| Battle of Arjona (1297) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Spanish Reconquista | |||||||
 Statue of Guzmán el Bueno | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Crown of Castile |  Emirate of Granada | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Guzman el Bueno Infante Henrique Pedro Pascual † | Muhammed II | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Heavy | Unknown | ||||||
The battle of Arjona was a military engagement between the Granadans and the Castilians near Arjona. The battle ended in a resounding Granadan victory.
After the defeat of Iznalloz, the Castilian knight Ruy Pérez Ponce de León succumbed to his wounds a few days later. The death of this knight weakened the power of the ruling queen, María de Molina, who invoked the loyalty of Guzman el Bueno and earnestly requested that he defend Andalusia, threatened by the Sultan of Granada. The Granadan Sultan, Muhammad II, did not cease to make incursions into Christian lands, devastating the fields and keeping the inhabitants of the border towns in constant alarm, with Arjona being one of the points that suffered the most from the attacks of the Muslims. The Queen begged Guzman to come to the front of the Christian army to punish the Moors and pacify the border. Guzman did so. [1] [2] [3]
In 1297, Guzman set out to intercept the Granadans. Guzman was joined by Infante Don Henrique, who was the uncle of Ferdinand IV. Arriving at Andújar, they received word that the cavalry of the Granadan Sultan had been camped for three days near Arjona, ravaging their fields and looting the farms and cottages. The Castilians met the Granadans at Arjona, and the fierce battle ensued. The Granadan cavalry already charged against the Castilian vanguard, broke through it, scattered it, and penetrated into the Castilian camp until they managed to knock down the Infante from his horse. [4] [5] [6]
The Infante was almost killed and was averted from death because Guzmán, seeing him in such great danger, charged against it at the head of a force and enveloping him among his own, saved him from death. The majority of the Castilians were killed, and only a few survived and were taken captives and imprisoned at Granada. Pedro Pascual, bishop of Jaén, was killed in the battle. [7] [8] [9]
Ferdinand IV of Castile called the Summoned, was King of Castile and León from 1295 until his death.
Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr, also known as Ibn al-Ahmar and by his honorific al-Ghalib billah, was the first ruler of the Emirate of Granada, the last independent Muslim state on the Iberian Peninsula, and the founder of its ruling Nasrid dynasty. He lived during a time when Iberia's Christian kingdoms—especially Portugal, Castile and Aragon—were expanding at the expense of the Islamic territory in Iberia, called Al-Andalus. Muhammad ibn Yusuf took power in his native Arjona in 1232 when he rebelled against the de facto leader of Al-Andalus, Ibn Hud. During this rebellion, he was able to take control of Córdoba and Seville briefly, before he lost both cities to Ibn Hud. Forced to acknowledge Ibn Hud's suzerainty, Muhammad was able to retain Arjona and Jaén. In 1236, he betrayed Ibn Hud by helping Ferdinand III of Castile take Córdoba. In the years that followed, Muhammad was able to gain control over southern cities, including Granada (1237), Almería (1238), and Málaga (1239). In 1244, he lost Arjona to Castile. Two years later, in 1246, he agreed to surrender Jaén and accept Ferdinand's overlordship in exchange for a 20-year truce.
María Alfonso Téllez de Meneses, known as María de Molina, was queen consort of Castile and León from 1284 to 1295 by marriage to Sancho IV of Castile, and served as regent for her minor son Ferdinand IV and later her grandson Alfonso XI of Castile (1312-1321).
Muhammad II was the second Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula, succeeding his father, Muhammad I. Already experienced in matters of state when he ascended the throne, he continued his father's policy of maintaining independence in the face of Granada's larger neighbours, the Christian kingdom of Castile and the Muslim Marinid state of Morocco, as well as an internal rebellion by his family's former allies, the Banu Ashqilula.
The Archdiocese of Pamplona and Tudela is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church located in the cities of Pamplona and Tudela in Spain.
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