| Alysicarpus glumaceus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| In South Africa | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Genus: | Alysicarpus |
| Species: | A. glumaceus |
| Binomial name | |
| Alysicarpus glumaceus | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
| |
Alysicarpus glumaceus is a plant in the legume family Fabaceae.
Alysicarpus glumaceus is the most used name but it has synonyms such as Alysicarpus hochstetteri, Alysicarpus violaceus (also known as Hedysarum violaceum), Fabricia porrecta, Hallia glumacea, Hedysarum glumaceum [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . The most common names for Alysicarpus glumaceus is Zimbabwe, alyce clover and/or buffalo clover. It is found in the Plantae kingdom, in the clades Tracheophytes, Angiosperms, Eudicots and Rosids. The Order is Fabales and is in the family Fabaceae. The subfamily is Faboideae, in the genus Alysicarpus and its species name is A.glumaceus.
Alysicarpus glumaceus is a herbaceous plant, with pinkish-orange, red or pale purple floral petals. It is found to occasionally be mixed in with vegetables and cajanus crops. The flowers can be found from October to January [7] . This is an annual herb which can be found to have a woody base standing around 0.15-1.5 m tall, and the stems are narrow and covered with short soft hair. [8] The leaves are oval and elongated, they can reach to a length between .65 cm to 12.5 cm. [8] The flower clusters develop at the tip of the stems, meaning they flower from terminal inflorescence. [8] The outermost layer of floral parts can grow to 4-6 mm in length and about 1mm in width. [8] [9] The leaves primarily can be found overlapping at the base of the plant. [8]
Alysicarpus glumaceus is native to Africa, Asia-Temperate and Asia-Tropical. [10] Within these places, the environment at which it is found in grasslands, woodlands, wooded grasslands, Mediterranean forests, and Boreal forests/Taiga [10] [11] . It is usually found on black cotton soils in swampy grasslands or as a weed in maize fields. [8] Alysicarpus glumaceus can also be found in Australia and Queensland but as an introduced species [11] . It has successfully adapted to multiple biomes, suggesting they can easily replace native species in different biomes [11] . Furthermore, nestedness reflects differential dispersal ability to isolated biome in varying spatial scales [12] [13] . Nestedness in the monophyletic clade (MP) is largely linked to energy availability, resulting in lower species richness in colder biomes than in tropical biomes [11] . However, the presence of some species adapted to harsher environments within this clade is expected given that N-fixation is prevalent in the subfamily Papilionoideae [14] [15] . Both dispersal and adaptation to different biomes have shown to play significant roles in determining the species richness. This phenomenon can be best described as “when dispersal meets adaptation" [11] [16] [17] . As a result, it is suggested that stochastic long-distance dispersal may be an additional factor contributing to the species richness dynamics of the MP clade [11] .
Studies have shown that there may be medicinal applications of Alysicarpus glumaceus. A study conducted in 2019 evaluated potential antimalarial effects of the aerial parts of the plant, which includes the leafs and fruits of Alysicarpus glumaceus [18] . Swiss albino mice were infected with a rodent malaria parasite (Plasmodium berghei) and then evaluated by the percent inhibition of parasitemia [18] . Alysicarpus glumaceus contained methanol aerial extract, which exhibited significant antimalarial properties against Plasmodium berghei [18] . Additionally, the methanol extract had phytochemicals present in medicinal plants with antimalarial effects such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins [18] .
Similarly to the standard malarial drug, the methanol extract exhibited chemo suppression properties; however, chemo suppression was significantly lower in the methanol extract [18] . Using parasitemia suppression and survival time, the effectiveness of methanol extract was evaluated [18] .The methanol extract exhibited a dose-dependent correlation between mice survival time and parasitemia reduction [18] . Using parasitemia suppression and survival time, the effectiveness of methanol extract was evaluated. There is a significant curative effect of the extract that increases the survival time of infected mice [18] . Furthermore, it is estimated that the oral lethal dose of the extract is >5,000 mg/kg [18] . Compared to the extract, the standard malarial drug (Chloroquine) has a lethal dose of 30-50 mg/kg [19] .
The Fabaceae or Leguminosae, commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family, are a large and agriculturally important family of flowering plants. It includes trees, shrubs, and perennial or annual herbaceous plants, which are easily recognized by their fruit (legume) and their compound, stipulate leaves. The family is widely distributed, and is the third-largest land plant family in number of species, behind only the Orchidaceae and Asteraceae, with about 765 genera and nearly 20,000 known species.
The Faboideae are a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. An acceptable alternative name for the subfamily is Papilionoideae, or Papilionaceae when this group of plants is treated as a family.
Alysicarpus is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Australia. Species are known generally as moneyworts. Unusually for legumes, the leaves are simple.
Andira is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is distributed in the tropical Americas, except for A. inermis, which also occurs in Africa. It was formerly assigned to the tribe Dalbergieae, but molecular phylogenetic studies in 2012 and 2013 placed it in a unique clade within subfamily Faboideae named the Andira clade.
Galegeae is a tribe in the flowering plant family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. The tribe is found mostly in the northern hemisphere, but can also be found in Australia, Africa, and South America. Recent molecular phylogenetic work has determined that tribe Galegeae is paraphyletic, and that its members are scattered throughout the IR-lacking clade.
Warburgia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Canellaceae described in 1895. It was named for the German botanist Otto Warburg. It is native to eastern and southern Africa.
Cyathostegia is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae. It contains two species native to Peru and Ecuador. It is often considered to be a monotypic genus containing only Cyathostegia mathewsii. Some sources include Cyathostegia weberbaueri.
Luetzelburgia is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes 14 species of trees and shrubs native to Brazil, Bolivia, and Colombia. Typical habitat is seasonally-dry tropical lowland woodland and wooded grassland, and occasionally lowland rain forests. The genus belongs to the subfamily Faboideae. It was traditionally assigned to the tribe Sophoreae, mainly on the basis of flower morphology; recent molecular phylogenetic analyses assigned Luetzelburgia into an informal, monophyletic clade called the "vataireoids". Keys for the different species of Luetzelburgia have been published.
Neorautanenia is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes two species of herbs of subshrubs native to sub-Saharan Africa. They inhabit seasonally-dry tropical open woodland, bushland, wooded grassland, and grassland, often on rocky outcrops. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae. Neorautanenia mitis is a common perennial herb found in the middle-belt region of Nigeria, as well as other parts of western and central Africa. It has insecticidal properties and is used in traditional Rwandese medicine as treatment for scabies.
Pictetia is a genus of about eight species of trees and shrubs in the family Fabaceae with spiny stems and spine-tipped leaflets. The genus is endemic to the Greater Antilles, but its closest relatives are in Mesoamerica and Africa.
Rhynchotropis is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes two species of herbs native to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, and Zambia. Typical habitats include seasonally-dry tropical woodland and wooded grassland in the northern Zambezian region, often in seasonally-damp or open sandy and rocky areas. It belongs to tribe Indigofereae of subfamily Faboideae.
The tribe Brongniartieae is one of the subdivisions of the plant family Fabaceae, primarily found in tropical regions of the Americas and in Australia The members of this tribe consistently form a monophyletic clade in molecular phylogenetic analyses. The tribe does not currently have a node-based definition, but morphological synapomorphies have been identified:
"stamens united by filaments in an adaxially open tube; anthers alternately long and basifixed, short and versatile; anther connective inconspicuous; septa present between seeds in pods; aril lateral lobe present and fitting into heel of funicle; fine red glandular processes present in axils; and pollen tricolporate with opercula and no definite endoaperture."
The tribe Dalbergieae is an early-branching clade within the flowering plant subfamily Faboideae. Within that subfamily, it belongs to an unranked clade called the dalbergioids. It was recently revised to include many genera formerly placed in tribes Adesmieae and Aeschynomeneae and to be included in a monophyletic group informally known as the dalbergioids sensu lato. The members of this tribe have a distinctive root nodule morphology, often referred to as an "aeschynomenoid" or "dalbergioid" nodule.
The tribe Sophoreae is one of the subdivisions of the plant family Fabaceae. Traditionally this tribe has been used as a wastebasket taxon to accommodate genera of Faboideae which exhibit actinomorphic, rather than zygomorphic floral symmetry and/or incompletely differentiated petals and free stamens. Various morphological and molecular analyses indicated that Sophoreae as traditionally circumscribed was polyphyletic. This led to a re-circumscription of Sophoreae, which resulted in the transfer of many genera to other tribes. This also necessitated the inclusion of two former tribes, Euchresteae and Thermopsideae, in the new definition of Sophoreae. Tribe Sophoreae, as currently circumscribed, consistently forms a monophyletic clade in molecular phylogenetic analyses. The Sophoreae arose 40.8 ± 2.4 million years ago.
The tribe Swartzieae is an early-branching monophyletic clade of the flowering plant subfamily Faboideae or Papilionaceae. Traditionally this tribe has been used as a wastebasket taxon to accommodate genera of Faboideae which exhibit actinomorphic, rather than zygomorphic floral symmetry and/or incompletely differentiated petals and free stamens. It was recently revised and most of its genera were redistributed to other tribes. Under its new circumscription, this clade is consistently resolved in molecular phylogenies. Members of this tribe possess "non-papilionate swartzioid flowers[…]largely characterized by a tendency to lack petals combined with a profusion and elaboration of free stamens" and a "lack of unidirectional order in the initiation of the stamens". They also have "complete or near complete fusion of sepals resulting from intercalary growth early in development, relatively numerous stamens, and a single or no petal, with other petals not at all apparent in development." The tribe is predicted to have diverged from the other legume lineages 48.9±2.8 million years ago.
Thonningia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Balanophoraceae containing the single species Thonningia sanguinea. It is distributed throughout much of southern and western Africa, particularly the tropical regions. Common names for the plant include ground pineapple. A familiar plant to humans, it has an extremely long list of common names in many African languages. Many names are inspired by the resemblance of the plant's inflorescence to a pineapple or palm tree. Some of the names can be translated as pineapple of the bush, duiker's kolanut, and crown of the ground.
Steinbachiella leptoclada is recently reinstated species of flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is a tree endemic to Bolivia. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Steinbachiella. The genus is assigned to the informal monophyletic Dalbergia clade of the Dalbergieae.
The Mirbelioids are an informal subdivision of the plant family Fabaceae that includes the former tribes Bossiaeeae and Mirbelieae. They are consistently recovered as a monophyletic clade in molecular phylogenies. The Mirbelioids arose 48.4 ± 1.3 million years ago. Members of this clade are mostly ericoid (sclerophyllous) shrubs with yellow and red flowers found in Australia, Tasmania, and Papua-New Guinea. The name of this clade is informal and is not assumed to have any particular taxonomic rank like the names authorized by the ICBN or the ICPN. Members of this clade exhibit unusual embryology compared to other legumes, either enlarged antipodal cells in the embryo sac or the production of multiple embryo sacs. There has been a shift from bee pollination to bird pollination several times in this clade. Mirbelioids produce quinolizidine alkaloids, but unlike most papilionoids, they do not produce isoflavones. Many of the Mirbelioids have pseudoraceme inflorescences.
Alysicarpus bupleurifolius, the sweet alys, is a perennial herb in the legume family Fabaceae, native to tropical Asia.
Villosocallerya bonatiana is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to south-central and southeastern mainland China, Laos and Vietnam. It is the sole species in genus Villosocallerya. The species was first described in 1910 as Millettia bonatiana.
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