Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana

Last updated
Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana
Atelier Iris.jpg
Developer(s) Gust Co. Ltd.
Publisher(s)
Director(s) Kazushige Masuda
Producer(s) Tadanobu Inoue
Composer(s) Daisuke Achiwa
Ken Nakagawa
Akira Tsuchiya
Series Atelier
Platform(s) PlayStation 2
Release
  • JP: May 27, 2004
  • NA: June 28, 2005
  • EU: March 17, 2006
  • AU: March 23, 2006
Genre(s) Role-playing
Mode(s) Single-player

Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana [lower-alpha 1] is a role-playing video game developed by Japanese developer Gust for the PlayStation 2, the first of the Atelier Iris saga. Despite the Atelier series' long run and popularity in Japan, Atelier Iris was the first of the series to be released in the U.S.; this release and the English translation were done by NIS America. Japanese voice-overs can be enabled.

Contents

World and plot

Eternal Mana is set in the world of Regallzine, long the home of alchemy and mana. Wars and internal disputes have separated the kingdom of Esviore and now, the area of South Esviore where the game takes place is no longer under the control of King Slaith. Instead, each separate city-state of South Esviore runs their own affairs, trading with one another but remaining mostly separate.

The situation with Regallzine is also tied with the fate of Avenberry, a legendary city of alchemists that existed many hundreds of years before the game's beginning. No one knows exactly what happened, but it is said that Avenberry fell because of the misuse of the alchemy that ran their lives. Many alchemists and treasure hunters have come to Avenberry to try to unlock its secrets since that time, and the city of Kavoc was built for that purpose. However, none have been able to get past the gate that guards the citadel, and Avenberry's secrets have so far been preserved.

Alchemists today are few and far between, most basing their research on the studies of Iris, an alchemist who lived before the fall of Avenberry. They travel the world in search of new alchemaic artifacts for synthesis, ruins of the past, and Mana. The mana are a race of beings that allow alchemists to use their power. They augment the power of the elements which Alchemists extract from objects in the world and use them to create new and powerful magical items. Mana have feelings, emotions, and personalities just as people do, and many become good friends with their alchemist, although some people do forget about this fact.

The protagonist of the game, Klein Kiesling, is one of these wandering alchemists. His adventure begins when he stumbles across a monster in a forest, is rescued by a girl, and gets wound up in her fate and eventually, the fate of the world. [1]

Characters

Playable characters

Eternal Mana contains six playable characters. Three characters can be in a battle party, with the player free to switch the others in and out at any time.

Klein Kiesling (クレイン・キースリンク, Kurein Kīsurinku)
The protagonist of the game, Klein is a young alchemist traveling the world. He was raised by his grandmother, Daphne, who was a great alchemist, and who left him her alchemy notebook. He is now on a journey for alchemaic items and more information on Alchemy along with his Wood Mana friend, Popo. Klein becomes involved in greater things when he runs into Lita in the forest and is eventually recruited by her to become a Galgazit, or monster hunter. He uses a cane as a weapon.
Lita Blanchimont (リイタ・ブランシモン, Riita Buranshimon)
Lita is a spunky girl who works as a Galgazit in the city of Kavoc. She meets Klein when she stumbles upon him being attacked by a monster in the woods. She helps chase it off, insults Klein's fighting ability, and leaves. She eventually meets Klein again and invites him to become a monster hunter with her. Throughout the game, she develops a crush on Klein, but he never realizes it. Although Lita appears cheerful, outgoing, and perfectly normal, her past is a mystery and the events within may soon come to involve more than just herself. One of her strangest habits is becoming completely drunk after just one sip of a beverage called "Moon Milk", which she happens to love. She shares a family name with Felt and Viese, two protagonists from Atelier Iris 2 . She uses metal claws for weapons. It is revealed after visiting Iris' Resting Place that Lita is an artificial life form created by Iris Blanchmont. After an encounter with Mull, her Ruby Prism, or power source, is stolen, and her mana maximum from that point on decreases naturally, only restorable by Mana Baths.
Delsus (デルサス, Derusasu)
Delsus is an alcohol-loving, anti-sweets, woman-chasing, good natured archer who resides in Kavoc. He first meets Klein in the local bar and eventually helps the alchemist and Lita escape from soldiers who want to force Klein to join their ranks. Although he can be a pervert, as Lita is quick to note, he is a good man at heart and soon becomes a repository of knowledge and a loyal member of the team. He fights with a crossbow. His home town is the village of Duran, which he reluctantly reveals as the party searches for the Eternal Land of Mana, and his full name is Sir Ghaleon Ashley Delsus Delvarood. He is the son of the chief of Duran, and ran away to avoid the Test of Parodius, the test to become the next village chief, which he passes with the help of Klein and friends.
Norn (ノルン, Norun)
Norn is a catgirl who is an apprentice magician to Zeldalia, an alchemist living in Poto's Forest. She was adopted by Zeldalia at a young age, and was taught many magical techniques. Zeldalia cast a spell on her so she can talk to the party while Norn travels with Klein. Norn joins the party after she steals Klein's grandmother's alchemy notebook and leads the party to her mentor. She frequently displays fatigue or hunger, which comes off as more catlike than human. She fights with a staff.
Arlin (アーリン, Ārin)
Arlin is a mysterious swordsman who is out for revenge against the game's villain, Mull. No one knows his reasons behind this, except he wishes to go to Avenberry for some reason. Arlin has been seen conversing with a strange Mana, although he confides nothing of his plans with the party for some time. He fights with a sword. Arlin is an artificial lifeform, like Lita, but created by Mull. He was, however, incomplete, and Mull threw him away, so Arlin seeks revenge against Mull for treating him and his 'brothers' (other lifeform experiments) so poorly.
Marietta Lixiss (マレッタ・リクシス, Maretta Rikushisu)
Marietta is a former Knight of Alkavana who left the organization when it began to become corrupt and power-hungry. She joins with Klein's group when they help her fight off pursuing knights and ends up staying around to help them save the world. She fights with a sword.

Non-playable characters

Pamela Ibiss (パメラ・イービス, Pamera Ībisu)
Pamela is a cute, giggly ghost who befriends some of Kavoc's children, and she becomes good friends with Klein's party. She has amnesia, so she cannot remember how she died, and she is looking for her original body to try to remember her past, but this does not affect her good humor. She enjoys being a ghost, and always says she's looking for a cute guy to be with.
Pamela is a recurring character throughout the Atelier series, having first appeared in Atelier Judie. She has gone on to make appearances in several Atelier games since then.
Zeldalia (ゼルダリア, Zerudaria)
Zeldalia is an old witch and alchemist. She was best friends with Daphne, Klein's grandmother, and she becomes a valued ally of the party. She is also Norn's teacher and surrogate mother. When far away, she actually uses Norn as a "telephone", making her go to sleep and talking through her. Zeldalia is wise and serious, and she recognizes Klein's importance in taking down Mull. Although her alchemical skills have maintained her superficially young, the weight of time has actually taken its toll on her, and she constantly suffers from a bad hip.
Iris Blanchimont (イリス・ブランシモン, Irisu Buranshimon)
The titular heroine of the game, human incarnation of Lilith and reputed last survivor of Eden. Iris lived during the age of Avenberry and developed the art of alchemy greatly. Her theories, called Iris' Theories, are still widely used by alchemists today, including Klein. Iris is a recurring character in the later Atelier Iris games.
Beggur (ベグル, Beguru)
Although he supposedly starts off as the main villain of the game, Beggur quickly turns into a comic relief not-so-bad guy, as the more menacing Mull takes center stage as villain. He is the leader of the Alkavana Knights, who are fanatically loyal to him. He is also Marietta's older brother.
Veola (ビオラ, Biora)
Veola is the owner of the magic shop in Kavoc. She is a very taciturn and reserved girl, bordering on anti-social, but as the game progresses she starts to open up more and becomes good friends with Klein and his crew, though she wishes she could be more than friends with Klein. Because of this, she also develops a not-so-friendly rivalry with Lita over winning Klein over, but they eventually become good friends.
Blair (ブレア, Burea)
Blair is an apprentice baker in Arcose. She was the daughter of a very rich family, but tragic circumstances led to her becoming a peasant, and she started over by becoming an apprentice to Arcose's head baker. She is very nostalgic about her past, and has a very explosive temper, but she can also be very sweet. She is also an incredibly gifted baker, and she constantly tries to develop new, more amazing styles of bread. She also secretly makes candy, and wishes to add candy to the store's menu. She also develops a slight crush on Klein.
Mull (ムル, Muru)
The game's antagonist. A former friend of Zeldalia and Daphne, as well as a gifted alchemist, Mull differed from the philosophies he was taught (Iris's theories on alchemy), and decided to follow his own path to alchemical mastery. Unfortunately, this path consists of abusing Mana to his own twisted ends. Mull romanticizes former times of strife, in which humans abused and manipulated Mana to their own ends, and seeks to revive Amalgam, an abomination created from forcibly fusing many Mana together into one powerful, mad being, which occurred years ago and caused the ruin of Avenberry. Mull and Arlin know and hate each other deeply, and he still sometimes visits Zeldalia, mostly to gloat over his successes and make fun of Zeldalia's "weakness" of using alchemy to help others instead of for personal gain.

Mana

The main driving force behind the alchemy of the game are the Mana Spirits. Some Mana have the power to transform into new, even more powerful Mana forms. Below is a list of each Mana, and their element:

Dour (木のマナ・ポポ)
The Mana Spirit of Wood. He is with Klein, who named him Popo, at the start of the game. He also provides the player with tutorials on certain aspects of the game; these tutorials often contain comic relief segments with Klein.
Uru (火のマナ・ウル)
The Mana Spirit of Fire. His special ability, Destruction Blast, allows the player to destroy certain objects on the screen.
Plua (闇のマナ・プルーア)
The Mana Spirit of Darkness. Her special ability gathers nearby monsters for the player to battle, though it does not always work.
Diemia (岩のマナ・ディエメア)
The Mana Spirit of Stone. His special ability allows him to act as a glorified stepladder so the player can reach places otherwise inaccessible...a fate he occasionally has been known to lament about.
Nymph (水のマナ・ニンフ)
The Mana Spirit of Water. Her special ability, Barrier, creates a barrier that allows the player to travel over hazards that would otherwise prove a hindrance, such as lightning and lava.
Silwest (空のマナ・シルウェスト)
The Mana Spirit of Air. She also has the Barrier action, but some rumors point to her granting flight later in the game.
Aion (命のマナ・アイオン)
The Mana Spirit of Life. She is one of the oldest of the Mana Spirits, second only to the Mana Spirit of Creation, Lilith. She has the ability to heal the entire party at will, when the player calls on her.
Eital (光のマナ・エイテル)
The Mana Spirit of Light. Her special ability drives away monsters for a limited time.
Luplus (時のマナ・ラプラス)
The Mana Spirit of Time. He is often seen with Arlin.
Grupt (力のマナ・グラプト)
The Mana Spirit of Power, and final form of Uru.
Fanatos (魔のマナ・ファナトス)
The Mana Spirit of Evil, and final form of Plua.
Flay (幽のマナ・フレイ)
The Mana Spirit of Spirit, and final form of Nymph.
Zeilia (雷のマナ・ゼイリア)
The Mana Spirit of Lightning, and final form of Silwest.
Paltia (聖のマナ・パルティア)
The Holy Mana Spirit, and final form of Eital. [1]

Gameplay

Lita selecting an action. Atelier Iris Battle Depiction.jpg
Lita selecting an action.

Battle system

The battle system in Atelier Iris is turn-based. Combat is tactical in that the party members can have their positions arranged in their half of the playing field before battle, and can be knocked back by some attacks. Each participant in the battle chooses an action from the ring of commands available. All characters can use actions such as Attack, Skill and Items but Klein, as the only alchemist of the party, can use Mana Items and Mana Synthesis (which duplicates the effects of Mana Items, at the expense of MP.) Once enemies are defeated the party gains experience, gold and possibly items. Every time a character levels up, he gains 3 points to be added to the skills of the player's choice. Characters equipped with Mana spirits gain bonus skill points.

Synthesis

As an alchemy-based game, Atelier Iris features several forms of item synthesis:

Exploration

Atelier Iris is notable for having several in-game actions that help in exploring the game's world, including unusual ones such as flying, changing into a rabbit, using a Mana as a footstool, or healing the whole party. These actions are gained each time a new Mana joins the party.

Music

The soundtrack was composed by Akira Tsuchiya, Ken Nakagawa & Daisuke Achiwa and was released May 19, 2004 in Japan by TEAM Entertainment.

Opening Song

Ending Songs

Reception

Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana received mixed reviews. It received an aggregated score of 77.74% on GameRankings based on 49 reviews [3] and 74/100 on Metacritic based on 38 reviews. [4]

Notes

  1. ↑ Japanese: イリスのアトリエ エターナルマナ, Hepburn: Irisu no Atorie Etānaru Mana

Related Research Articles

<i>Atelier Iris 2: The Azoth of Destiny</i> 2005 video game

Atelier Iris 2: The Azoth of Destiny, released in Japan as Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana 2, is a role-playing video game developed by Japanese developer Gust Co. Ltd. for the PlayStation 2. The game is the sequel to Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana, although lore-wise is a prequel.

<i>Fullmetal Alchemist 3: Kami o Tsugu Shōjo</i> 2005 video game

Fullmetal Alchemist 3: Kami o Tsugu Shōjo is the third Fullmetal Alchemist video game for the PlayStation 2 and a role-playing video game continuation of the series of Square Enix games. The first two games in the series are Fullmetal Alchemist and the Broken Angel and Fullmetal Alchemist 2: Curse of the Crimson Elixir.

<i>Atelier Iris 3: Grand Phantasm</i> 2006 video game

Atelier Iris 3: Grand Phantasm, released in Japan as Atelier Iris: Grand Fantasm is a role-playing video game developed by Japanese developer Gust Co. Ltd. for the PlayStation 2. Despite the name, the game is unconnected to Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana and Atelier Iris 2: The Azoth of Destiny.

<i>Monato Esprit</i> 2009 video game

Monato Esprit is a 3D, fantasy-themed massively multiplayer online role-playing game. The game is currently in the open beta stage of development and is tentatively scheduled for release in July, 2009. Monato Esprit is free to download and uses the e-currency "MetaTIX" as its billing system.

<i>Mana Khemia: Alchemists of Al-Revis</i> 2007 video game

Mana Khemia: Alchemists of Al-Revis is a role-playing video game developed by Gust Co. Ltd. in 2007 for the PlayStation 2. The game is the ninth entry to Gust's Atelier series, and incorporates elements of standard turn-based combat and alchemy. A PlayStation Portable version was released which included additional features.

<i>Cross Edge</i> 2008 video game

Cross Edge, originally released in Japan as XEdge, is a role-playing video game originally for the PlayStation 3. The game was developed by Idea Factory with characters from games by Capcom, Nippon Ichi Software, Bandai Namco, and Gust Corporation. Released on September 25, 2008, in Japan, the title features turn-based battles, a plot that involves rescuing souls, and the ability to dress the female characters of the player's party in a wide variety of outfits. It was later ported to the Xbox 360 in Japan under the title XEdge Dash.

<i>Atelier</i> (video game series) Video game series

Atelier series is a franchise of role-playing video games developed by Gust Corporation since 1997, primarily for the PlayStation line of consoles ; portable versions for the Game Boy Color, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation Portable, PlayStation Vita and WonderSwan Color have also been made. Two of the games in the series were ported to the Sega Saturn and Dreamcast.

<i>Mana Khemia 2: Fall of Alchemy</i> 2008 video game

Mana Khemia 2: Fall of Alchemy is a role-playing video game developed by Japanese developer Gust Co. Ltd. for the PlayStation 2. A "Portable+" version for PlayStation Portable was released on 1 October 2009. The game is the direct sequel to Mana Khemia: Alchemists of Al-Revis, as well as the tenth installment to the Atelier series.

<i>Atelier Rorona: The Alchemist of Arland</i> 2009 video game

Atelier Rorona: The Alchemist of Arland is a Japanese role-playing video game developed by Gust Co. Ltd. It first released for the PlayStation 3 on June 25, 2009, in Japan and was later re-released under the PlayStation 3 the Best label on September 23, 2010. The North American release followed on September 28, 2010, along with a European release on October 22, 2010 and an Australia release on October 28, 2010.

<i>Atelier Totori: The Adventurer of Arland</i> 2010 video game

Atelier Totori: The Adventurer of Arland is a Japanese role-playing video game developed by Gust Co. Ltd. It was first released for PlayStation 3 on June 24, 2010 in Japan.

<i>Atelier Escha & Logy: Alchemists of the Dusk Sky</i> Japanese video game

Atelier Escha & Logy: Alchemists of the Dusk Sky is a Japanese role-playing video game developed by Gust Co. Ltd. Given the project code "A15", it is the 15th game in the official Atelier series and the second installment of the Dusk storyline. Hidari remains as the character designer and the game runs on the LTGL engine. It was released in Japan on 27 June 2013.

<i>Atelier Marie: The Alchemist of Salburg</i> 1997 video game

Atelier Marie: The Alchemist of Salburg is a 1997 role-playing video game developed and published by Gust. The first entry in the Atelier series, it originally released for the PlayStation, then received ports and enhanced versions on other platforms. A remake for modern platforms, Atelier Marie Remake, was released worldwide in 2023 by Koei Tecmo. Following the efforts of alchemist-in-training Marie to pass an exam within five years, the gameplay focuses on exploring for materials to create alchemical recipes, and completing story missions and requests within the in-game time limit.

<i>Atelier Sophie: The Alchemist of the Mysterious Book</i> 2015 video game

Atelier Sophie: The Alchemist of the Mysterious Book is a 2015 Japanese role-playing video game developed by Gust for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita (digital-only) and Microsoft Windows. It is the 17th main game in the Atelier series and the first game of the Mysterious storyline, as well as the debut of Koei Tecmo taking over publishing rights for Western regions in place of NIS America. The enhanced version of the game titled Atelier Sophie: The Alchemist of the Mysterious Book DX was released for PlayStation 4, Windows, and the Nintendo Switch on April 22, 2021.

<i>Atelier Firis: The Alchemist and the Mysterious Journey</i> 2016 video game

Atelier Firis: The Alchemist and the Mysterious Journey is a 2016 Japanese role-playing video game developed by Gust for the PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, and Microsoft Windows. It is the eighteenth main game in the Atelier series and the second game of the Mysterious storyline. It was released on North America and Europe on March 10, 2017, the following year. The enhanced version of the game titled Atelier Firis: The Alchemist and the Mysterious Journey DX was released for PlayStation 4, Windows, and the Nintendo Switch on April 22, 2021.

<i>Atelier Lydie & Suelle: The Alchemists and the Mysterious Paintings</i> Role-playing video game

Atelier Lydie & Suelle: The Alchemists and the Mysterious Paintings is a role-playing video game developed by Gust, and originally released in Japan for the PlayStation Vita and PlayStation 4 in December 2017. It was released worldwide in March 2018 for the PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch and Microsoft Windows. It is the nineteenth main entry in the Atelier series celebrating the 20 years of the franchise. It is also the third game of the Mysterious storyline and the last one in chronological order.

<i>Atelier Ryza: Ever Darkness & the Secret Hideout</i> 2019 video game by Gust Co. Ltd.

Atelier Ryza: Ever Darkness & the Secret Hideout is a role-playing video game developed by Gust, and originally released in Japan for the PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch and Microsoft Windows in September 2019. It was released in North America in October 2019 and rest of the world in November 2019 for the same consoles. It is the twenty-first main entry in the Atelier series.

<i>Atelier Ryza 2: Lost Legends & the Secret Fairy</i> 2020 video game

Atelier Ryza 2: Lost Legends & the Secret Fairy is a role-playing video game developed by Gust. It is the twenty-second main entry in the Atelier series, the second game of the Secret storyline and the first game of the series with a returning protagonist. It is the sequel to Atelier Ryza: Ever Darkness & the Secret Hideout.

<i>Atelier Sophie 2: The Alchemist of the Mysterious Dream</i> 2022 video game

Atelier Sophie 2: The Alchemist of the Mysterious Dream is a 2022 Japanese role-playing video game developed by Gust. It was released in February 2022 for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, and PlayStation 4. It is the 23rd game in the Atelier series and the fourth game in its Mysterious subseries, while chronologically set between the events of Atelier Sophie: The Alchemist of the Mysterious Book and Atelier Firis: The Alchemist and the Mysterious Journey. It is also the second game of the series with a returning protagonist, after Atelier Ryza 2: Lost Legends & the Secret Fairy.

<i>Atelier Ryza 3: Alchemist of the End & the Secret Key</i> 2023 role-playing game

Atelier Ryza 3: Alchemist of the End & the Secret Key is a role-playing video game developed by Gust. It is the twenty-fourth main entry in the Atelier series, the third and final game of the Secret storyline, featuring the same protagonist from the two previous installments and celebrating the 25th anniversary of the franchise.

<i>Atelier Judie: The Alchemist of Gramnad</i> and <i>Atelier Viorate: The Alchemist of Gramnad 2</i> 2002 and 2003 video games

Atelier Judie: The Alchemist of Gramnad and Atelier Viorate: The Alchemist of Gramnad 2 are a duology of role-playing video games developed and published by Gust for the PlayStation 2. Forming the fourth and fifth entries in the Atelier series, they were respectively published in 2002 and 2003. Expanded versions of the games were released for PlayStation Portable in 2010 and 2011. Both titles follow a young female alchemist from the kingdom of Gramnad; Atelier Judie focuses on the character Judith after an accident transports her through time, and Atelier Viorate follows the young Viorate running an alchemy workshop in a dwindling town. The gameplay has the characters exploring for items to perform alchemy, fighting enemies in turn-based combat.

References

  1. 1 2 "Official Website". Nippon Ichi Software . Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  2. ↑ "Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana Soundtrack" . Retrieved August 1, 2015.
  3. 1 2 "Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana for PlayStation 2". GameRankings . Retrieved November 28, 2014.
  4. 1 2 "Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana for PlayStation 2 Reviews". Metacritic . Retrieved November 28, 2014.
  5. ↑ Bischoff, Jens (April 26, 2006). "Test: Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana". 4Players . Retrieved August 6, 2019.
  6. ↑ Parkin, Simon (December 16, 2005). "Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana". Eurogamer . Retrieved November 28, 2014.
  7. ↑ "Feature: Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana Review". G4 (American TV channel). Archived from the original on April 17, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
  8. ↑ Mueller, Greg (July 7, 2005). "Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana Review". GameSpot . Retrieved November 28, 2014.
  9. ↑ Nutt, Christian (June 28, 2005). "Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana". GameSpy . Retrieved November 28, 2014.
  10. ↑ Lafferty, Michael (June 6, 2006). "Atelier Iris Eternal Mana Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on January 26, 2008. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
  11. ↑ Dunham, Jeremy (July 11, 2005). "Atelier Iris ~Eternal Mana~". IGN . Retrieved November 28, 2014.
  12. ↑ "Test : Atelier Iris : Eternal Mana". Jeuxvideo.com. March 15, 2006. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
  13. ↑ Marrow, Mark (April 11, 2006). "Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana Review". PALGN. Archived from the original on March 7, 2008. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
  14. ↑ Halverson, Dave. "Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana". Play (UK magazine). Archived from the original on November 16, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
  15. ↑ Demmers, Matt. "Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana - Staff Review". RPGamer. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
  16. ↑ Gann, Patrick (June 28, 2005). "Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana". RPGFan. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
  17. ↑ Lucard, Alex (July 5, 2005). "Review: Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana (PS2)". Diehard GameFAN . Retrieved November 28, 2014.
  18. ↑ Leeper, Justin (July 1, 2005). "The king of PS2 tactical role-playing enlists another company's help to bring out a more traditional RPG". Yahoo! Games. Archived from the original on May 1, 2007. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.