Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia

Last updated

2013 Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia
Part of response to introduction of minority Serbian Cyrillic alphabet in co-official use in town of Vukovar
Vukovar a ne Vukovar 123136.jpg
Location
Vukovar
Zagreb
Tovarnik
Bogdanovci
Lovas
Nuštar
Caused byStart of application of bilingualism officially introduced in 2009 in town of Vukovar
GoalsOpposition to usage of minority languages and seeking modification of Constitutional Law on National Minorities rights
HQs for defense of Croatian Vukovar
Anti-Cyrillic Graffiti ("Vukovar and not Bykobap [sic]!") depicting the U symbol of the Ustashe 20130609 Zagreb 041.jpg
Anti-Cyrillic Graffiti ("Vukovar and not Bykobap [ sic ]!") depicting the U symbol of the Ustashe

The Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia were a series of serbophobic protests in late 2013 against the application of bilingualism in Vukovar, whereby Serbian and the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet were assigned co-official status due to the local minority population. The implementation of this decision became mandatory after the 2011 Croatian census, according to which Serbs in Vukovar comprise more than one-third (34.8%) of Vukovar's total population. [1] [2] Signs in the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet had been put up as the Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities mandates bilingual signs in any area where more than one-third of the population belongs to an ethnic minority. [1] [3] This decision became subject of intense agitation by, among others, Croatian war veterans and many ordinary citizens who believe that due to events, particularly the Battle of Vukovar, the city should have been excluded from the application of the law on minority rights, although protests and vandalism have occurred in other towns and cities (i.e. Split, Dubrovnik, etc). [2] The Serbs of Croatia are a minority group that have the narrowest usage of right to bilingualism among all national minorities in Croatia. [4]

Contents

A group called HQs for defense of Croatian Vukovar initiated protest rallies on 2 September, as soon as the placement of the signs written in both the Latin and the Cyrillic scripts began in Vukovar. [5] With protests in Vukovar, in April 2013 there were also organized protests in Zagreb's main square with around 20,000 participants. [6] Parallel protests were held in Tovarnik, [7] Bogdanovci, [8] Lovas, [8] and Nuštar. [9] A number of signs in the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet were torn down, others were smashed with hammers, and protesters clashed with the police, leaving four police officers slightly injured. [10] Some of supporters not directly connected to the protesters organized actions of writing pro-fascist Ustaše graffiti on the Orthodox Church of the Holy Annunciation in Dubrovnik and in Zadar. [11] [12]

On 12 August 2014 the Constitutional Court of Croatia decided that referendum proposal on the restriction of the use of minority languages in such a way to increase the required proportion of total population to 50%, is unconstitutional. [13] The City Council of Vukovar was required to regulate the use of minority languages in its statute within a year after the court decision. [13] The Government of Croatia was required to define the legal mechanisms for cases when the representative bodies of local self-government do not implement the obligations under the Law regarding minority languages. [13] National authorities competent for implementation of laws on minority languages were instructed not to implement the Law in the City of Vukovar by use of coercive measures until the government of Croatia fulfills its obligation. [13]

In April 2015 the United Nations Human Rights Committee urged Croatia to ensure the right of minorities to use their language and alphabet. [14] Committee report stated that particularly concerns the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the town of Vukovar and municipalities concerned. [14] Serbian Foreign Minister Ivica Dačić said that his country welcomes the UN Human Rights Committee's report. [15]

On 17 August 2015, under requirement of the Constitutional Court of Croatia, the City Council of Vukovar decided to amend the city statute in such a way as not to provide bilingual signs in Latin and Cyrillic scripts at official town buildings, institutions, squares and streets. The Council of Europe stated its regret about this decision. [16] The decision was taken by MPs from Croatian Democratic Union and Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja while MPs from Social Democratic Party of Croatia, Independent Democratic Serb Party and Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats left the session at which the decision was taken. [17] The Ministry of Public Administration announced that it would overturn the decision if it is established to be contrary to the constitution. [18]

The local civic society The city, that's us too suggested that the dispute could be resolved by putting on the right side of the entrance to local government buildings a sign in Croatian Latin script, and on the left side a sign in the languages and scripts of ethnic minorities living in Vukovar. [19]

Reactions

Croatia

Opposition

  • Croatian President Ivo Josipović joined in the condemnation of the events in Vukovar, saying that an added effort must be invested to prevent violence and tensions. "We have the law which goes toward full respect of the national minorities. All relevant political parties in Croatia took part in passing this law," Josipović said. [20]
  • Croatian Prime Minister Zoran Milanović condemned "chauvinist violence", saying it will not take down signs in Cyrillic in Vukovar as the "rule of law must prevail". [21] [22]
  • Former Croatian President Stjepan Mesić claimed the protests in Zagreb were not ... a democratic expression of different opinions, but of intolerance... The appearance of people in military uniforms at such place ... clearly violate state law. If we consider publicly and unambiguously imposed threats that they will by using force prevent implementation of duties that every citizen and every institution is obligatory to do by Constitution, Sunday gathering at main square look like blow to the constitutional and legal order of our country. [23]
  • Vukovar mayor Željko Sabo, a veteran of the Yugoslav Wars, who had been imprisoned in Serbia, appealed for people to stay calm and "not let Vukovar become Beirut". [24]
  • Croatian foreign minister Vesna Pusić said that Croatians "must and can" obey Croatian laws and said that government must stand firm on the minorities legislation. [24]
  • Dragan Crnogorac, president of Joint Council of Municipalities, expressed concern and regret over events in Vukovar and rest of Croatia. He said that these events create a negative atmosphere directed towards the Serbian community and the Cyrillic alphabet. In this way, they undermines everything that has been achieved in previous years in building tolerance and cohabitation among Serbs and Croats. [25]
  • Bojan Glavašević, son of Croatian reporter Siniša Glavašević, killed by Serb paramilitaries after the Battle of Vukovar, said that use of his father's voice at the protest in Zagreb was inappropriate and that the name of his father was being used for political marketing. He said everyone has a right to peaceful protest, but condemned hate speech on the protests. [26]
  • 26 NGOs in Croatia sent a joint letter to Pope Francis, voicing concern about the stance of Croatian Cardinal Josip Bozanić and several bishops who publicly demonstrated their opposition to bilingualism in Vukovar. The NGOs highlighted that the bishops' statements do not contribute to peace and reconciliation, but rather lead to further deepening of conflicts. [27] [28]
  • Archbishop of Đakovo-Osijek Đuro Hranić called for mutual respect and love. [29]

Support

International

Former Yugoslavia

Serbia
  • The Serbian Progressive Party condemned the protests, urging Zagreb to protect Serb minority rights. [24]
  • The Coalition of Serbian Refugees from Croatia, which represents many Serbs who fled Croatia at the end of the war in 1995, said the protests were another example of violations of minority rights in Croatia. [24]
Slovenia
  • Then-European Parliament Rapporteur for Serbia Jelko Kacin said that he expected a "clear response" from Zagreb. [32]

Other

European Union
  • European Commission spokesperson Dennis Abbott said that European Union has no intention of interfering in the dispute over Cyrillic signs in Vukovar. He reminded the belligerents that respect for cultural diversity and minority rights is enshrined in fundamental documents of EU, but that jurisdiction in these matters are under every member state. [33]
Council of Europe
  • On 21 August 2015, Council of Europe, prompted by Vukovar City Council decision to amend the city statute in such a way as not to provide bilingual signs in Latin and Cyrillic scripts at official town buildings, institutions, squares and streets, stated that this institution strongly regrets the removal of signs in minority languages through vandalism or pursuant to formal decisions aiming at limiting the presence of minority languages in the public and urges all relevant public authorities in all States Parties to fully implement the provisions of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. [16]

Chronology

2019

2018

2017

2015

2014

2013

Broken bilingual sign of the Elementary School Nikola Tesla in Mirkovci Broken bilingual Croatian-Serbia plate at the Elementary School Nikola Tesla in Mirkovci.jpg
Broken bilingual sign of the Elementary School Nikola Tesla in Mirkovci

2012

Historical bans on usage of Cyrillic in Vukovar

In 1861 General Assembly of Syrmia County unanimously adopted decision on introduction of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet as official alphabet on the territory of county. [63] This decision was reversed eight years later in 1869 when the Parliament of Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia adopted decision on exclusive usage of Gaj's Latin alphabet and repealed the county decision on usage of Cyrillic. [63] This caused dissatisfaction among the Serbs of Vukovar who sent a letter of protest to Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria since the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was part of Austro-Hungarian Empire. Citizens of Vukovar asked the emperor to protect his subjects from the parliament's decision, pointing out that the decision was unreasonable, especially since even the Diet of Hungary of the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen accepted their letters in Cyrillic. [63]

During World War II, the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was banned throughout the Independent State of Croatia. [64]

State sanctioned book burning was carried out by the Government of the Republic of Croatia between 1990 and 2010. Books that were written in Serbian Cyrillic were burned with an estimated 2.8 million books destroyed in this period. [65]

On 5 November 2013, the Croatian Democratic Union and Croatian Party of Rights dr. Ante Starčević adopted amendments to the city's statutes, declaring Vukovar to be a "place of special reverence" of the Serbian destruction of the town during the Battle of Vukovar and prohibited usage of Serbian Cyrillic alphabet. [66] Milorad Pupovac, president of Serb National Council, said he expects that the Croatian government or Constitutional Court of Croatia would annul this decision. [67]

See also

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  62. ↑ inbox-online.com. "Press Green". Press Online (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  63. 1 2 3 "Царе Фрањо помози!" (PDF). Joint Council of Municipalities . Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  64. ↑ B92. "Ante Pavelić prvi zabranio ćirilicu" . Retrieved 10 November 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  65. ↑ Jakšić, Božidar (8 October 2013). "Knjigocid u Hrvatskoj: Hronika sramnog vremena". Radio Slobodna Evropa. Radio Free Europe. Retrieved 9 May 2018. Dragoceno je svjedočanstvo, koje navodi autor, izjava ministra finansija Republike Hrvatske Borislava Škegra iz 1997. godine da će se sredstvima državnog proračuna finansirati biblioteke da iz knjižnih fondova izbace knjige na srpskom i sličnim jezicima", objašnjava Jakšić.
  66. ↑ "Zabranjena ćirilica u Vukovaru". Balkan Insight . 5 November 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  67. ↑ "Ćirilica pred Ustavnim sudom". Glas Srpske. 6 November 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
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