteo Buteo.jpg
Common buzzard (Buteo buteo)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Subfamily: Buteoninae
Genus: Buteo
Lacépède, 1799
Type species
Falco buteo
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

About 30, see text

Synonyms

Asturina

Buteo is a genus of medium to fairly large, wide-ranging raptors with a robust body and broad wings. In the Old World, members of this genus are called "buzzards", but "hawk" is used in the New World (Etymology: Buteo is the Latin name of the common buzzard [1] ). As both terms are ambiguous, buteo is sometimes used instead, for example, by the Peregrine Fund. [2]

Contents

Characteristics

Buteos are fairly large birds. Total length can vary from 30 to 75 cm (12 to 30 in) and wingspan can range from 67 to 170 cm (26 to 67 in). The lightest known species is the roadside hawk, [a] at an average of 269 g (9.5 oz) although the lesser known white-rumped and Ridgway's hawks are similarly small in average wingspan around 75 cm (30 in), and average length around 35 cm (14 in) in standard measurements. The largest species in length and wingspan is the upland buzzard, which averages around 65 cm (26 in) in length and 152 cm (60 in) in wingspan. The upland is rivaled in weight and outsized in foot measurements and bill size by the ferruginous hawk. In both of these largest buteos, adults typically weigh over 1,200 g (2.6 lb), and in mature females, can exceed a mass of 2,000 g (4.4 lb). [3] [4] [5] [6] All buteos may be noted for their broad wings and sturdy builds. They frequently soar on thermals at midday over openings and are most frequently seen while doing this. The flight style varies based on the body type and wing shape and surface size. Some long-winged species, such as rough-legged buzzards and Swainson's hawks, have a floppy, buoyant flight style, while others, such as red-tailed hawks and rufous-tailed hawks, tend to be relatively shorter-winged, soaring more slowly and flying with more labored, deeper flaps. [3] Most small and some medium-sized species, such as, red-shouldered hawk, often fly with an alternation of soaring and flapping, thus may be reminiscent of an Accipiter hawk in flight, but are still relatively larger-winged, shorter-tailed, and soar more extensively in open areas than Accipiter species do. [3] [7] Buteos inhabit a wide range of habitats across the world, but tend to prefer some access to both clearings, which provide ideal hunting grounds, and trees, which can provide nesting locations and security. [4] [5]

Diet

All Buteo species are to some extent opportunistic when it comes to hunting, and prey on almost any type of small animal as it becomes available to them. However, most have a strong preference for small mammals, mostly rodents. Rodents of almost every family in the world are somewhere preyed upon by Buteo species. [3] [4] [5] Since many rodents are primarily nocturnal, most buteos mainly hunt rodents that may be partially active during the day, which can include squirrels and chipmunks, voles, and gerbils. More nocturnal varieties are hunted opportunistically and may be caught in the first or last few hours of light. [3] [5] Other smallish mammals, such as shrews, moles, pikas, bats, and weasels, tend to be minor secondary prey, although can locally be significant for individual species. [3] [5] Larger mammals, such as rabbits, hares, and marmots, including even adult specimens weighing as much as 2 to 3 kg (4.4 to 6.6 lb), may be hunted by the heaviest and strongest species, such as ferruginous, [5] [8] [9] red-tailed [10] and white-tailed hawks. [11] Birds are taken occasionally, as well. Small to mid-sized birds, i.e. passerines, woodpeckers, waterfowl, pigeons, and gamebirds, are most often taken. However, since the adults of most smaller birds can successfully outmaneuver and evade buteos in flight, much avian prey is taken in the nestling or fledgling stages or adult birds if they are previously injured. [3] [5] An exception is the short-tailed hawk, which is a relatively small and agile species and is locally a small bird-hunting specialist. [12] The Hawaiian hawk, which evolved on an isolated group of islands with no terrestrial mammals, was also initially a bird specialist, although today it preys mainly on introduced rodents. Other prey may include snakes, lizards, frogs, salamanders, fish, and even various invertebrates, especially beetles. In several Buteo species found in more tropical regions, such as the grey-lined hawk, reptiles and amphibians may come to locally dominate the diet. [3] Swainson's hawk, despite its somewhat large size, is something of exceptional insect-feeding specialist and may rely almost fully on crickets and dragonflies when wintering in southern South America. [13] [14] Carrion is eaten occasionally by most species, but is almost always secondary to live prey. [3] The importance of carrion in the Old World "buzzard" species is relatively higher since these often seem slower and less active predators than their equivalents in the Americas. [15] [16] [17] Most Buteo species seem to prefer to ambush prey by pouncing down to the ground directly from a perch. In a secondary approach, many spot prey from a great distance while soaring and circle down to the ground to snatch it. [3]

Reproduction

Buteos are typical accipitrids in most of their breeding behaviors. They all build their own nests, which are often constructed out of sticks and other materials they can carry. Nests are generally located in trees, which are generally selected based on large sizes and inaccessibility to climbing predators rather than by species. Most Buteos breed in stable pairs, which may mate for life or at least for several years even in migratory species in which pairs part ways during winter. Generally from 2 to 4 eggs are laid by the female and are mostly incubated by her, while the male mate provides food. Once the eggs hatch, the survival of the young is dependent upon how abundant appropriate food is and the security of the nesting location from potential nest predators and other (often human-induced) disturbances. As in many raptors, the nestlings hatch at intervals of a day or two and the older, strong siblings tend to have the best chances of survival, with the younger siblings often starving or being handled aggressively (and even killed) by their older siblings. The male generally does most of the hunting and the female broods, but the male may also do some brooding while the female hunts as well. Once the fledgling stage is reached, the female takes over much of the hunting. After a stage averaging a couple of weeks, the fledglings take the adults‘ increasing indifference to feeding them or occasional hostile behavior towards them as a cue to disperse on their own. Generally, young Buteos tend to disperse several miles away from their nesting grounds and wander for one to two years until they can court a mate and establish their own breeding range. [3] [4] [5]

Distribution

The Buteo hawks include many of the most widely distributed, most common, and best-known raptors in the world. Examples include the red-tailed hawk of North America and the common buzzard of Eurasia. Most Northern Hemisphere species are at least partially migratory. In North America, species such as broad-winged hawks and Swainson's hawks are known for their huge numbers (often called "kettles") while passing over major migratory flyways in the fall. Up to tens of thousands of these Buteos can be seen each day during the peak of their migration. Any of the prior mentioned common Buteo species may have total populations that exceed a million individuals. [3] On the other hand, the Socotra buzzard and Galapagos hawks are considered vulnerable to extinction per the IUCN. The Ridgway's hawk is even more direly threatened and is considered Critically Endangered. These insular forms are threatened primarily by habitat destruction, prey reductions and poisoning. [3] [4] The latter reason is considered the main cause of a noted decline in the population of the more abundant Swainson's hawk, due to insecticides being used in southern South America, which the hawks ingest through crickets and then die from poisoning. [18]

Taxonomy and systematics

The genus Buteo was erected by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799 by tautonymy with the specific name of the common buzzard Falco buteo which had been introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. [19] [20]

Extant species in taxonomic order

Genus Buteo Lacépède, 1799 – twenty eight [21] species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Common buzzard

Steppe buzzard (Buteo buteo vulpinus).jpg

Buteo buteo
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Six subspecies
  • B. b. buteo
  • B. b. harterti
  • B. b. insularum
  • B. b. menetriesi
  • B. b. pojana
  • B. b. vulpinus
northwestern China (Tian Shan), far western Siberia and northwestern Mongolia.
Buteo buteo distribution map.png
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


[22]

Eastern buzzard

Buteo japonicus1.jpg

Buteo japonicus
(Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)

Four subspecies
  • B. j. burmanicus - Hume, 1875
  • B. j. japonicus - Temminck & Schlegel, 1845
  • B. j. toyoshimai - Momiyama, 1927
  • B. j. oshiroi - Kuroda, Nagahisa, 1971
East Asia and some parts of Russia and South Asi
Buteo Japonicus range map.png
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


[23]

Himalayan buzzard

Himalayan Buzzard at Pangolakha.jpg

Buteo refectus
Portenko, 1935
the Himalayas in Nepal, India and southern China.
Buteo Refectus range map.png
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


[24]

Cape Verde buzzard


Buteo bannermani
(Swann, 1919)
Cape Verde
Buteo bannermani range map.png
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
Socotra buzzard

Buteo socotraensis.jpg

Buteo socotraensis
Porter & Kirwan, 2010
Socotra, Yemen
Range map of the Socotra Buzzard.png
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 VU 


[25]

Red-tailed hawk

Red-tailed Hawk.jpg

Buteo jamaicensis
(Gmelin, 1788)

Fourteen subspecies
Alaska and northern Canada to as far south as Panama and the West Indies.
Buteo jamaicensis map.svg
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


[26]

Long-legged buzzard

Long-legged Buzzard (24521858347) (cropped).jpg

Buteo rufinus
(Cretzschmar, 1829)

Two subspecies
  • B. r. rufinus - (Cretzschmar, 1829)
  • B. r. cirtensis - (Levaillant, J, 1850)
Southeastern Europe down to East Africa to the northern part of the Indian subcontinent.
Buteo rufinus distribution map.png
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


[27]

Rough-legged buzzard

Buteo lagopus 29283.JPG

Buteo lagopus
(Pontoppidan, 1763)

Four subspecies
  • B. l. lagopus - (Pontoppidan, 1763)
  • B. l. menzbieri - Dementiev, 1951
  • B. l. kamtschatkensis - Dementiev, 1931
  • B. l. sanctijohannis - (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
Arctic and Subarctic regions of North America, Europe, and Russia
Buteo lagopus distribution map.png
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


[28]

Ferruginous hawk

Ferruginous Hawk (53562028956).jpg

Buteo regalis
(Gray, 1844)
North America
Buteo regalis map.svg
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


[29]

Red-shouldered hawk

Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus) - Blue Cypress Lake, Florida.jpg

Buteo lineatus
(Gmelin, 1788)

Five subspecies
  • B. l. lineatus (Gmelin, 1788)
  • B. l. alleni Ridgway, 1885
  • B. l. extimus Bangs, 1920
  • B. l. texanus Bishop, 1912
  • B. l. elegans Cassin, 1855
eastern North America and along the coast of California and northern to northeastern-central Mexico.
Buteo lineatus distr..png
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


[30]

Broad-winged hawk

Broad-winged Hawk (40215337524).jpg

Buteo platypterus
(Vieillot, 1823)

Six subspecies
  • B. p. platypterus(Vieillot, 1823)
  • B. p. brunnescens Danforth & Smyth, 1935
  • B. p. cubanensisBurns, 1911
  • B. p. insulicolaRiley, 1908
  • B. p. riviereiVerrill, AH, 1905
  • B. p. antillarumClark, AH, 1905
eastern North America, as far west as British Columbia and Texas, Neotropics from Mexico south to southern Brazil
Broad-winged Hawk ebird data map.png
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


[31]

Swainson's hawk

Buteo swainsoni (Calibas).jpg

Buteo swainsoni
Bonaparte, 1838
western North America, Chile, Argentina, Dominican Republic, and Trinidad and Tobago, and in Norway.
Distribution of Buteo swainsoni.png
Size:

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Diet:
 LC 


[32]

Ridgway's hawk

Ridgeway's Hawk (Buteo ridgwayi) (8082820954).jpg

Buteo ridgwayi
(Cory, 1883)
Hispaniola
Buteo ridgwayi map.svg
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 CR 


[33]

Short-tailed hawk

Buteo platypterus (Gavilan aliancho) (16265436911).jpg

Buteo brachyurus
(Vieillot, 1816)

Two subspecies
  • B. b. fuliginosus - Sclater, PL, 1858
  • B. b. brachyurus - Vieillot, 1816
From southeastern Brazil and northern Argentina north through Central America to the mountains of the Mexico-Arizona border area, as well as in southern Florida, United States
Buteo brachyurus.svg
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


[34]

White-throated hawk

Buteo albigula 287867709.jpg

Buteo albigula
Philippi, 1899
South America
Buteo albigula map.svg
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


[35]

Galapagos hawk

Galapagos Hawk (Buteo galapagoensis) (19897962683).jpg

Buteo galapagoensis
(Gould, 1837)
Galápagos Islands
Buteo galapagoensis distribution.PNG
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 VU 


[36]

Gray-lined hawk

Buteo nitidus Trinidad 1 (cropped).jpg

Buteo nitidus
Latham, 1790

Three subspecies
  • B. n. blakei - Hellmayr & Conover, 1949
  • B. n. nitidus - (Latham, 1790)
  • B. n. pallidus - (Todd, 1915)
El Salvador to Argentina, as well as on the Caribbean island of Trinidad.
Buteo nitidus.svg
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


[37]

Gray hawk

HAWK, GRAY (9-27-12) imm, ca gulch, pajarito mts, scc, az =-1 (8032785276).jpg

Buteo plagiatus
(Schlegel, 1862)
from Costa Rica north into the southwestern United States
Buteo plagiatus distr.png
Size:

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Diet:
 LC 


[38]

Zone-tailed hawk

HAWK, ZONE-TAILED (9-26-11) patagonia creek, scc, az -03 (6186911324).jpg

Buteo albonotatus
(Kaup, 1847)
southern Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas almost throughout inland Mexico and the central portions of Central America down into eastern Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, southern Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and northern Argentina.
Buteo albonotatus distr.png
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


[39]

Hawaiian hawk

Buteo solitaries.jpg

Buteo solitarius
(Peale, 1848)
Hawaii Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 NT 


[40]

Rufous-tailed hawk

Buteo ventralis 39036964 (cropped).jpg

Buteo ventralis
Gould, 1837
Argentina, Chile
Buteo ventralis map.svg
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 VU 


[41]

Mountain buzzard

Mountain Buzzard - Ngorongoro - Tanzania 0120 (15523994061) (cropped).jpg

Buteo oreophilus
Hartert and Neumann, 1914
East Africa Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 NT 


[42]

Forest buzzard

Forest Buzzard, Buteo trizonatus, at Hangklip Forest, Makhado, Limpopo Province, South Africa (20761505461).jpg

Buteo trizonatus
Rudebeck, 1957
South Africa, Lesotho and EswatiniSize:

Habitat:

Diet:
 NT 


[43]

Madagascar buzzard

Madagascar buzzard.jpg

Buteo brachypterus
Hartlaub, 1860
Madagascar
Madagascar Buzzard Range.png
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


[44]

Upland buzzard

Da Kuang 1-Jue Shi Gu Shou  - panoramio.jpg

Buteo hemilasius
Temminck & Schlegel, 1844
Central and East Asia Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


[45]

Red-necked buzzard

Bebe Buse d'Afrique Nyonie Gabon (cropped).jpg

Buteo auguralis
Salvadori, 1865
The Sahel and Central Africa Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


[46]

Jackal buzzard

Jackal buzzard, Buteo rufofuscus, at Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Northern Cape, South Africa (34291072000).jpg

Buteo rufofuscus
(Forster, 1798)
Southern Africa Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


[47]

Augur buzzard

Augur buzzard (Buteo augur).jpg

Buteo augur
(Rüppell, 1836)

Two subspecies
from Ethiopia to southern Angola and central Namibia.
1427 - Augur Buzzard.png
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


[48]


Fossil record

A number of fossil species have been discovered, mainly in North America. Some are placed here primarily based on considerations of biogeography, Buteo being somewhat hard to distinguish from Geranoaetus based on osteology alone: [49]

[54]

An unidentifiable accipitrid that occurred on Ibiza in the Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene may also have been a Buteo. [55] If this is so, the bird can be expected to aid in untangling the complicated evolutionary history of the common buzzard group.

The prehistoric species "Aquila" danana, Buteogallus fragilis (Fragile eagle), and Spizaetus grinnelli were at one time also placed in Buteo. [49]

Notes

  1. The roadside hawk is now considered to be in a separate monotypic genus Rupornis (Kaup 1844)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000000A-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-0000000B-QINU`"'

References

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  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). Raptors of the World. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN   0-7136-8026-1.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors). (1994). Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions. ISBN   84-87334-15-6
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  9. Thurow, T. L., C. M. White, R. P. Howard, and J. F. Sullivan. 1980. Raptor ecology of Raft River valley, Idaho. EG&G Idaho, Inc. Idaho Falls.
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  49. 1 2 Wetmore (1933)
  50. A complete left ulna similar to Buteo but of distinctly small size: Cracraft (1969)
  51. Probably several species; similar to Common Buzzard in appearance and size: Ballmann (1969), Mlíkovský (2002)
  52. Boev, Z., D. Kovachev. 1998. Buteo spassovi sp. n. - a Late Miocene Buzzard (Accipitridae, Aves) from SW Bulgaria. - Geologica Balcanica, 29 (1-2): 125–129.
  53. Lo Coco, Gastón E.; Agnolín, Federico L.; Román Carrión, José Luis (2024-10-29). "New records of Pleistocene birds of prey from Ecuador". Journal of Ornithology. Bibcode:2024JOrni.tmp..116L. doi:10.1007/s10336-024-02229-1. ISSN   2193-7206.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bibcode (link)
  54. Brodkorb (1962), Mlíkovský (2002)
  55. Alcover (1989)

Further reading