BPIFB9P

Last updated
BPIFB9P
Identifiers
Aliases BPIFB9P , C20orf115, dJ1187J4.2, dJ1187J4.3, BPI fold containing family B member 9, pseudogene
External IDs GeneCards: BPIFB9P
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

402016

n/a

Ensembl

ENSG00000125997

n/a

UniProt

n
a

n/a

RefSeq (mRNA)

n/a

n/a

RefSeq (protein)

n/a

n/a

Location (UCSC) Chr 20: 33.35 – 33.35 Mb n/a
PubMed search [2] n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Vomeromodulin is a non-human protein also known as BPI fold containing family B, member 9 (BPIFB9) in the rat encoded by the Bpifb9/RYF3 gene, [3] [4] and as BPI fold containing family B, member 9A (BPIFB9A) encoded by the Bpifb9a gene in the mouse. [5] This protein has been characterized in mammals such as rodents, carnivores, even-toed ungulates, insectivores, bats, lagomorphs, and shrews [6] but is apparently absent in primates and other vertebrates such as birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Its function is associated with detection of chemical odorant pheromone molecules.

Contents

In humans no protein is expressed and it is present only as a pseudogene BPIFB9P. [7] The pseudogene was named based on its functional ortholog found in the other species. [8]

Superfamily

Vomeromodulin/BPIFB9/BPIFB9A is a member of the BPI fold protein superfamily defined by the presence of the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein fold (BPI fold) which is formed by two similar domains in a "boomerang" shape. [9] This superfamily is also known as the BPI/LBP/PLUNC family or the BPI/LPB/CETP family. [10] The BPI fold creates apolar binding pockets that can interact with hydrophobic and amphipathic molecules, such as the acyl carbon chains of lipopolysaccharide found on Gram-negative bacteria, but members of this family may have many other functions.

BPIFB9P is a human pseudogene member the BPI-fold gene family and the transcribed protein in other species is a member of the BPI/LBP/PLUNC protein superfamily BPIFfamily-BPIFB9P.png
BPIFB9P is a human pseudogene member the BPI-fold gene family and the transcribed protein in other species is a member of the BPI/LBP/PLUNC protein superfamily

Genes for the BPI/LBP/PLUNC superfamily are found in all vertebrate species, including distant homologs in non-vertebrate species such as insects, mollusks, and roundworms. [11] [12] Within that broad grouping is the BPIF gene family whose members encode the BPI fold structural motif and are found clustered on a single chromosome, e.g., Chromosome 20 in humans, Chromosome 2 in mouse, Chromosome 3 in rat, Chromosome 17 in pig, Chromosome 13 in cow. The BPIF gene family is split into two groupings, BPIFA (SPLUNC) and BPIFB (LPLUNC). In humans, BIPFA consists of 3 protein encoding genes BPIFA1 , BPIFA2 , BPIFA3 , and 1 pseudogene BPIFA4P ; while BPIFB consists of 5 protein encoding genes BPIFB1 , BPIFB2 , BPIFB3 , BPIFB4 , BPIFB6 and 2 pseudogenes BPIFB5P , BPIFB9P. What appears as pseudogenes in humans may appear as fully functional genes in other species.

The PIFB9P pseduogene in humans was first reported in 2011 as a member of the BPI/LBP/PLUNC family, [13] [12] but clones containing PIFB9P had been detected in 1999 genomic screening by the Welcome Trust Sanger Institute. [14]

Function

In humans, the expression of the BPIFB9P pseudogene into functional BPIFB9 protein is unclear. Although identified multiple times by independent scientists as a pseudogene not capable of coding for a protein, its gene sequence may predict two transcripts (splice variants) [15] and RNA transcripts detected by RNA-Seq screens have been observed in brain tissues, striated muscle, white blood cells (granulocytes, monocytes), and esophageal mucosa. [16] Yet, definitive evidence for human BPIFB9 protein has never been produced and is unlikely to happen.

The non-human version of this protein, however, is well known. Vomeromodulin is highly expressed in nasal mucosa, particularly within a structure known as the Vomeronasal organ. [17] The vomeronasal organ is present and well-developed in many mammals to process pheromone odors into neural signals to the brain, but the chemical and neural components of the vomeronasal system have been completely inactivated in most primates, including humans. [18] [19] In this context, BPIFB9-type proteins are thought to be similar to odorant binding proteins which presents odorant molecules to chemical odorant receptor molecules. [20] Those odorant receptors, in turn, are associated with nasal epithelial cells integrated with olfactory neurons that project back to the brain's oflactory areas and hypothalamus. It has been established that the genes and proteins for these components are present and active in many mammal species, but in higher primates the genes are found to be mutated and appear as non-functional pseudogenes, like BPIFB9P.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chromosome 20</span> Human chromosome

Chromosome 20 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. Chromosome 20 spans around 66 million base pairs and represents between 2 and 2.5 percent of the total DNA in cells. Chromosome 20 was fully sequenced in 2001 and was reported to contain over 59 million base pairs. Since then, due to sequencing improvements and fixes, the length of chromosome 20 has been updated to just over 66 million base pairs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BPIFA1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

BPI fold containing family A, member 1 (BPIFA1), also known as Palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone (PLUNC), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BPIFA1 gene. It was also formerly known as "Secretory protein in upper respiratory tracts" (SPURT). The BPIFA1 gene sequence predicts 4 transcripts ; 3 mRNA variants have been well characterized. The resulting BPIFA1 is a secreted protein, expressed at very high levels in mucosa of the airways and salivary glands; at high levels in oropharyneal epithelium, including tongue and tonsils; and at moderate levels many other tissue types and glands including pituitary, testis, lung, bladder, blood, prostate, pancreas, levels in the digestive tract and pancreas. The protein can be detected on the apical side of epithelial cells and in airway surface liquid, nasal mucus, and sputum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BPIFB2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

BPI fold-containing family B, member 2, (BPIFB2) also known as bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein-like 1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BPIFB2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Autophagy-related protein 101</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Autophagy-related protein 101 also known as ATG101 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C12orf44 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BPIFA3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

BPI fold containing family A, member 3 (BPIFA3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BPIFA3 gene. The gene is also known as SPLUNC3 and C20orf71 in humans and the orthologous gene in mice is 1700058C13Rik. There are multiple variants of the BPIFA3 projected to be a secreted protein. It is very highly expressed in testis with little or no expression in other tissues. The Human Protein Atlas project and Mouse ENCODE Consortium report RNA-Seq expression at RPKM levels of 29.1 for human testis and 69.4 for mouse, but 0 for all other tissues. Similarly, the Bgee consortium, using multiple techniques in addition to RNA-Seq, reports a relative Expression Score of 95.8 out of 100 for testis and 99.0 for sperm in humans; however low levels of BPIFA3 between 20 and 30 were seen for a variety of tissues such as muscle, glands, prostate, nervous system, and skin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chitinase domain-containing protein 1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Chitinase domain-containing protein 1 (CHID1) is a highly conserved protein of unknown function located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 11 near the telomere. The protein has 27 introns, which allows for many isoforms of this gene. It has several aliases, the most common of which is Stabilin-1 interacting chitinase-like protein (SI-CLP). As indicated by the alias, CHID1 is known to interact with the protein STAB1. CHID1 is expressed ubiquitously at levels nearly 6 times the average gene, and is conserved very far back to organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans and possibly some prokaryotes. This protein is known to have carbohydrate binding sites, which could be involved in carbohydrate catabolysis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BPIFB4</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

BPI fold containing family B, member 4 (BPIFB4) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BPIFB4 gene. It was formerly known as "Long palate, lung and nasal epithelium carcinoma-associated protein 4" encoded by the LPLUNC4 gene. The BPIFB4 gene sequence predicts 4 transcripts ; 3 isoforms have been well characterized. In a variety of mammals, BPIFB4 is generally expressed in very high levels in the olfactory epithelium, high levels in the gonads and pituitary, moderate levels in white blood cells (monocytes) It can occur either localized in the cytoplasm of cells or secreted and circulated systemically in blood plasma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BPIFB1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

BPI fold-containing family B member 1 (BPIFB1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BPIFB1 gene. BPIFB1 is a secreted protein, expressed at very high levels in mucosa of the airways and salivary glands, and at moderate levels in the digestive tract and pancreas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">C11orf86</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Chromosome 11 open reading frame 86, also known as C11orf86, is a protein-coding gene in humans. It encodes for a protein known as uncharacterized protein C11orf86, which is predicted to be a nuclear protein. The function of this protein is currently unknown.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">C12orf60</span> Protein-coding gene in humans

Uncharacterized protein C12orf60 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C12orf60 gene. The gene is also known as LOC144608 or MGC47869. The protein lacks transmembrane domains and helices, but it is rich in alpha-helices. It is predicted to localize in the nucleus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">C2orf73</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Uncharacterized protein C2orf73 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C2orf73 gene. The protein is predicted to be localized to the nucleus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">C5orf22</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Chromosome 5 open reading frame 22 (c5orf22) is a protein-coding gene of poorly characterized function in Homo sapiens. The primary alias is unknown protein family 0489 (UPF0489).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KIAA2013</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

KIAA2013, also known as Q8IYS2 or MGC33867, is a single-pass transmembrane protein encoded by the KIAA2013 gene in humans. The complete function of KIAA2013 has not yet been fully elucidated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NOXRED1</span> Human gene

NADP-dependent oxidoreductase domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOXRED1 gene. An alias of this gene is Chromosome 14 Open Reading Frame 148 (c14orf148). This gene is located on chromosome 14, at 14q24.3. NOXRED1 is predicted to be involved in pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase activity as part of the L-proline biosynthetic pathway. It is expressed in a wide variety of tissues at a relatively low level, including the testes, thyroid, skin, small intestine, brain, kidney, colon, and more.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">C13orf46</span> C13of46 Gene and Protein

Chromosome 13 Open Reading Frame 46 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the C13orf46 gene. In humans, C13orf46 is ubiquitously expressed at low levels in tissues, including the lungs, stomach, prostate, spleen, and thymus. This gene encodes eight alternatively spliced mRNA transcript, which produce five different protein isoforms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BPIFB3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

BPI fold containing family B, member 3 (BPIFB3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BPIFB3 gene. Two variants have been detected in humans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BPIFB5P</span> Pseudogene in the species Homo sapiens

BPI fold containing family B, member 5 is a non-human protein encoded by the Bpifb5 gene, also known as Lplunc5. The BPIFB5 protein and Bpifb5 gene have been characterized in mammals such as rodents and even-toed ungulates but are apparently lacking in primates and other vertebrates such as birds, reptiles, and amphibians. The protein in rodents is expressed at moderately high levels in mucosa of the airways and at moderate levels in salivary glands, esophagus, and gonads ; in even-toed ungulates expression is high in testis, moderate in brain and striated muscle, and low in kidney.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BPIFB6</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

BPI fold containing family B, member 6 (BPIFB6), also known as bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein-like 3 (BPIL3), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BPIFB6 gene, also known as BPIL3 and LPLUNC6. It is expressed at high levels in hypertrophic tonsils, at relatively moderate levels in oronasal epithelium including nasal mucosa, tongue, and salivary gland, as well as esophageal mucosa at lesser levels. Orthologs are present in many vertebrate species including mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BPIFA2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

BPI fold containing family A, member 2 (BPIFA2), also known as Parotid Secretory Protein (PSP), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BPIFA2 gene. The BPIFA2 gene sequence predicts multiple transcripts ; 2 mRNA variants have been well characterized. The resulting BPIFA2 is a secreted protein, expressed at very high levels in the parotid (salivary) gland; at high levels in oropharyngeal mucosa, including tongue; and at moderate levels many other tissue types and glands including mammary gland, testis, lung, bladder, blood, prostate, adrenal gland, kidney, and pancreas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BPIFA4P</span> Pseudogene in the species Homo sapiens

BPI fold containing family A, member 4 (BPIFA4) is a non-human protein encoded by the Bpifa4 gene in mammals such as monkey, cat, and cow but does not appear in rodents and humans. It is also known as Latherin in horse, encoded by the Lath/Bpifa4 gene but is somewhat divergent from the other species. Latherin/BPIFA4 is a secreted protein found in saliva and sweat.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000125997 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  3. ↑ Dear TN, Boehm T, Keverne EB, Rabbitts TH (October 1991). "Novel genes for potential ligand-binding proteins in subregions of the olfactory mucosa". The EMBO Journal. 10 (10): 2813–9. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07830.x. PMC   452990 . PMID   1915264.
  4. ↑ "R.rattus RYF3 mRNA for a potential ligand-binding protein". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 7 October 1991. Retrieved 18 February 2023. Accession X60659.1
  5. ↑ "Bpifb9a BPI fold containing family B, member 9A [Mus musculus (house mouse)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  6. ↑ "vomeromodulin - Protein - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. See: "Results by taxon"
  7. ↑ "BPIFB9P BPI fold containing family B member 9, pseudogene [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  8. ↑ "Symbol report for BPIFB9P". www.genenames.org. HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee.
  9. ↑ Beamer LJ, Carroll SF, Eisenberg D (April 1998). "The BPI/LBP family of proteins: a structural analysis of conserved regions". Protein Science. 7 (4): 906–914. doi:10.1002/pro.5560070408. PMC   2143972 . PMID   9568897.
  10. ↑ "CDD Conserved Protein Domain Family: BPI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  11. ↑ Beamer LJ, Fischer D, Eisenberg D (July 1998). "Detecting distant relatives of mammalian LPS-binding and lipid transport proteins". Protein Science. 7 (7): 1643–1646. doi:10.1002/pro.5560070721. PMC   2144061 . PMID   9684900.
  12. 1 2 Bingle CD, Seal RL, Craven CJ (August 2011). "Systematic nomenclature for the PLUNC/PSP/BSP30/SMGB proteins as a subfamily of the BPI fold-containing superfamily". Biochemical Society Transactions. 39 (4): 977–983. doi:10.1042/BST0390977. PMC   3196848 . PMID   21787333.
  13. ↑ Bingle CD, Bingle L, Craven CJ (August 2011). "Distant cousins: genomic and sequence diversity within the BPI fold-containing (BPIF)/PLUNC protein family". Biochemical Society Transactions. 39 (4): 961–965. doi:10.1042/BST0390961. PMID   21787330.
  14. ↑ "Homo sapiens chromosome 20 clone RP5-1068H6, WORKING DRAFT SEQUENCE, 41 unordered pieces". 2 February 2000.
  15. ↑ "Gene: BPIFB9P (ENSG00000125997) - Splice variants - Homo_sapiens - Ensembl genome browser 109". useast.ensembl.org. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  16. ↑ "Gene : BPIFB9P - ENSG00000125997". bgee.org. The Bgee suite: integrated curated expression atlas and comparative transcriptomics in animals. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  17. ↑ Krishna NS, Getchell ML, Getchell TV (October 1994). "Expression of the putative pheromone and odorant transporter vomeromodulin mRNA and protein in nasal chemosensory mucosae". Journal of Neuroscience Research. 39 (3): 243–259. doi:10.1002/jnr.490390303. PMID   7869418. S2CID   23113843.
  18. ↑ Swaney WT, Keverne EB (June 2009). "The evolution of pheromonal communication" (PDF). Behavioural Brain Research. 200 (2): 239–247. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.09.039. PMID   18977248. S2CID   16529145.
  19. ↑ Trotier D (September 2011). "Vomeronasal organ and human pheromones". European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases. 128 (4): 184–190. doi: 10.1016/j.anorl.2010.11.008 . PMID   21377439. Elsevier open access
  20. ↑ Rihani K, Ferveur JF, Briand L (March 2021). "The 40-Year Mystery of Insect Odorant-Binding Proteins". Biomolecules. 11 (4): 509. doi: 10.3390/biom11040509 . PMC   8067015 . PMID   33808208.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.