Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency

Last updated

Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency
Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency logo.svg
Agency overview
Formed5 February 1999 (1999-02-05)
Preceding agencies
  • Nuclear Safety Bureau
  • Australian Radiation Laboratory
JurisdictionCommonwealth of Australia
Headquarters Yallambie, Victoria
MottoProtecting people and the environment from the harmful effects of radiation
Employees150 [1]
Ministers responsible
Agency executive
  • Dr Gillian Hirth, CEO
Parent department Department of Health
Website www.arpansa.gov.au

The Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) is a regulatory agency under the Commonwealth of Australia that aims to protect Australian citizens from both ionising and non-ionising radiation. [2] ARPANSA works under the guidance of the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Act of 1998 as the national regulatory body of radiation in Australia, with independent departments within each state and territory that regulate radiation within each of their jurisdictions. [2]

Contents

History of Bill

The Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (ARPANS) Bill 1998 was passed by the Australian House of Representatives in May 1998, however Parliament was prorogued for the Federal Election (held 3 October 1998) before the Bill could be considered by the Senate. The Bill was reintroduced into Parliament in November 1998 and passed by both Houses of Parliament on Thursday 10 December 1998.

Responsibilities

ARPANSA's responsibilities include: [3] [4]

ARPANSA evaluates research conducted by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and other foundations to set standards founded on extensive research. [5]

Radiation in Australia

Both ionising and non-ionising radiation is present in Australia, and can be found from man-made sources, or in natural sources as background radiation. [6] Ionising radiation is radiation that does not exceed wavelengths over 100 nanometres, whereas non-ionising radiation exceeds wavelengths of 100 nanometres. [7] Some of the common man-made sources of ionising radiation in Australia include x-rays, CT scans and naturally-found radioactive materials. [3] The common sources of non-ionising radiation include mobile phones, power lines and the sun. [3] [8]

The average Australian is exposed annually to radiation at a level of 1,500-2,000 μSv, which is low in comparison to other countries, such as the 7,800 μSv annual level reported in Cornwall, United Kingdom. [9] These amounts are considered to be natural background radiation levels and exposure to this is not harmful, [9] but radiation can also be used for a variety of health-related purposes. Unlike natural background radiation, there are several risks involved with radiation and nuclear services when used for medical purposes, including increased cancer prevalence. [5] Because of these risks, an agency is required to manage and regulate their use to ensure the safety of all Australians. [5]

Formation of ARPANSA from its preceding agencies Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Services Agency history flow chart.png
Formation of ARPANSA from its preceding agencies

History

From 1935–1972, the authorising body governing radiation in Australia was the Commonwealth X-Ray and Radium Laboratory. This was replaced by the Commonwealth Radiation Laboratory (1972–1973), and then the Australian Radiation Laboratory (1973–1999). [10] In 1999, the Australian Radiation Laboratory then merged with the Nuclear Safety Bureau to create one agency that governed radiation and nuclear safety, ARPANSA. [11] Since its establishment, ARPANSA has erected offices both in Sydney, NSW, and Melbourne, Victoria. [11]

Services

ARPANSA sets national radiation standards that must be abided by all Australian businesses. ARPANSA consults other health agencies globally, as well as research from relevant disciplines, and forms the standards based on this evidence. [2] [12] The standards are then founded on the recommendations from the ICNIRP based on their years of research. [2] [13] The IAEA’s standards are also considered when setting ARPANSA’s standards, and are established to assign responsibility of safe methods with use of ionising radiation. [5]

All standards set by ARPANSA must also be assessed by the Australian government, such as the standard for radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF EMR) that was set by ARPANSA in 2002. [2] This standard specified that adverse health effects can be avoided with RF EMR levels within the range of 3 kHz- 300 GHz. [8] This rigorous process has not been utilised for standards surrounding ionising radiation, as it does not currently have an identified threshold for harm. [2]

ARPANSA monitors compliance with their regulations and standards through regular inspections of radiological businesses. [5] ARPANSA also holds the ability to make actions if non-compliance is recognised. [5] Of the radiological licenses monitored by ARPANSA, there are over 65,000 individual sources and 36 facilities, with many of these operated by the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation. [5] [9]

The agency also aids Australian citizens by publishing daily solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) levels for many locations in Australia. [14] This UV radiation index is based on data received by ARPANSA's UV detectors from cities through Australia which continuously collect data and update the site each minute. [14] This information also provides data for the Cancer Council’s SunSmart App. [15] ARPANSA also works with the Cancer Council by providing testing of clothing, sunglasses and shade cloths, and provides labels to indicate when a product fits Australian sun-protective standards. [15]

Structure

The most senior staff member of ARPANSA is the CEO, who is always appointed by the Governor-General, and each term as CEO cannot exceed five years. [7] The CEO is currently Dr Gillian Hirth, who was appointed in March 2022. [16] The majority of activities are regulated by the individual state and territory departments, with ARPANSA only regulating six different commonwealth entities. [17] ARPANSA then assists the state/territory regulatory bodies to assure that radiation protection requirements are uniform nation-wide within Australia. [2]

Map of regulatory bodies of radiation in Australia Individual regulatory bodies of radiation in Australia map.png
Map of regulatory bodies of radiation in Australia

The individual regulatory bodies are as follows: [17]

Under the ARPANS Act of 1998, the founding of ARPANSA also established the formation of the Radiation Health and Safety Advisory Council, the Radiation Health Committee and the Nuclear Safety Committee. [7] All of these groups consist of the CEO and an individual to represent the interests of the general public, as well as other specialty members.

The functions of the Radiation Health and Safety Advisory Council include identifying emerging issues relating to radiation protection and nuclear safety and examine concerning matters, among others. [7] The members include: [7]

The functions of the Radiation Health Committee include developing national standards for radiation protection and create policies to adhere by, among others. [7] The members include: [7]

The Nuclear Safety Committee reviews and assesses the effectiveness of the current standards and codes, and to advise the CEO of any issues relating to nuclear safety. [7] The members include: [7]

Acclaim

After a new quality testing system was implemented at ARPANSA, the agency was accredited by the National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA) to ISO/IEC 17025 in 2007. [18] After the new accreditation, ARPANSA calibration reports then became recognised internationally under the Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA). [18]

In 2018, the director general of the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority in Finland, Petteri Tiipana, stated that "Australia has demonstrated a strong commitment to continuous improvement in nuclear and radiation safety and in regulatory oversight of such facilities and activities". [17] Following this in 2019, the deputy CEO and head of radiation health services at ARPANSA was appointed chair the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). [19] The position was previously held by Dr Hans Vanmarcke of the Nuclear Research Centre in Belgium and will be chaired by Dr Gillian Hirth of ARPANSA for sessions 66 and 67 in 2019 and 2020. [19] The appointment of Dr Hirth to UNSCEAR was considered to be a recognition of her expertise and leadership in radiation health. [19]

Since the 1980s, ARPANSA has had an ongoing collaboration with Cancer Council Victoria (CCV). [20] This collaboration has included collaborating on research to increase understanding on protective sun behaviours and raise awareness about exposure to radiation. [20] In 2016, ARPANSA and CCV signed a Memorandum of Understanding to improve health in regards to radiation exposure and solar ultraviolet radiation. [20] In 2017, ARPANSA were then recognised as a SunSmart workplace by the then Assistant Minister for Health Dr David Gillespie. [15] Prior to this recognition, CCV had only recognised schools and childhood centres in their commitment to protect staff from UV radiation. [15] CCV’s Prevention Director Craig Sinclair commented that the recognition came at a good time due to it occurring during National Skin Cancer Action Week. [15]

Criticisms and controversies

2005 audit

From the ANAO audit in 2005, ARPANSA was found to lack a systematic approach to planning, as well as performing monitoring radiological activities. [5] From this audit, ANAO made 19 recommendations, but limited work was made by ARPANSA to enact these, with only 11 being adequately implemented by the following audit in 2014. [5] One of the ANAO comments from the audit stated that ARPANSA's operational objectives are too vague to be assessable. [21]

Lucas Heights nuclear reactor

Nuclear Reactor at Lucas Heights Nuclear reactor at Lucas Heights.jpg
Nuclear Reactor at Lucas Heights

In 2010–2011, ARPANSA was publicly criticised in regards to allegations surrounding the nuclear reactor at Lucas Heights in Sydney. [22] Claims in 2010 arose alleging that safety operational breaches were occurring at the nuclear reactor in Sydney. [21] [23] ARPANSA then released conflicting reports regarding the safety and operational breach claims, denying their existence. [21] [23] Late in 2010, these breaches were confirmed by Australia’s workplace regulator, COMCARE. [23] [21]

In March 2011, ARPANSA went under review again due to safety breaches and bullying occurring at the nuclear reactor. [23] [24] Then Science Minister, Kim Carr, was in charge of the departmental investigation into the relationship between ARPANSA and ANSTO. Later in July 2011, ARPANSA and ANSTO were investigated by the fraud control and audit branch of the department of health, who questioned their impartiality. [21] Whistle-blowers gave reports to the Department of Health that alleged that the relationship between the companies was causing safety reports to be compromised. [23] [21] The Health Department questioned the impartiality of ARPANSA, which then led to a review of ARPANSA's regulatory powers by the federal government. [21] [23]

Criticisms of ARPANSA halted from 2011–2019, until workers at the nuclear reactor were exposed to unsafe doses of radiation in 2019. [25] [26] [27] In April 2019, the nuclear facility was only granted permission to produce limited amounts of Molybdenum-99, but ARPANSA permitted full production on 13 June. [25] [26] Two weeks later, on 21 June, two workers were creating a Molybdenum-99 isotope when radioactive contamination was detected outside their working space. [25] [27] One of the workers touched the substance with their hand as they were removing their gloves, and the other worker made contact with their fingertips. [27] At the time, it was unclear how much radiation the workers were exposed to, but was estimated by ANSTO to be equivalent to a single medical radiation treatment. [25] [28] Both ARPANSA and COMCARE were required to investigate the incident, [26] and the final report released by ARPANSA stated that the radiation exposure received by the workers was two to three times above the statutory annual limit for hands. [27]

Citizens protesting against the use of 5G via public graffiti 5G-NO-Montbrillant.jpg
Citizens protesting against the use of 5G via public graffiti

5G in Australia

From 2019 with the introduction of 5G in Australia, ARPANSA faced criticisms from the media and general public, amid fears that the technology was not safe. As of September 2019, Telstra and other telecommunications companies had declared that the use of 5G was safe for citizens, but ARPANSA had yet to comment on these claims. [29] [30] At that point in time, ARPANSA had only acknowledged the existence of concerns surrounding 5G technology, and were in regular discussions with multiple stakeholders to increase public understanding. [29]

Citizens criticised ARPANSA for their alliance with the telecommunications companies, and alleged that they were acting in their interests rather than the health of citizens. [29] In response, ARPANSA stated in June that they worked "independently from other parts of government and are not funded by industry", [29] and are defined within the umbrella of a health agency, not a communications agency like Telstra. [13] However, ARPANSA's official website declares they are not a health body and take no responsibility for the advice they have provided. [31]

ARPANSA then made a statement declaring that the evidence shows that the levels of electromagnetic energy (EME) from devices like mobile phones do not pose a health risk to citizens. [13] ARPANSA had set the standards for EME levels, and from the initial testing in 2016–2017, the EME levels for 5G were 1,000 times lower than the set standard. [32] ARPANSA then advised the Australian government that 5G was safe, [32] [13] [31] stating that the levels of 5G signals were less than 1% of the maximum radiation level considered safe for citizens in Australia. [33] In response to this public turmoil questioning the safety of 5G, the Morrison government then announced additional funding to ARPANSA to allow for continuing research on 5G and other emerging technologies. [13]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuclear fallout</span> Residual radioactive material following a nuclear blast

Nuclear fallout is residual radioactive material propelled into the upper atmosphere following a nuclear blast, so called because it "falls out" of the sky after the explosion and the shock wave has passed. It commonly refers to the radioactive dust and ash created when a nuclear weapon explodes. The amount and spread of fallout is a product of the size of the weapon and the altitude at which it is detonated. Fallout may get entrained with the products of a pyrocumulus cloud and when combined with precipitation falls as black rain, which occurred within 30–40 minutes of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This radioactive dust, usually consisting of fission products mixed with bystanding atoms that are neutron-activated by exposure, is a form of radioactive contamination.

Medical physics deals with the application of the concepts and methods of physics to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of human diseases with a specific goal of improving human health and well-being. Since 2008, medical physics has been included as a health profession according to International Standard Classification of Occupation of the International Labour Organization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents</span> Severe disruptive events involving fissile or fusile materials

A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "an event that has led to significant consequences to people, the environment or the facility." Examples include lethal effects to individuals, large radioactivity release to the environment, or a reactor core melt. The prime example of a "major nuclear accident" is one in which a reactor core is damaged and significant amounts of radioactive isotopes are released, such as in the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 and Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health physics</span> Branch of physics focused on radiation protection

Health physics, also referred to as the science of radiation protection, is the profession devoted to protecting people and their environment from potential radiation hazards, while making it possible to enjoy the beneficial uses of radiation. Health physicists normally require a four-year bachelor’s degree and qualifying experience that demonstrates a professional knowledge of the theory and application of radiation protection principles and closely related sciences. Health physicists principally work at facilities where radionuclides or other sources of ionizing radiation are used or produced; these include research, industry, education, medical facilities, nuclear power, military, environmental protection, enforcement of government regulations, and decontamination and decommissioning—the combination of education and experience for health physicists depends on the specific field in which the health physicist is engaged.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">High Flux Australian Reactor</span> Australias first nuclear reactor

The High Flux Australian Reactor (HIFAR) was Australia's first nuclear research reactor. It was built at the Australian Atomic Energy Commission (AAEC) research establishment at Lucas Heights, Sydney, New South Wales. The reactor was in operation between 1958 and 2007, when it was decommissioned and replaced with the multi-purpose Open-pool Australian lightwater reactor (OPAL), also in Lucas Heights. Both HIFAR and its successor OPAL have been known simply as the Lucas Heights reactor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wireless device radiation and health</span> Health Phenomenon

The antennas contained in mobile phones, including smartphones, emit radiofrequency (RF) radiation ; the parts of the head or body nearest to the antenna can absorb this energy and convert it to heat. Since at least the 1990s, scientists have researched whether the now-ubiquitous radiation associated with mobile phone antennas or cell phone towers is affecting human health. Mobile phone networks use various bands of RF radiation, some of which overlap with the microwave range. Other digital wireless systems, such as data communication networks, produce similar radiation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Open-pool Australian lightwater reactor</span> Research nuclear reactor in Australia

The Open-pool Australian lightwater reactor (OPAL) is a 20 megawatt (MW) swimming pool nuclear research reactor. Officially opened in April 2007, it replaced the High Flux Australian Reactor as Australia's only nuclear reactor, and is located at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) Research Establishment in Lucas Heights, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney. Both OPAL and its predecessor have been known simply as the Lucas Heights reactor.

The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) is a statutory body of the Australian Government that is responsible for nuclear research and the production of radioisotopes for nuclear medicine. It was established in April 1987 to replace the former Australian Atomic Energy Commission (AAEC), which was founded in 1952.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuclear safety and security</span> Regulations for uses of radioactive materials

Nuclear safety is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The achievement of proper operating conditions, prevention of accidents or mitigation of accident consequences, resulting in protection of workers, the public and the environment from undue radiation hazards". The IAEA defines nuclear security as "The prevention and detection of and response to, theft, sabotage, unauthorized access, illegal transfer or other malicious acts involving nuclear materials, other radioactive substances or their associated facilities".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority</span> Pakistani governmental organisation

The Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authorityپاکستان نیوکلیئر ریگولیٹری اتھارٹى; (PNRA), is mandated by the Government of Pakistan to regulate the use of nuclear energy, radioactive sources and ionizing radiation. The mission of PNRA is to protect the public, radiation workers and environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation by formulating and implementing effective regulations, building a relationship of trust with licensees, and maintaining transparency in its actions and decisions.

The Ionising Radiations Regulations (IRR) are statutory instruments which form the main legal requirements for the use and control of ionising radiation in the United Kingdom. There have been several versions of the regulations, the current legislation was introduced in 2017 (IRR17), repealing the 1999 regulations and implementing the 2013/59/Euratom European Union directive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atomic Energy Regulatory Board</span> Board within the government of India

The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) was constituted on 15 November 1983 by the President of India by exercising the powers conferred by Section 27 of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 to carry out certain regulatory and safety functions under the Act. The regulatory authority of AERB is derived from the rules and notifications promulgated under the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 and the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986. The headquarters is in Mumbai.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jim Green (activist)</span> Australian environmentalist

Jim Green is an anti-nuclear campaigner with Friends of the Earth Australia. Green is a regular media commentator on nuclear issues. He has an honours degree in public health from the University of Wollongong and was awarded a PhD in science and technology studies for his analysis of the Lucas Heights research reactor debates.

A wipe test counter is a device used to measure for possible radioactive contamination in a variety of environments. When using radioactive materials it is necessary to test for accidental contamination, whether from use of liquid unsealed sources or to check for leaking sealed sources. A swab or small absorbent smear can be used to “wipe” an area, the wipe is then placed into a test tube and counted, typically using a gamma counter. Testing for leaks in this manner is a method described in the ISO 9978 standard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuclear labor issues</span> Radiation workers health and labor issues

Nuclear labor issues exist within the international nuclear power industry and the nuclear weapons production sector worldwide, impacting upon the lives and health of laborers, itinerant workers and their families.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tony Irwin</span>

Tony Irwin is a nuclear engineer and technical director of Australian company, SMR Nuclear Technology. For three decades he worked commissioning and operating nuclear reactors in the UK for British Energy. He emigrated to Australia in 1999 and took a position with the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), where he remained for ten years. Irwin chairs the Nuclear Engineering Panel of Engineers Australia and lectures at the Australian National University and University of Sydney on nuclear science. Irwin has a degree in electrical power engineering.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philippine Nuclear Research Institute</span> Agency of the Philippine government

The Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI) is a government agency under the Department of Science and Technology mandated to undertake research and development activities in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, institute regulations on the said uses, and carry out the enforcement of said regulations to protect the health and safety of radiation workers and the general public.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuclear emergency level classification responses</span>

Nuclear power plants pose high risk to public health and safety if radiation is released into surrounding communities and areas. This nuclear emergency level classificationresponse system was firstly developed by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission to allow effective and urgent responses to ultimately control and minimise any detrimental effects that nuclear chemicals can have. These classifications come in four different categories – Unusual Event, Alert, Site Area Emergency (SAE), as well as General Emergency. Thus, each classification has differing characteristics and purposes, depending on the situation at hand. Every nuclear power plant has a different emergency response action plan, also depending on its structure, location and nature. They were developed by thorough discussion and planning with numerous authoritative parties such as local, state, federal agencies as well as other private and non-profit groups that are in association with emergency services. Today, nuclear emergency plans are continuously being developed over time to be improved for future serious events to keep communities and nuclear power plant working members safe. There is a high emphasis for the need of these emergency responses in case of future events. Thus, nuclear plants can, and have paid up to approximately $78 million to ensure that are required measurements are readily available, and that equipment is sufficient and safe. This is applicable for all nuclear power plants in the United States of America.

Michael Harry Repacholi is an Australian biophysicist and radiation protection expert. He is one of the pioneer scientists and foremost authorities in Radiobiology in the world, including radiation protection standards for ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum. He was one of the founders and past presidents of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and founder and director of several projects in the World Health Organization, including the International Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Project. Repacholi was also active in the study of the health consequences of the Chernobyl accident in the nuclear reactor, in Ukraine.

Gillian Anne Hirth, also known as Gillian A. Hirth, is a health scientist and CEO of Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA). She was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia for "service to environmental science, nuclear and radiation safety and the development of national and international regulatory standards", and worked with the United Nations following the Fukushima accident, advising on environmental radiology.

References

  1. ↑ APS Statistical Bulletin 2017 (Report). Australian Public Service Commission. March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Martin, Lindsay J.; Melbourne, Alan (2011). "Letter to the Editor". International Journal of Hyperthermia. 27 (4): 405–406. doi: 10.3109/02656736.2010.527316 . ISSN   0265-6736. PMID   21591903. S2CID   218769528.
  3. 1 2 3 "Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency". Australian Government Department of Health. 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  4. ↑ "Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA)". Australian Government Department of Health. 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Regulation of Commonwealth Radiation and Nuclear Activities". Australian National Audit Office. 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  6. ↑ Bibbo, Giovanni; Piotto, Lino (2014). "Background ionising radiation: a pictorial perspective". Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine. 37 (3): 575–581. doi:10.1007/s13246-014-0286-5. ISSN   0158-9938. PMID   24972814. S2CID   15970892.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Act 1998". Federal Register of Legislation. 1998. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  8. 1 2 Halgamuge, Malka (19 May 2015). "Radio Hazard Safety Assessment for Marine Ship Transmitters: Measurements Using a New Data Collection Method and Comparison with ICNIRP and ARPANSA Limits". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 12 (5): 5338–5354. doi: 10.3390/ijerph120505338 . ISSN   1660-4601. PMC   4454971 . PMID   25996887.
  9. 1 2 3 "What is Radiation?". Australia's Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation. 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  10. ↑ "Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (1999 – )". Encyclopaedia of Australian Science. 2006. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  11. 1 2 "Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency". National Library of Australia. 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  12. ↑ Oliver, Chris; Butler, Duncan; Webb, David; Wright, Tracy; Lye, Jessica; Ramanathan, Ganesan; Harty, Peter; Takau, Viliami (2015). "Maintaining the accuracy of the 60Co calibration service at the ARPANSA post source replacement in 2010". Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine. 38 (2): 325–330. doi:10.1007/s13246-015-0338-5. ISSN   0158-9938. PMID   25749989. S2CID   6292613.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Fletcher, P (2019). "Australians can trust in safety of 5G network". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  14. 1 2 "Ultraviolet Radiation Index". Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency. 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 "Minister announces ARPANSA leads the way as a sunsmart workplace". State News Service. 23 November 2017.
  16. ↑ "ARPANSA farewells CEO Carl-Magnus Larsson and welcomes new CEO Gillian Hirth". Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency. 18 March 2022.
  17. 1 2 3 "IAEA Mission Says Australia Committed to Strengthening Nuclear and Radiation Safety Sees Areas for Enhancement". International Atomic Energy Agency. 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  18. 1 2 Butler, D; Oliver, C; Webb, D (2008). "Quality Assurance for Radiotherapy Calibrations at ARPANSA". Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine. 31 (4): 451–452. eISSN   1879-5447. ISSN   0158-9938.
  19. 1 2 3 "International role for ARPANSA deputy". The Mandarin. 10 July 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  20. 1 2 3 "Australia: ARPANSA and Cancer Council Victoria sign a MOU". Mena Report. 18 October 2016.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "ARPANSA- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency". Friends of the Earth Australia. 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  22. ↑ Nuclear Safety: The nuclear industry regulator of Australia, ARPANSA has been found to have an improper relationship with the main agency it oversees and regulates [online]. Lateline (ABC1 Melbourne); Time: 22:42; Broadcast Date: Thursday, 7 July 2011; Duration: 55 sec.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Nuclear regulator investigated over safety review". ABC News. 30 March 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  24. ↑ Stewart, J; Trigger, R (24 October 2018). "Lucas Heights nuclear reactor in another contamination scare amid calls for safety review". ABC News. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Bonhady, N (24 June 2019). "Two workers exposed to unsafe dose of radiation at Lucas Heights". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  26. 1 2 3 McGowan, M (24 June 2019). "Two workers exposed to unsafe dose of radiation at Lucas Heights nuclear facility". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  27. 1 2 3 4 "Health fears as two workers exposed to radiation at Sydney plant". 9 News. 25 June 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  28. ↑ Trembath, M (25 June 2019). "ANSTO workers at Lucas Heights exposed to unsafe dose of radiation". Illawarra Mercury. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Duke, J (6 September 2019). "Government promises Telstra public support on 5G safety". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  30. ↑ Taylor, J (13 May 2020). "Australian public's confidence in 5G 'shaken' by misinformation campaign". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  31. 1 2 Bibby, P (21 October 2020). "5G protests in Byron, while councillors sit on fence". Echo Net Daily. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  32. 1 2 Taylor, J (19 November 2019). "People often don't trust us on 5G: Telstra asks government to help combat health fears". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  33. ↑ Turner, A (9 March 2020). "A new wave of 5G to hit Australia". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.