Baldwin Wallace University

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Baldwin Wallace University
Baldwin Wallace University seal.svg
Former name
Baldwin Institute (1845–1856)
Baldwin University (1856–1913)
German Wallace College (1864–1913)
Baldwin–Wallace College (1913–2012)
Type Private university
EstablishedDecember 20, 1845;178 years ago (1845-12-20)
Academic affiliations
 CIC, Space-grant
Endowment $177.9 million (2020) [1]
President Robert C. Helmer
Academic staff
213 (fall 2024) [2]
Students3,318 (fall 2024) [2]
Undergraduates 2,842 (fall 2024) [2]
Postgraduates 476 (fall 2024) [2]
Location
Berea
,
Ohio
,
United States
CampusSuburban, 120 acres (49 ha)
Colors Brown and gold    
Nickname Yellow Jackets
Sporting affiliations
 NCAA Division III – OAC
Mascot Stinger [3]
Website www.bw.edu
Baldwin Wallace University.svg

Baldwin Wallace University (BW) is a private university in Berea, Ohio, United States. Established in 1845 as Baldwin Institute by Methodist businessman John Baldwin, it merged with nearby German Wallace College in 1913 to become Baldwin-Wallace College. [4] There are two campus sites: Berea, which serves as the main campus, and Corporate College East in Warrensville Heights, Ohio. [5] The university enrolls approximately 3,300 full-time undergraduate and graduate students as of fall 2024. Baldwin Wallace's athletic teams compete as members of NCAA Division III athletics in the Ohio Athletic Conference.

Contents

History

Marting Hall Marting Hall BWC.JPG
Marting Hall
Presidential candidate Barack Obama speaking at BW's Lou Higgins Center in 2008 Obama BW.jpg
Presidential candidate Barack Obama speaking at BW's Lou Higgins Center in 2008

Both the university and the town of Berea were founded by Methodist settlers from Connecticut. Among early settlers of this area was John Baldwin. He enjoyed early success in the sandstone quarry industry and founded Baldwin Institute in 1845. Baldwin Institute became Baldwin University in 1856. [6] The school accepted students regardless of race or gender. [7]

Jacob Rothweiler, a professor at Baldwin University, named German Wallace College (founded in 1855) after James Wallace. Baldwin University and German Wallace College merged in 1913 to form Baldwin–Wallace College. [8]

During World War II, Baldwin Wallace was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission. [9]

Alfred Bryan Bonds was president in the mid-20th century; Baldwin Wallace grew as a suburban institution. Bonds oversaw the construction of fifteen buildings on campus during his 26-year tenure. Neal Malicky followed him as college president. Mark Collier served as president for seven years.[ citation needed ]

In the fall of 2011, a task force was developed by BW president Dick Durst. On February 11, 2012, it was announced that Baldwin–Wallace College would become Baldwin Wallace University after approval by the BW Board of Trustees. The name would become effective on July 1, 2012, with complete implementation by the end of 2012. In addition to the new university designation, seal, and logo, "B-W" would drop the hyphen in its name. [10]

The last sitting president prior to Obama to visit BW was Ronald Reagan during George H. W. Bush's 1988 Presidential run. [11] [12] In 2019, BW trustees voted to disaffiliate from the United Methodist Church after 174 years. [13]

Presidents
PresidentYears
Arthur Louis Breslich 1913–1918
Albert Boynton Storms 1918–1933
Louis C. Wright 1934–1948
John Lowden Knight 1949–1954
Alfred Bryan Bonds 1955–1981
Neal Malicky 1981–1999
Mark H. Collier 1999–2006
Richard Durst 2006–2012
Robert C. Helmer 2012–2024
This list does not include acting presidents or any presidents before the two colleges combined in 1913.

Campus

Baldwin Wallace entrance gate Baldwin Wallace Homecoming (48869527207).jpg
Baldwin Wallace entrance gate

The campus is located in Berea, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland. The campus is built around land that originally was two separate schools that combined in 1913. The campus itself is located next to Berea-Midpark High School and is integrated into the neighborhoods of Berea. [14]

Two parts of the BW campus are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The south campus historic district incorporates several buildings in the vicinity of Marting Hall. It combined the former Lyceum Village Square and German Wallace College. [15] [16]

Wheeler Hall Wheeler Hall Baldwin Wallace University.jpg
Wheeler Hall

In 2012, BW moved to propose the preservation of several historic buildings on its north campus historic district. [17] The North Campus Historic District The buildings include Baldwin Memorial Library & Carnegie Science Hall (Malicky Center for Social Sciences), Austin E. Knowlton Center, Wheeler Hall (Recitation Hall), Wilker Hall, Telfer Hall, Ward Hall, Burrell Observatory, the Alumni House/President's House, the Tudor House (Safety and Security), North Hall, Findley Hall, Lang Hall, and Ritter Library. [18] [19]

Sustainability

In 2005, BW became the first to have a residence hall in Ohio with geo-thermal heating and cooling. Ernsthausen Hall which was originally built in 1961 was renovated in 2005 to use geo-thermal heating and cooling. In the fall of 2008, Baldwin Wallace became the first college in Ohio to offer a bachelor's degree in sustainability. [20] The undergraduate program offers four tracks in science, social sciences/humanities, business administration and quantitative analysis. In 2009, BW became the first school in the state to install a wind turbine on its campus. [21] [22] BW also uses kitchen grease from Strosacker Hall's dining facilities for the production of bio-diesel fuel for campus vehicles. In 2012, BW opened Harding House which is a renovated residence hall to become a "sustainability house". The house has an "energy dashboard" that monitors energy consumption and a vegetative roof garden that absorbs rainwater that helps regulate the building's temperature. [23] In addition, Harding House and the Center for Innovation and Growth both have solar panels on their roofs. [23] [24] 63 Beech, 21 Beech, Saylor and Klien Halls will eventually join Ernsthausen & Harding House to also include Geo-thermal heating and cooling.

Academics

Malicky Center Baldwin Wallace University (48532292947).jpg
Malicky Center
Ritter Library Ritter Library Baldwin Wallace University.JPG
Ritter Library

Baldwin Wallace offers more than 80 majors, as well as several cooperative and pre-professional programs. Evening and weekend programs include 12 majors and six certificate programs. [25] For undergraduate programs, these majors lead to one of the degrees Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Science in education, Bachelor of Music, Bachelor of Music in Education, or Bachelor of Science in Nursing. Beyond this, BW offers 16 master's programs that lead to one of the degrees Master of Arts in Education or Master of Business Administration. BW offers programs and some courses online. BW has 201 full-time faculty, 80% of whom have doctorates or other terminal degrees.

In the 2025 U.S. News & World Report college rankings, Baldwin Wallace University was ranked tenth out of 165 regional master's universities in the Midwest. [26]

Conservatory of Music

Boesel Musical Center which is connected to several buildings that make up the BW Conservatory of Music Bosel Baldwin Wallace University.JPG
Boesel Musical Center which is connected to several buildings that make up the BW Conservatory of Music

The Baldwin Wallace Conservatory of Music is part of Baldwin Wallace University. The main building of the conservatory is Kulas Hall. The Conservatory holds the title of home to the oldest collegiate Bach Festival in the nation. [27]

BW at Corporate College East

Baldwin Wallace offers classes at Corporate College East, a division of Cuyahoga Community College in Warrensville Heights, Ohio. The site focuses on the educational needs of working adults and their employers, enrolling students in undergraduate, graduate and executive education courses. [28]

International programs

Baldwin Wallace has several international programs in which eligible upperclassmen are able to participate. The college operates several of its own programs plus international student exchange programs at Kansai Gaidai University (Japan), Christ University (India) and Ewha University (Korea), University of the Sunshine Coast (Australia), University of Osnabrück (Germany), York St John University (England), University of Hull (England), Webster University Vienna (Austria), Semester at Sea, and many more. BW has faculty-led trips yearly to places such as Europe, Iceland, India, Italy, Ecuador and China. As well, the college offers domestic U.S. - themed trips such as following The Lewis and Clark trail. [29]

Outreach programs

BW uses programs such as Upward Bound and BW Scholars to reach and serve students from the Cleveland Metropolitan School District. The BW Scholars program was formerly called "The Barbara Byrd-Bennett Program", named after Barbara Byrd-Bennett, who established and funded the program until her departure from the Cleveland Municipal School District. Barbara Byrd-Bennett was the first chief executive officer of the Cleveland Municipal School District. [30] Today the BW Scholars Program continues under funding by the college. BW also utilizes opportunities in the Greater Cleveland for Service-learning. Service-learning is a method of teaching that provides opportunities for students to learn and develop through thoughtfully organized service experience. [31]

Student life

Strosacker Student Union Baldwin Wallace University (51685322795).jpg
Strosacker Student Union

The Strosacker Student Union houses the campus's largest dining facility and the campus bookstore. [32] The Student Activity Center (SAC) is used for concerts and various student events. [33]

Housing

Lang Hall Lang Hall BWC.JPG
Lang Hall

There are two locations where students are housed. The first is north campus which encompasses halls north of Bagley Road. South campus typically encompasses residence halls that are south of Bagley Road. Davidson Commons makes up the new freshman complex. [34]

Kohler Hall, originally a hospital for Civil War veterans and later for mental patients, [35] is located right beside the conservatory and mostly housed conservatory students, before it was abandoned and slated to be demolished in 2018. [36]

Student organizations

Baldwin Wallace has over 100 clubs and organizations. [37]

The BW campus has four fraternities, four sororities and numerous honoraries. [38] BW fraternities and sororities are all housed in the Ernsthausen residence hall. On-campus fraternity and sorority houses were banned by the City of Berea in the 1960s.[ citation needed ] The oldest fraternity on campus is Lambda Chi Alpha , which was founded in 1926. [39] [40] The oldest sorority is Alpha Gamma Delta , which was founded in 1940.

Campus Media

The oldest campus newspaper is the official one, The Exponent, which also has a supplement called "Buzz!". The college has two student-run magazines, The Maelstrom (a satirical magazine) and The Mill (a literary and art magazine). [41]

BuzzTV allows students to produce short movies and shows that air locally. BW's radio station is WBWC (88.3 FM). Many of the students involved are broadcast majors. WBWC first signed on in 1958 and claims to be the first student-funded and operated radio station in the United States. [42]

Athletics

BW's mascot "Stinger" Baldwin Wallace Homecoming (48869492421).jpg
BW's mascot "Stinger"

BW's school colors are officially brown and gold, though in the past they adopted burgundy and teal as well as maroon and gold for their marketing literature. [3]

The school's varsity sports teams are the Baldwin Wallace Yellow Jackets. They participate in the NCAA's Division III and the Ohio Athletic Conference. The university has long rivalries with John Carroll Blue Streaks and Mount Union Purple Raiders.

Lou Higgins Center is home to the physical education department, athletics, and recreational sports and services. The Lou Higgins Center was renovated and expanded in 2005. Beyond Varsity Athletics, Baldwin Wallace offers club sports, Intramurals, Aerobic Classes, a Fitness Center and Weight Room. Higgins Center is home to many of the athletic offices, along with Bagley Hall. Bagley Hall was originally owned by the Cleveland Browns and was used as the team's summer training facility. After the Browns left for Baltimore, the university converted the facility into a residence hall. In 2012, Bagley Hall was converted into athletic offices.

Baldwin Wallace's football team was coached by Lee Tressel, who led the team to an undefeated record in 1978, and subsequently the NCAA Division III Championship. In 2008, the athletic turf on George Finnie Stadium was renovated and named "Tressel Field" in honor of the Tressel Family.

Perhaps the most notable BW athlete from the 20th century was Harrison Dillard, the only male so far to win Olympic titles in both sprinting and hurdling events, in the 1948 Summer Olympics. The teams of the Sidney High School Yellow Jackets were named after Baldwin Wallace graduate Granville Robinson became Head Coach at Sidney High School.

In 2009, after almost 20 years of use, BW adopted a new logo and modified the mascot for the athletic teams. [43]

Notable people and alumni

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Berea, Ohio</span> City in Ohio, United States

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">WBWC</span> Radio station at Baldwin Wallace University in Berea, Ohio

WBWC – branded 88.3 FM The Sting – is a non-commercial educational college/alternative rock radio station licensed to Berea, Ohio, serving western parts of Greater Cleveland. Owned by Baldwin Wallace University, the station is operated by both faculty and students. The WBWC studios are located at Loomis Hall on the Baldwin Wallace campus in Berea, while the station transmitter resides in North Olmsted.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baldwin Wallace Conservatory of Music</span> Music school in Ohio, U.S.

The Baldwin Wallace Conservatory of Music is part of the Baldwin Wallace University, in Berea, Ohio. The main building is Kulas Hall. The Conservatory is home to the Baldwin Wallace Bach Festival, the oldest collegiate Bach Festival in the United States. The Music Theatre program, directed by Victoria Bussert, draws hundreds of auditioners each year. The instrumental programs have produced musicians; several BW alumni presently play with the Cleveland Orchestra.

Berea High School (BHS) was a high school located in Berea, Ohio, United States. It was founded in 1882 and served students in grades nine through 12. Its most recent campus, located immediately east of Baldwin Wallace University, was built in 1929. It was the first of two public high schools in the Berea City School District, along with Midpark High School, which opened in 1962. Both BHS and Midpark were closed in 2013 at the conclusion of the 2012–13 school year and were consolidated at the BHS campus to form Berea–Midpark High School. Berea's school colors were scarlet and royal blue, and its athletic teams were known as the Braves. The school's fight song was Ohio State University's "Across the Field".

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Neal Malicky was an American academic administrator served as the sixth president of Baldwin-Wallace College in Berea, Ohio from 1981 to 1999. Malicky was succeeded by Mark H. Collier in 1999. A building on the north side of BW's campus bears Malicky's name. The Neal Malicky Center for the Social Sciences was named in his honor in 2001.

Mark H. Collier was an American religious scholar and academic administrator who served as the seventh president of Baldwin-Wallace College in Berea, Ohio, from 1999 to 2006.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Durst</span> American academic administrator

Richard Durst is an academic administrator who served as the eighth and last president of Baldwin-Wallace College located in Berea, Ohio. He became president in 2006 and remained until 2012. Durst was replaced by Robert C. Helmer in July 2012 as the school converted to Baldwin Wallace University

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lee Tressel</span>

Lee Tressel was a football coach and athletic director at Baldwin–Wallace College in Berea, Ohio. Tressel accumulated the most winning record as the head football coach at Baldwin–Wallace. His 1978 team won the NCAA Division III Football Championship, achieved National Coach of that year, and in 1996 was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Baldwin (educator)</span> American educator and philanthropist

John Baldwin was an American educator, and the founder of Baldwin Institute in Berea, Ohio, which would eventually merge into Baldwin–Wallace College, now Baldwin-Wallace University. He was also the founder of Baker University and Baldwin City, Kansas, and contributed money to start schools in Bangalore, India that are today called Baldwin Boys High School, Baldwin Girls High School and Baldwin Co-Education Extension High School.

(Charles) Albert Riemenschneider was an American musician and Bach musicologist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baldwin Wallace Yellow Jackets</span> Athletic teams representing Baldwin Wallace University

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Baldwin Wallace University</span>

The history of Baldwin Wallace University dates back to 1828, when co-founder John Baldwin settled in present-day Berea, Ohio. His founding eventually established Baldwin–Wallace College. This founding of present-day Baldwin Wallace University began when Baldwin Institute was established in 1845. With the help of James Wallace, Baldwin Institute began offering college courses. Eventually, in 1863, a resolution established a separate school from Baldwin University to serve the booming local German population called German Wallace College. Originally part of Baldwin Institute, German Wallace College was established just down the road. As a result of financial hardships the schools merged in 1913, forming Baldwin-Wallace College. In 2010, several buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places combining the former Lyceum Village Square and German Wallace College to form the BW South Campus Historic District. In 2012, Baldwin-Wallace College became Baldwin Wallace University and established the BW North Campus Historic District. The Conservatory is home to the Baldwin-Wallace Bach Festival, the oldest collegiate Bach Festival and the second-oldest Bach festival in the United States honoring Johann Sebastian Bach.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baldwin-Wallace College South Campus Historic District</span> Historic district in Ohio, United States

The Baldwin-Wallace College South Campus Historic District is an area of land on the south end of the Baldwin Wallace University campus. When the district was established, the school was Baldwin-Wallace College. BW is a four-year private, coeducation, liberal arts college in Berea, Ohio, United States. The school was founded in 1845 as Baldwin Institute by Methodists settlers. Eventually the school merged with nearby German Wallace College in 1913 to become Baldwin-Wallace College, which adopted the present name in 2012. Several buildings since its founding have been established on the National Register of Historic Places, establishing this area as the Baldwin-Wallace College South Campus Historic District.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baldwin-Wallace College North Campus Historic District</span> Historic district in Ohio, United States

Baldwin-Wallace College North Campus Historic District is an area of land on the north end of the Baldwin Wallace University campus. BW is a four-year private, coeducation, liberal arts college in Berea, Ohio, United States. The school was founded in 1845 as Baldwin Institute by Methodists settlers. Eventually the school merged with nearby German Wallace College in 1913 to become Baldwin-Wallace College, which changed its name to "Baldwin Wallace University" in 2012. Several buildings since its founding have been established on the National Register of Historic Places, establishing this area as the Baldwin-Wallace College North Campus Historic District. This area is the second historic district added to the campus which includes the BW's South Campus Historic district

References

  1. ↑ As of June 30, 2020. U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. February 19, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "About Baldwin Wallace University". May 10, 2023. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
  3. 1 2 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ↑ "History at Baldwin Wallace University". February 20, 2015. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
  5. ↑ BW at Corporate College East in Warrensville Heights Archived September 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine . Bw.edu. Retrieved on 2014-08-1928.
  6. ↑ Gesink, Indira Falk (2013). Barefoot Millionaire: John Baldwin and the Founding Values of Baldwin Wallace University. Berea, Ohio: Baldwin Wallace University. p. 91.
  7. ↑ "B-W: History of Baldwin Wallace University". Archived from the original on May 2, 2007. Retrieved May 28, 2007.
  8. ↑ DuMound, Joanne Berger (February 16, 2012). "Baldwin-Wallace College becomes Baldwin Wallace University in July". Cleveland.com. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
  9. ↑ "U.S. Naval Activities, World War II, by State [Ohio]". www.ibiblio.org. Archived from the original on October 25, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  10. ↑ Berger DuMound, Joanne (February 11, 2012). "Berea's Baldwin-Wallace College will become Baldwin Wallace University". Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
  11. ↑ "Ronald Reagan: Remarks at a Republican Campaign Rally in Berea, Ohio". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
  12. ↑ Warsinskey, Tim (October 8, 2013). "Cleveland Browns history is rich at renovated Baldwin Wallace football facility". Cleveland Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
  13. ↑ Keller, Erin (April 30, 2019). "Methodist Church Saddened by Baldwin Wallace Decision to End Affiliation". WOSU Public Media. Archived from the original on March 6, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  14. ↑ Cleveland Metroparks – Plan Your Visit Archived June 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine . Clemetparks.com. Retrieved on May 19, 2012.
  15. ↑ Lyceum Square Area Added to National Historic Register. "Lyceum Square Area Added to National Historic Register". Archived from the original on May 3, 2012. Retrieved April 2, 2012.
  16. ↑ Berger (July 1, 2010). "Berea's Baldwin-Wallace to get tax credit for conservatory project". Sun news. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2012.
  17. ↑ Berger DuMound, Joanne (October 26, 2012). "Baldwin Wallace University requests buildings for national historic registry". Cleveland.com. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  18. ↑ "Cuyahoga County Planning Commission Weblog". The National Park Service added four local properties to the National Register of Historic Places Baldwin Wallace University's North Campus Historic District in Berea. Cuyahoga County Planning Commission E-mail. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  19. ↑ Peppers, Kieth. "LibGuides: Encyclopedia of Baldwin Wallace University History: Campus Locations - A". libguides.bw.edu. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
  20. ↑ B-W: Doing Well by Doing Good: B-W Launches Ohio's First Sustainability Major Archived March 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine . Bw.edu. Retrieved on May 19, 2012.
  21. ↑ B-W: Wind Turbine Furthers College Commitment to Sustainability Archived January 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine . Bw.edu. Retrieved on May 19, 2012.
  22. ↑ "BW green initiatives". First wind turbine on a college campus. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
  23. 1 2 Berger DuMound, Joanne (August 22, 2012). "Baldwin Wallace University in Berea introduces another 'green' project". Cleveland.com . Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  24. ↑ Berger DuMound, Joanne (December 24, 2012). "Baldwin Wallace University commits to solar". Cleveland.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  25. ↑ "Academics - Baldwin Wallace University". www.bw.edu. February 20, 2015. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2005.
  26. ↑ "Baldwin Wallace University". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  27. ↑ B-W: About Us Archived January 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine . Bw.edu. Retrieved on May 19, 2012.
  28. ↑ "BW at Corporate College East Facts". March 23, 2015. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
  29. ↑ "The Baldwin Wallace College Explorations/Study Abroad Center- Studying Abroad". Baldwin Wallace University. Archived from the original on September 10, 2006. Retrieved September 18, 2006.
  30. ↑ B-W: B-W Scholars Archived May 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine . Bw.edu. Retrieved on May 19, 2012.
  31. ↑ B-W: Service-learning Archived March 31, 2009, at the Wayback Machine . Bw.edu. Retrieved on May 19, 2012.
  32. ↑ "BW student union". Archived from the original on July 3, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  33. ↑ "BW SAC". Archived from the original on July 3, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  34. ↑ B-W: Residence Halls Archived August 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine . Bw.edu. Retrieved on May 19, 2012.
  35. ↑ Sun Newspapers: Haunted Kohler Archived February 27, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  36. ↑ Hetrick, Kaitlynne (October 27, 2018), "Kohler Hall, with its colorful past and structural issues, slated for demolition", The Exponent, archived from the original on April 19, 2021, retrieved December 21, 2020
  37. ↑ "B-W Student Clubs and organizations". Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
  38. ↑ B-W: Greek Life Archived June 29, 2015, at the Wayback Machine . Bw.edu. Retrieved on May 19, 2012.
  39. ↑ Assad, Mary (2008). Baldwin-Wallace College. Arcadia. p. 35.
  40. ↑ Lambda Chi Alpha Fraternity (November 2005). Paedagogus, 50th edition.
  41. ↑ B-W: Student Clubs & Organizations Archived July 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine . Bw.edu. Retrieved on May 19, 2012.
  42. ↑ History Archived February 17, 2020, at the Wayback Machine . Wbwc.com (June 9, 2009). Retrieved on May 19, 2012.
  43. ↑ B-W: Stinger Has a new Look Archived January 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine . Bw.edu. Retrieved on May 19, 2012.

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