Banksia fraseri

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Banksia fraseri
Banksia fraseri.jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Banksia
Subgenus: Banksia subg. Banksia
Series: Banksia ser. Dryandra
Species:
B. fraseri
Binomial name
Banksia fraseri
Distribution map Banksia fraseri map.png
Distribution map

Banksia fraseri is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has hairy stems, broadly linear pinnatisect leaves with between four and eighteen sharply-pointed lobes on each side, between eighty and one hundred pink to cream-coloured flowers and wedge-shaped follicles.

Contents

Description

Banksia fraseri has a variable habit, ranging from a very low, almost prostrate lignotuberous shrub in B. fraseri var. crebra and B. fraseri var. effusa, to an upright non-lignotuberous shrub up to six metres high in B. fraseri var. oxycedra. Young stems are covered in a mat of coarse hairs, but these are lost as the stems age. The leaves are from five to ten centimetres long, and eight to 40 millimetres wide; pinnatisect, with 4 to 18 narrow lobes on each side; on a petiole up to three centimetres long. [2] [3]

Flowers occur in the dome-shaped head characteristic of B. ser. Dryandra. These occur at the end of branches or on short laterals, and consist of from 80 to 100 individual densely packed together and surrounded by a short involucre of narrow, tapering bracts. The hairless tips of these bracts are quite prominent; this is a distinctive characteristic of this species. As in all Proteaceae, individual flowers consist of a tubular perianth made up of four united tepals fused with the anthers, and one long wiry pistil. The pistil end is initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts, but breaks free at anthesis. In B. fraseri, the perianth is 24–28 millimetres long, and pink to cream in colour; and the style 30–42 mm long and cream-coloured. The fruit is a woody follicle firmly embedded in the woody base of the flower head, and usually containing two winged seeds. In this species each head may set an unusually large number of follicles. [2] [3]

Taxonomy

Specimens of B. fraseri were first collected by Charles Fraser during James Stirling's 1827 expedition to explore the Swan River in what is now Western Australia. The species was described three years later in Robert Brown's Supplementum primum Prodromi florae Novae Hollandiae , and given the name Dryandra fraseri. [4] In Brown's arrangement of Dryandra, D. fraseri was placed in the subgenus Dryandra verae because it has a single seed separator per follicle. [5]

Brown's arrangement remained current until 1856, when Carl Meissner published his revision of the genus. Meissner retained D. fraseri in Brown's Dryandra verae (which had since been renamed D. sect. Eudryandra), and further placed it in a group of unspecified rank, which he named D. § Pectinatae. [6]

The 1870 arrangement of George Bentham discarded Meissner's groups, which were defined in terms of leaf shape, and thus heterogenerous. He instead placed D. fraseri in the newly erected D. ser. Armatae because of its tendency for flowers to occur terminal on a branch, and subtended by long floral leaves. [7]

A synonym, Josephia fraseri, arises from Otto Kuntze's 1891 transfer of the genus Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra) into Josephia, on the grounds that Josephia Knight had priority over DryandraR.Br.. [8] This transfer was rejected.

In 1996, Alex George published the first modern-day arrangement of Dryandra. He placed D. fraseri alone in a new series, Dryandra ser. Folliculosae, from the Latin folliculosus ("follicle") and -osus ("abundance") in reference to the unusually high number of follicles per infructescence in this species. Three varieties were recognised, the autonym D. fraseri var. fraseri; D. fraseri var. ashbyi, a demotion of Brian Laurence Burtt D. ashbyi; and a new variety, D. fraseri var. oxycedra. [9] In 2005, George described two further varieties, D. fraseri var. crebra and D. fraseri var. effusa. [10]

The placement of D. fraseri in George's arrangement of Dryandra, with 1999 [2] and 2005 [10] amendments, may be summarised as follows:

Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra)
D. subg. Dryandra
D. ser. Floribundae (1 species, 4 varieties)
D. ser. Armatae (21 species, 7 subspecies, 4 varieties)
D. ser. Marginatae (1 species)
D. ser. Folliculosae
D. fraseri (now Banksia fraseri)
D. fraseri var. fraseri (now Banksia fraseri var. fraseri)
D. fraseri var. ashbyi (now Banksia fraseri var. ashbyi)
D. fraseri var. oxycedra (now Banksia fraseri var. oxycedra)
D. fraseri var. crebra (now Banksia fraseri var. crebra)
D. fraseri var. effusa (now Banksia fraseri var. effusa)
D. ser. Acrodontae (4 species, 2 varieties)
D. ser. Capitellatae (2 species, 2 subspecies)
D. ser. Ilicinae (3 species, 2 varieties)
D. ser. Dryandra (3 species, 2 subspecies)
D. ser. Foliosae (3 species, 2 subspecies)
D. ser. Decurrentes (1 species)
D. ser. Tenuifoliae (2 species, 2 varieties)
D. ser. Runcinatae (4 species, 7 subspecies)
D. ser. Triangulares (3 species, 3 subspecies)
D. ser. Aphragma (9 species, 3 subspecies)
D. ser. Ionthocarpae (1 species, 2 subspecies)
D. ser. Inusitatae (1 species)
D. ser. Subulatae (1 species)
D. ser. Gymnocephalae (11 species, 4 subspecies, 2 varieties)
D. ser. Plumosae (3 species, 2 subspecies)
D. ser. Concinnae (3 species)
D. ser. Obvallatae (7 species, 2 varieties)
D. ser. Pectinatae (1 species)
D. ser. Acuminatae (1 species)
D. ser. Niveae
D. subg. Hemiclidia (2 species)
D. subg. Diplophragma (1 species)

George's arrangement remained current until February 2007, when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele transferred Dryandra into Banksia. They also published B. subg. Spathulatae for the Banksia taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons, thus redefining B. subg. Banksia as comprising those that do not. They were not ready, however, to tender an infrageneric arrangement encompassing Dryandra, so as an interim measure they transferred Dryandra into Banksia at series rank. This minimised the nomenclatural disruption of the transfer, but also caused George's rich infrageneric arrangement to be set aside. Thus under the interim arrangements implemented by Mast and Thiele, B. fraseri is placed in B. subg. Banksia, ser. Dryandra. [11]

Initially, Mast and Thiele overlooked the Dryandra taxa published by George in 2005, so that for a time D. fraseri var. crebra and D. fraseri var. effusa had no name under Banksia. This omission was rectified in December of that year. [12]

Distribution and habitat

Banksia fraseri ranges from Kalbarri in the north to Cranbrook in the south and as far inland as Kellerberrin. It grows in shrubland, woodland and kwongan. [9] [2] [10]

Related Research Articles

<i>Banksia lindleyana</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae from Western Australia

Banksia lindleyana, commonly known as the porcupine banksia, is a species of woody shrub in the genus Banksia of the family Proteaceae. It generally grows as a small shrub to 1 m (3 ft) high with long narrow serrated leaves, and bright yellow oval or round inflorescences. Flowering occurs in late summer, after which time the flower spikes age and turn to brown and then grey, and develop up to 70 follicles. It occurs in the vicinity of Kalbarri, Western Australia. Found on sandy soils, the plant serves as a pollinator for a variety of bird and animal species.

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Banksia nutans, commonly known as nodding banksia, is a species of shrub native to the south coast of Western Australia in the genus Banksia. Growing to a metre (3 ft) tall, it has pale blue-green fine-leaved foliage and unusual purple-brown inflorescences which hang upside down rather than grow upright like most other banksias.

<i>Banksia <span style="font-style:normal;">ser.</span> Dryandroideae</i> Series of Banksia

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<i>Banksia <span style="font-style:normal;">ser.</span> Salicinae</i> Taxonomic series in the family Proteaceae

Banksia ser. Salicinae is a valid botanic name for a series of Banksia. First published by Carl Meissner in 1856, the name has had three circumscriptions.

<i>Banksia <span style="font-style:normal;">ser.</span> Quercinae</i> Taxonomic series in the family Proteaceae

Banksia ser. Quercinae is a valid botanic name for a series of Banksia. First published by Carl Meissner in 1856, the name has had three circumscriptions.

Banksia acuminata is a rare prostrate shrub endemic to south-west Western Australia. It was published in 1848 as Dryandra preissii, but transferred into Banksia as B. acuminata in 2007.

Georges taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra 1996 arrangement of the Australian endemic plant series Dryandra in the genus Banksia

Alex George's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was the first modern-day arrangement of that taxon. First published in Nuytsia in 1996, it superseded the arrangement of George Bentham, which had stood for over a hundred years; it would later form the basis for George's 1999 treatment of Dryandra for the Flora of Australia. In accordance with contemporary thinking, George treated Dryandra as a genus, dividing it into three subgenera, the largest of which was divided into 24 series. The arrangement stood until 2007, when Dryandra was transferred into Banksia as B. ser. Dryandra. No alternative has yet been proposed.

Robert Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was the first arrangement of what is now Banksia ser. Dryandra. His initial arrangement was published in 1810, and a further arrangement, including an infrageneric classification, followed in 1830. Aspects of Brown's arrangements can be recognised in the later arrangements of George Bentham and Alex George.

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Banksia subser. Longistyles is a valid botanic name for a subseries of Banksia. It was published by Kevin Thiele in 1996, but discarded by Alex George in 1999.

<i>Banksia <span style="font-style:normal;">subser.</span> Leptophyllae</i> Subseries in the family Proteaceae

Banksia subser. Leptophyllae is a valid botanic name for a subseries of Banksia. It was published by Kevin Thiele in 1996, but discarded by Alex George in 1999.

<i>Banksia <span style="font-style:normal;">subser.</span> Sphaerocarpae</i> Subseries in the family Proteaceae

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<i>Dryandra</i> subg. <i>Dryandra</i> Obsolete subgenus within the former genus Dryandra

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<i>Dryandra</i> ser. <i>Floribundae</i> Obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra

Dryandra ser. Floribundae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra. It was first published by George Bentham in 1870, and was given a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into Banksia.

<i>Dryandra</i> ser. <i>Armatae</i> Obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra

Dryandra ser. Armatae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra. It was first published by George Bentham in 1870, and was given a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into Banksia.

<i>Dryandra</i> ser. <i>Ilicinae</i> Obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra

Dryandra ser. Ilicinae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra. It was first published by Carl Meissner in 1856, but was discarded by George Bentham in 1870. It was reinstated with a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded again in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk Dryandra into Banksia.

Dryandra ser. Plumosae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra. It was published by Alex George in 1996, but discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sank Dryandra into Banksia.

Dryandra ser. Aphragma Obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra

Dryandra ser. Aphragma is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra. It was first published at sectional rank by Robert Brown in 1830, and was retained at that rank until 1999, when Alex George demoted it to a series. It was discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sank Dryandra into Banksia.

References

  1. "Banksia fraseri". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 George, Alex S. (1999). Flora of Australia (PDF). Vol. 17B. Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra. pp. 284–285. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  3. 1 2 Cavanagh, Tony; Pieroni, Margaret (2006). The Dryandras. Melbourne: Australian Plants Society (SGAP Victoria); Perth: Wildflower Society of Western Australia. ISBN   1-876473-54-1.
  4. "Dryandra fraseri". APNI. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  5. Brown, Robert (1830). Supplementum primum Prodromi florae Novae Hollandiae. London: Typis R. Taylor. p. 39. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  6. Meissner, Carl (1856). "XLIV. Dryandra". In de Candolle, A. P. (ed.). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis . Vol. XIV. Paris: Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz. pp. 467–481.
  7. Bentham, George (1870). "Dryandra". Flora Australiensis . Vol. 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae. London: L. Reeve & Co. pp. 562–584.
  8. Kuntze, Otto (1891). Revisio Generum Plantarum: Pars II. Leipzig: Arthur Felix. p. 578.
  9. 1 2 George, Alex S. (1996). "New taxa and a new infrageneric classification in Dryandra R.Br. (Proteaceae : Grevilleoideae)". Nuytsia. 10 (3): 346–347. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  10. 1 2 3 George, Alex S. (2005). "Further new taxa in Dryandra R.Br. (Proteaceae:Grevilleoideae)" (PDF). Nuytsia. 15 (3): 339–340. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  11. Mast, Austin R.; Thiele, Kevin (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 20: 63–71. doi:10.1071/SB06016.
  12. Thiele, K. & Mast, A. R. (2007). "Further recombinations of Dryandra into Banksia". Nuytsia . 16 (2): 475.