Anil Kokaram

Last updated

Anil C. Kokaram is a Trinidadian engineer and entrepreneur. He is famous for his Oscar-winning inventions enabling the restoration of audio and images and is currently the Chair of Electronic Engineering at Trinity College Dublin. [1]

Contents

Background

Family and childhood

Anil Kokaram was born in Sangre Grande, Trinidad in 1967. [2] His father Richard Kokaram came from Fyzabad and was Principal of Hillview College in Tunapuna, Trinidad and Tobago from 1989 to 1999. [3] His mother Lynette Kokaram was an educator and a former Principal of Tacarigua Presbyterian School and is currently vice principal at Specialist Learning Centre at St. Augustine in Trinidad. [4] [5] He has three other siblings: Vashiest, an attorney in Port-of-Spain, Nalini and Kavishti. [6] [7]

The family lived in Curepe, and Anil went to primary school at Curepe Presbyterian. In 1979 he joined Hillview College where he studied Science and Engineering until 1985. At the time he is said to have a "boundless natural curiosity" and a wide range of interests including astrophysics, chemistry, science fiction, nature and building model aircraft. [8] The scientist Carl Sagan and the naturalist Sir David Attenborough are among his sources of inspiration. At the age of 13, he was already studying the prediction and control with measurements of the flight trajectory and landing of his models. [9]

Education and early career

In 1985, after completing his A Level in mathematics, physics and chemistry, he received an open national scholarship in the field of science. He then was a mathematics teacher at Hillview College for one year. In 1986, thanks to a Tate and Lyle scholarship he started studying electrical and information sciences at Cambridge University and he completed a Bachelor of Arts with 2.1 Honours (Upper Second Class) in 1989. He stayed at Cambridge University until 1993 to complete a Doctor of Philosophy degree (Ph.D.) in Digital Signal Processing on the thesis: Motion Picture Restoration. [9] He then co-wrote 21 publications as a Research Fellow from 1993 to 1997 with other Cambridge University scientists on DSP techniques for still and moving images. [10]

Private life

Anil Kokaram married Stefanie Mayer - born in Duttweiler, Germany - who worked at SAP Company, and they lived at Greenpark Road in Bray. On 30 April 2017 Stefanie Kokaram was found dead on Killiney beach. [11] [12] Gardai confirmed a "tragic incident" after a woman was sought for three days. [13]

Hobbies

As an enthusiast of cricket and old films he based some of his research studies on video streaming for televised sport matches. [14] [9]

Trinity College Dublin

Professor and Sigmedia Research Group

From 1998 to 2011 he worked in Trinity College Dublin as a professor and senior lecturer in the Electrical Engineering department. He established the Sigmedia research group which focuses on signal processing and media applications. The group currently works on many EU Projects in Digital cinema and restoration, Information Retrieval and Human Speech Communication and gathers 19 other scientists from Trinity College. [15] [16] The Adapt Center a world-leading SFI Research center in Dublin in association with Huawei presented many of their research programmes during an event in 2016 "Watch! Video Everywhere". [17] [18] In an interview Anil Kokaram gave in 2010 he claims that his group Sigmedia is "the first to use the 3D Dublin footage in making short clips of 3D Dublin. The process of stereo HD post production is quite challenging". [19]

Research work

He is the author of over 200 papers published in various conferences and journals. [20] [21] His most popular articles reach 300 citations such as : "Automated colour grading using colour distribution transfer, Interpolation of missing data in image sequences" ; "N-dimensional probability density function transfer and its application to color transfer" ; "On missing data treatment for degraded video and film archives: a survey and a new Bayesian approach". [22] He is also the author of a 334 pages book entitled "Motion Picture Restoration" that was published by Springer in 1998. [23] The book addresses the topic of Digital Algorithms for Artefact Suppression in Degraded Motion Picture Film and Video. [24] It is sometimes considered as a reference in this field. [25]

Head of Department

Since 2016, he is head of the department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering at Trinity College Dublin. With this position, he aims to "re-energizing our curriculum development and helping to improve our input from industry" as well as continue his involvement in Sigmedia Group. [26] [27] He is also the lecturer of several modules including some for the Engineering course. [28]

Public appearances

In 2010, he spoke at TEDxDUBLIN on the topic "The Mathematics of Bullet Time - From Muybridge to the Matrix". [29] On 21 December 2017, Huawei invited him to their Research Video Summit in Dublin. [30]

Awards

Academy Awards

In 2007, Anil Kokaram received a Scientific and Technical Academy Award (Oscars) at their 79th annual ceremony for his cutting-edge video and audio restoration technologies: The Furnace. This toolset was developed in association with software engineers Dr. Bill Collis, Simon Robinson, Ben Kent from The Foundry and consists of an integrated suite of software tools that provides temporal coherence for enhancing visual effects in motion picture sequences with high quality robustness, modularity and flexibility. Before this technology, such tasks were very difficult and only possible with manual editing. [31] [32] The Furnace technology enabled some archive films to be restored such as John F Kennedy's visit to Ireland in 1963. [33] In 2018, Peter Jackson used a lot of these video and audio restoration technologies in his documentary film They Shall Not Grow Old which transformed 100-year-old footage of the First World War into rich colour and sharp relief. [8]

Other awards

In 2001, Anil Kokaram was made Fellow of Trinity College Dublin, which rewards a Scholarship or research achievement. [34] In 2007 he received an Honorary Fellowship from Engineers Ireland. [1] [35] In 2012, he was selected as one of America's 50 most influential Irish executives in Hollywood (also known as ITLG Hollywood 50) by the Irish Technology Leadership Group. [36] He received the title of National Icon awarded by The Government of Trinidad and Tobago in 2013. [9] [37]

Green Parrot Pictures, Google and Youtube

Beginning in the Film Industry

In 1995, Anil Kokaram worked on the post-production of the film The Matrix in the field of DSP for special effects. Following this project he worked on other films such as Casino Royale, X-Men 3: The Last Stand, The Da Vinci Code, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Batman Begins, King Kong, the Lord of the Rings trilogy, Poseidon and Superman Returns. [38]

Green Parrot Pictures Start-Up

In 2004 he created his own start-up producing video enhancement, restoration and conditioning software named Green Parrot Pictures. With Green Parrot Pictures Pr. Kokaram was the first to create a library of motion-based algorithms for a wide range of post-production tasks including Dirt and Sparkle, Noise and missing frames using motion estimation technology that combined both spatial and temporal information. The enhancement technology consists of picture detail increase, addition of effects not originally present, modification of the movement of a scene and amplification or altering of the colour content. Using statistical signal processing the start-up company provided a tool able to make self diagnostic of the good quality output. It is also able to adapt the quality of a picture depending on performance characteristics of personal, home or broadcast devices. [39]

Green Parrot Pictures also developed applications for the early iPhone (such as Color Claw [40] ) and plug-ins for Adobe Afx, Premiere and Final Cut. Their first product "FilmFix" was marketed with Red Giant Software. In 2009 the company also worked with Movidius on their first video processing research. [41] [42] [26]

Collaboration with Google

In 2011, Google bought Green Parrot Pictures in order to improve the look of videos posted on its website by using bandwidth more efficiently. This included Google-owned company YouTube which planned to perform background processing on user videos while being uploaded to the site with sharpness improvement, visual noise and camera shake reduction. The sum paid by Google has not been disclosed. [43] [44] [45] This acquisition disturbed the users from other software editors which were in partnership with Green Parrot before, but were not able to keep using the technologies following Google's acquisition. Red Giant is one of them with their Denoiser product. [46]

From 2011 to 2017, Anil Kokaram became Technology Lead in the Transcoding Group as well as the Chrome Media Algorithms Group of Google and YouTube at their office in Mountain View, California. [20] [27] He was in charge of developing new video tools for Chrome and YouTube and led a project of Video Demand-Side platform to improve and measure the video quality in the YouTube video processing pipeline. [47] [48] [49] [50] [51]

Film producer

He was executive producer for the film Fubar/Killer Weekend that stars Mark Heap and Danny Kirrane and was released on 25 August 2018. [52]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trinity College Dublin</span> Sole college of the University of Dublin

Trinity College, officially The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin, is the sole constituent college of the University of Dublin, a research university in Dublin, Ireland. Queen Elizabeth I founded the college in 1592 as "the mother of a university" that was modelled after the collegiate universities of Oxford and Cambridge, but unlike these affiliated institutions, only one college was ever established; as such, the designations "Trinity College" and "University of Dublin" are usually synonymous for practical purposes.

The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), founded in 1916 as the Society of Motion Picture Engineers or SMPE, is a global professional association of engineers, technologists, and executives working in the media and entertainment industry. As an internationally recognized standards organization, SMPTE has published more than 800 technical standards and related documents for broadcast, filmmaking, digital cinema, audio recording, information technology (IT), and medical imaging.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patrick Prendergast (academic)</span> Irish academic leader

Patrick J. Prendergast FIEI, MRIA, FREng is an Irish engineer, specialised in bioengineering, and held a named professorial chair and other senior roles prior to his serving as the 44th Provost of Trinity College Dublin, the university's chief officer, for the 2011–2021 term. He has published more than 200 papers and volumes, and been cited widely.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">College Historical Society</span> Debating society at Trinity College Dublin

The College Historical Society (CHS) – popularly referred to as The Hist – is a debating society at Trinity College Dublin. It was established within the college in 1770 and was inspired by the club formed by the philosopher Edmund Burke during his own time in Trinity in 1747. It holds the Guinness World Record as the "world's oldest student society".

The Cineon System was one of the first computer based digital film systems, created by Kodak in the early 1990s. It was an integrated suite of components consisting a Motion picture film scanner, a film recorder and workstation hardware with software for compositing, visual effects, image restoration and color management.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Library of Trinity College Dublin</span> Library in Dublin, Ireland

The Library of Trinity College Dublin serves Trinity College. It is a legal deposit or "copyright library", under which, publishers in Ireland must deposit a copy of all their publications there, without charge. It is the only Irish library to hold such rights for works published in the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trinity Centre for Asian Studies</span>

The Trinity Centre for Asian Studies (TCAS) is a multidisciplinary teaching and research centre for East Asian scholarship at Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland.

John Anthony "Tony" Scott is an Irish physicist and science communicator. He co-founded with Tom Burke the Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition in 1963.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lynn Ruane</span> Irish independent politician

Lynn Ruane is an Irish politician who has served as an Independent Senator for the Dublin University constituency in Seanad Éireann since April 2016. She was the President of the Trinity College Dublin Students' Union from 2015 to 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samson Shatashvili</span> Theoretical and mathematical physicist

Samson Lulievich Shatashvili is a theoretical and mathematical physicist who has been working at Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, since 2002. He holds the Trinity College Dublin Chair of Natural Philosophy and is the director of the Hamilton Mathematics Institute. He is also affiliated with the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS), where he held the Louis Michel Chair from 2003 to 2013 and the Israel Gelfand Chair from 2014 to 2019. Prior to moving to Trinity College, he was a professor of physics at Yale University from 1994.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ujwal Nirgudkar</span> Technical Advisor for Film Preservation

Ujwal Nirgudkar is a Technical Advisor for India’s National Film Heritage Mission and a chemical engineer by training. He member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, joining the Class of 2017. He is the first Indian to join the Academy as a member-at-large, having worked in the film industry for 36 years. He started his career at the Filmcenter Laboratory in Tardeo, Mumbai as a Technical Manager in May 1981. When the Filmcenter management closed operations in 2000, he joined Filmlab in Goregaon-East, Mumbai. He was initially appointed as General Technical Manager and took part in setting up a state-of-the-art film processing laboratory. He rose to the position of Technical Director on the Filmlab board of directors in July 2007.

Jane Ohlmeyer,, is a historian and academic, specialising in early modern Irish and British history. She is the Erasmus Smith's Professor of Modern History (1762) at Trinity College Dublin and Chair of the Irish Research Council, which funds frontier research across all disciplines.

Rachel Claire EvansFLSW is a Welsh chemist based at the University of Cambridge and a fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge. She works on photoactive polymer-hybrid materials for solar devices, including organic photovoltaics and stimuli-responsive membranes.

Rose Anne Kenny is an Irish geriatrician. She is the Regius Professor of Physic and a professor of medical gerontology at Trinity College Dublin (TCD), director of the Falls and Black-out Unit at St James's Hospital in Dublin, director of the Mercer's Institute for Successful Ageing and founding principal investigator for The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). She was admitted in 2014 to the Royal Irish Academy in recognition of academic excellence and achievement. Kenny is a fellow of Trinity College Dublin and of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of Ireland, London and Edinburgh.

Rocco Lupoi is an Italian lecturer, assistant professor and researcher in mechanical and manufacturing engineering at Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. He is an expert on cold spray additive manufacturing, selective laser melting, and similar deposition methods.

Sinéad M. Ryan is an Irish theoretical physicist and professor of Theoretical High Energy Physics at Trinity College Dublin. Her research covers "high-energy particle physics, and how particles in atoms such as quarks and gluons stick together".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">School of Engineering (Trinity College Dublin)</span>

The School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin is the oldest engineering school in Ireland and one of the oldest in the world. It provides undergraduate, taught postgraduate and research degrees in engineering. It is the highest-ranked engineering school in Ireland by QS Rankings and by Times World University Rankings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Linda Doyle</span> Irish engineer, professor and academic leader

Linda E. Doyle is an Irish academic and educator who is the 45th provost and president of Trinity College Dublin (TCD), the university's chief officer. An electrical engineer, she has had a long academic career at Trinity, from the 1990s, most recently as Professor of Engineering and the Arts, in addition to holding other management roles such as Dean of Research. She has also led one telecommunications research centre at the university, and was the founding director of another, the multi-institution organisation known as CONNECT. Doyle has worked as a member of regulatory and advisory bodies in both Ireland, on broadband network strategy, and the UK, on mobile spectrum allocation. She is or has also been a director of public outreach projects such as Science Gallery Dublin and its international network, of two non-profit art galleries, and of two university spin-off companies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jennifer McElwain</span> Irish palaeobotanist

Jennifer Claire McElwain is an Irish palaeobotanist. She is a full professor in the Trinity College Dublin's (TCD) School of Natural Sciences and hold the 1711 Chair of Botany. She is also the Director of Trinity College Botanic Garden. McElwain held the position of Assistant Curator of Paleobotany at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago between 2000 and 2003 and later Associate Curator of Paleobotany from 2003 until 2006.

John Gabriel Byrne was an Irish computer scientist and engineer. He founded the department of computer science in Trinity College Dublin, serving as its first head and professor, and has been referred to as "The Father of Computing in Ireland".

References

  1. 1 2 "Anil Kokaram : Trinity Research - Trinity College Dublin". www.tcd.ie. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  2. ↑ "Dr Anil Kokaram Hall of Fame". hoba.org.tt. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  3. ↑ "School History". hoba.org.tt. Archived from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  4. ↑ "Gore, Frederick John Pym, (8 Nov. 1913–31 Aug. 2009), painter; Head of Painting Department, St Martin's School of Art, WC2, 1951–79, and Vice-Principal, 1961–79", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u17619
  5. ↑ "Media Professionals, Trinidad". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  6. ↑ "South Asian Outlook - An Independent Monthly". www.southasianoutlook.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  7. ↑ "MOTION PICTURE RESTORATION". www.mee.tcd.ie. Archived from the original on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  8. 1 2 "Trinity's Oscar Winner on Changing the Face of Film". www.universitytimes.ie. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Anil Kokaram Icons". Icons. 14 July 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  10. ↑ "Signal Processing and Communications Laboratory". sigproc.eng.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  11. ↑ Paul (30 April 2017). "Greystones Guide | Missing Bray Woman Found". Greystones Guide. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  12. ↑ "KOKARAM, Stefanie : Death notice - Irish Times Family Notices". notices.irishtimes.com. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  13. ↑ "Search for Stefanie comes to sad conclusion". Independent.ie. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  14. ↑ Denman, Hugh; Doyle, Erika; Kokaram, Anil; Lennon, D.; Dahyot, Rozenn; Fuller, Ray (10 November 2005). "Exploiting temporal discontinuities for event detection and manipulation in video streams". Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGMM international workshop on Multimedia information retrieval - MIR '05 (PDF). pp. 183–192. doi:10.1145/1101826.1101857. ISBN   1595932445. S2CID   9732607. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  15. ↑ "SIGMEDIA - Research Overview". www.mee.tcd.ie. Archived from the original on 16 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  16. ↑ "SIGMEDIA - People of the Sigmedia Group". www.mee.tcd.ie. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  17. ↑ "ADAPT: The Global Centre of Excellence for Digital Content and Media Innovation". www.adaptcentre.ie. Archived from the original on 18 November 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  18. ↑ Burke, Elaine (7 December 2016). "What is the future of video technology?". Silicon Republic. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  19. ↑ Komplett (22 January 2010). "Interview – Prof Anil Kokaram: The Oscar Winner". Komplett Ireland. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  20. 1 2 "Google Research Page - Anil Kokaram". ai.google. Archived from the original on 12 March 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  21. ↑ "Anil Kokaram | Trinity College Dublin, Dublin | TCD | Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering". ResearchGate. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  22. ↑ "Anil Kokaram - Google Scholar Citations". scholar.google.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  23. ↑ Kokaram, Anil C. (1998). Motion Picture Restoration: Digital Algorithms for Artefact Suppression in Degraded Motion Picture Film and Video. London: Springer-Verlag. ISBN   9781447134879.
  24. ↑ Kokaram, Anil C. (18 December 2013). Google Books Online : Motion Picture Restoration: Digital Algorithms for Artefact Suppression in Degraded Motion Picture Film and Video. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   9781447134855.
  25. ↑ Grotticelli, Michael (19 March 2011). "Google buys company to improve YouTube video quality". TvTechnology. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  26. 1 2 "LinkedIn Page of Anil Kokaram". (Personal page i.e. unofficial and potentially unreliable source).
  27. 1 2 "Anil Kokaram : MPhil in Music and Media Technology - Trinity College Dublin". www.tcd.ie. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  28. ↑ "Module Descriptor - Computational Engineering" (PDF). TCD Website. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2019.
  29. ↑ TEDxDUBLIN - Anil Kokaram -- The Mathematics of Bullet Time -- From Muybridge to the Matrix, archived from the original on 24 December 2020, retrieved 30 September 2019
  30. ↑ "Huawei Ireland Research Video Summit". Dublin.ie. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  31. ↑ "The 79th Scientific & Technical Awards 2006 | 2007". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  32. ↑ "TCD lecturer wins Academy Award". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  33. ↑ Kennedy, John (13 September 2012). "Oscar winner plotted a digital route to Silicon Valley via Dublin and Hollywood - Life | siliconrepublic.com - Ireland's Technology News Service". Silicon Republic. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  34. ↑ Oliver, Emmet. "Trinity honours Patrick Murphy, Bruce Arnold and Jennifer Johnston". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  35. ↑ "Engineers Ireland - Profile". www.engineersireland.ie. Retrieved 30 September 2019.[ permanent dead link ]
  36. ↑ "ITLG.org". 10 October 2014. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  37. ↑ "National Icons of Trinidad and Tobago" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2018.
  38. ↑ Issue 86, Sonja Sinaswee | (1 July 2007). "Dr Anil Kokaram: from the Oscars to the Oval". Caribbean Beat Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  39. ↑ "Green Parrot Pictures home". 3 March 2011. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  40. ↑ "Iphone App Color Claw Review". Archived from the original on 8 September 2013.
  41. ↑ "Red Giant Film Fix v1.0 Software Plug-in for After Effects". www.bhphotovideo.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  42. ↑ "Where can I find Denoiser 1.0?". Red Giant FAQ. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  43. ↑ "Google buys Parrot to aid YouTube". 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  44. ↑ "YouTube buys Irish firm Green Parrot Pictures - Companies | siliconrepublic.com - Ireland's Technology News Service". Silicon Republic. 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  45. ↑ Reilly, Gavan. "Google buys Trinity College video processing startup". TheJournal.ie. Archived from the original on 1 November 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  46. ↑ "Red Giant | Denoiser is Being Removed Temporarily". Red Giant. 1 December 2011. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  47. ↑ "Biography Anil Kokaram" (PDF). sigproc.eng.cam.ac.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2021.
  48. ↑ Siegert, Dr Wolf (30 September 2019). "No Show: SMPTE Forum Berlin (II)". DaybyDay ISSN 1860-2967 (in German). Retrieved 30 September 2019.[ permanent dead link ]
  49. ↑ "SMPTE 2015 Forum: Entertainment Technology in the Internet Age Conference | FKTG - Fernseh- und Kinotechnische Gesellschaft". www.fktg.org. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  50. ↑ "Research Fellows @ IAC". www.diplab.it. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  51. ↑ Association, Media Financial Management. "SMPTE(R) Partners With FKTG to Make SMPTE Forum 2015 in Berlin a Success". Multichannel. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  52. ↑ Killer Weekend, archived from the original on 15 November 2020, retrieved 30 September 2019
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.