Theridiidae, also known as the tangle-web spiders, cobweb spiders and comb-footed spiders, is a large family of araneomorph spiders first described by Carl Jakob Sundevall in 1833. This diverse, globally distributed family includes over 3,000 species in 124 genera, and is the most common arthropod found in human dwellings throughout the world.
Anelosimus is a cosmopolitan genus of cobweb spiders (Theridiidae), currently containing 74 species. Anelosimus is a key group in the study of sociality and its evolution in spiders. It contains species spanning the spectrum from solitary to highly social (quasisocial), with eight quasisocial species, far more than any other spider genus. Among these is the South American social species Anelosimus eximius, among the best studied social spider species.
A social spider is a spider species whose individuals form relatively long-lasting aggregations. Whereas most spiders are solitary and even aggressive toward other members of their own species, some hundreds of species in several families show a tendency to live in groups, often referred to as colonies.
Darwin's bark spider is an orb-weaver spider that produces the largest known orb webs, ranging from 900 to 28,000 square centimetres, with bridge lines spanning up to 25 metres (82 ft). The spider was discovered in Madagascar in the Andasibe-Mantadia National Park in 2009. Its silk is the toughest biological material ever studied. Its tensile strength is 1.6 GPa. The species was named in honour of the naturalist Charles Darwin on November 24, 2009—precisely 150 years after the publication of The Origin of Species.
Anelosimus biglebowski is a species of spider in the family Theridiidae. All specimens known have been found in the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve, Mufindi District, Tanzania. It is named for the 1998 film The Big Lebowski.
Anelosimus sulawesi is a small species of spiders in the family Theridiidae. It is known only from Dumoga Bone National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia. The name derives from the location it was discovered. The holotype male is 2.00 millimetres (0.079 in) total length, while a female of the same species was measured to be 2.05 millimetres (0.081 in). The coloration is brown with some white on the dorsal folium, similar to other species in Anelosimus.
Anelosimus kohi is a species of spider in the family Theridiidae. It is found in Singapore and Malaysia. The species is named for Joseph K. H. Koh, an entomologist from Singapore who collected the holotype specimen.
Anelosimus agnar is a species of spider in the family Theridiidae. The holotype and paratype specimens were collected in Teluk Mahkota, Johor, Malaysia. Both specimens are female; this species currently lack information on males. The spider is named for Agnar Ingólfsson, the father of the discoverer, Ingi Agnarsson. Females can be identified as members of this species by unusually long and flimsy copulatory ducts. Females range in size from 2.05 to 2.40 millimetres. Both the holotype and paratype were collected from small webs at the tips of branches, from a forested area next to a beach.
Anelosimus linda is a species of spider in the family Theridiidae. The holotype and paratype specimens were collected in Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia. Both specimens are female; this species currently lack information on males. The spider is named for Linda Wendel, the mother of the discoverer, Ingi Agnarsson. Females are approximately 1.90 millimetres (0.075 in). A. linda lives in mid-elevation forest; both the holotype and paratype were collected at 1550m elevation.
Anelosimus oritoyacu is a species of tangle-web spider found in Ecuador and Mexico at altitudes from 1,800 to 2,000 metres. It is subsocial, although it has some features which distinguish it from other social or subsocial spiders in the genus. It has long-lived nest sites, unlike the social spider Anelosimus eximius which has more transitory nest sites, and its webs do not have aerial threads found in other social and sub-social species. It has a female-biased sex ratio, which is indicative of social behavior, although its sex ratio is smaller than other social species. It was first identified as distinct from Anelosimus studiosus in 2006 by Ingi Agnarsson. It is named for Oritoyacu, Ecuador, where the type specimen was collected.
Anelosimus potmosbi is a species of spider found in Papua New Guinea. It is found along the coast near Port Moresby. It is solitary, despite the sociality commonly found in the genus Anelosimus. The total length of individuals is approximate 2 to 3 millimetres, and it can be distinguished from other species by the genitalia: the male has an elongated corkscrew embolus, while the female has a simple copulatory duct trajectory. It is named for the name of Port Moresby in the Tok Pisin language.
Anelosimus terraincognita is a species of spider discovered in the collection of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, with no associated information as to its collector or location of discovery. Males have a corkscrew-shaped embolus, which is a characteristic unique to Australasian species within the genus Anelosimus. It is known only from the holotype specimen, which has a total length of 2.2 millimetres (0.087 in). It is named for the cartographic Latin phrase terra incognita, meaning unknown land.
Anelosimus pomio is a species of tangle-web spider found in Papua New Guinea. It was first collected in 2009 by Ingi Agnarsson, and identified by the same in 2012. It was collected from small-leaved mangrove trees adjoining a beach. It is 3 to 4 millimetres in length, and can be distinguished from other species in its genus by the shape of the embolus. The embolus looks similar to that of Anelosimus chonganicus and Anelosimus membranaceus: It forms a corkscrew shape with fewer turns than A. chongnicus and the turns are closer to the base than A. membranaceus. It is presumed to be a solitary spider, although there are limited data. Its name is derived from the village of Pomio, in East New Britain Province, near where it was collected.
Anelosimus eidur is a species of tangle-web spider found in Papua New Guinea. Its habitat is high elevation scrub forest, in Southern Highlands Province and Enga Province. It has a total length of 2.75 to 4 millimetres, with the females being larger than the males. It can be identified by its unique genitalia, particularly the spiraling embolus in the males. The web structure is similar to social and sub-social species, leading to its tentative identification as subsocial. The species is named Eiður Francis, the son of Ingi Agnarsson who first identified the species in 2012.
Anelosimus luckyi is a species of spider found in Papua New Guinea. It is known only from the holotype specimen, found by Andrea Lucky in 2009 and after whom the species is named. It was discovered in Western Province at an elevation of 1,587 metres (5,207 ft). It has a distinctive embolus, which differentiates it from other species. The sociality of the species is not known.
Anelosimus bali is a species of spider found in Bali, Indonesia, after which the species is named. It is a coastal species, found in small-leaved mangrove trees along the beach. The holotype is female and 2.9 millimetres (0.11 in) long. No male specimens have been identified, and the social structure of the species is not known. It was first identified in 2012 by Ingi Agnarsson.
Caerostris, sometimes called bark spiders, is a genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1868. Most species are found in south eastern Africa and neighboring Madagascar.
Anelosimus buffoni is a species of tangle-web spiders in the Madagascar group of the genus Anelosimus. It is known only from Périnet Special Reserve, Toamasina Province, Madagascar. Adults of the species have a total length of 4.1mm, and is physically similar to several other Madagascar group spiders, particularly A. andasibe and A. wallacei. It is primarily diagnosed using genetics. The species is named for Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon.
Nephilingis is a genus of spiders in the family Nephilidae. It was split off from the genus Nephilengys in 2006. Both genera have been called hermit spiders from the habit of staying in their retreats during the day; alternatively the name "hermit spider" may be reserved for Nephilingis, with Nephilengys species called "eunuch spiders".
Nephilidae is a spider family commonly referred to as golden orb-weavers. The various genera in Nephilidae were formerly placed in Tetragnathidae and Araneidae. All nephilid genera partially renew their webs.
