Battle of the Sea of Azov

Last updated
Battle of the Sea of Azov
Part of the Eastern Front of World War II
Wkroczenie wojsk niemieckich do Taganrogu (2-949).jpg
The Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler Brigade enters burning Taganrog, October 1941
Date26 September 1941 – 11 October 1941
(2 weeks and 1 day)
Location
Result Axis victory
Belligerents
Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg  Germany
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania
Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 - 1955).svg  Soviet Union
Commanders and leaders
Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Gerd von Rundstedt
Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Erich von Manstein
Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Ewald von Kleist
Flag of Romania.svg Petre Dumitrescu
Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 - 1955).svg Semyon Timoshenko
Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 - 1955).svg Dmitry Ryabyshev
Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 - 1955).svg Yakov Cherevichenko
Units involved

Flag of Germany (1935-1945).svg Army Group South

Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 - 1955).svg Southern Front

Strength
Unknown Unknown
Casualties and losses
2,456 killed
9,699 wounded
266 missing
Total:
12,421
(21 September–10 October) [1]
106,332 captured [2]
212 tanks destroyed or captured [2]
772 guns captured [2]

The Battle of the Sea of Azov, also known as the Chernigovka pocket was an Axis military campaign fought between 26 September 1941 and 11 October 1941 on the northern shores of the Sea of Azov on the Eastern Front of World War II during Operation Barbarossa. It resulted in a complete Axis victory over the Red Army.

Contents

After destroying five Soviet armies at Kiev in late September 1941, the German Army Group South advanced east and south to capture the industrial Donbas region and the Crimea. Within days of the battle of Kiev's conclusion, the Soviet Southern Front launched an attack on 26 September with two armies on the northern shores of the Sea of Azov against elements of the German 11th Army, which was simultaneously advancing into the Crimea. After initially pushing back the Romanian 3rd Army, which fought under German command, the Soviet advance ground to a halt when the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler Brigade (LSSAH) arrived to reinforce their Axis allies. On 1 October the 1st Panzer Army under Ewald von Kleist swept south to isolate the two Soviet armies. The offensive caught the Red Army completely by surprise, forcing them to retreat on 3 October to avoid encirclement.

The Germans now attacked from the west, north, and east, cutting the Soviets off on 7 October after capturing Melitopol and Berdiansk. The Soviet 9th and 18th Armies were caught in a vise and annihilated in four days. The Soviet defeat was total; 106,332 men captured, 212 tanks destroyed or captured in the pocket alone as well as 766 artillery pieces of all types. All units of the German 11th Army and the 1st Panzer Army lost 12,421 men combined from 21 September to 10 October; actual German losses in the battle were lower as only parts of both armies fought in the battle. [2]

The death or capture of two-thirds of all Southern Front troops in four days unhinged the Front's left flank, allowing the Germans to capture Kharkov on 24 October. Kleist's 1st Panzer Army took the Donbas region that same month, while Von Manstein's 11th Army was freed to conquer Crimea with its full strength from 18 October onward.

The battle

After concluding the Battle of Kiev in September 1941, the German Army Group South advanced from the Dnieper to the Sea of Azov coast. The city of Rostov was assigned as the objective for the 11th Army now commanded by General Eugen Ritter von Schobert, however he died in a crash the same day due to landing his liaison Fieseler Storch aircraft in a minefield. To replace him, General of Infantry Erich von Manstein was ordered to travel from the Leningrad sector of the front to the extreme southern sector. He would also receive support from the 4th Luftwaffe Air Fleet.[ citation needed ]

At this time the LIV Army Corps of the 11th Army were still engaged in the Crimea, and because the Romanian forces were still engaged in the Siege of Odessa, the Army's resources for the Rostov objective were severely limited, even though Red Army troops were in retreat. For this reason, von Manstein initially replaced the LIV Corps with the smaller XXX Army Corps and XLIX Mountain Corps and ordered the LIV Corps into the first echelon in the advance to Rostov.[ citation needed ]

Late in September the 3rd Romanian Army, under the command of Lieutenant General Petre Dumitrescu, joined the 11th Army in the advance towards Rostov, but were severely depleted by the attacks of the Soviet 9th and 18th Armies on 26 September. This forced a halt to the Army's advance to safeguard its flank and obliged Von Manstein to use his only mobile reserve unit, the Leibstandarte Brigade, to shore up Romanian defences. [3]

After the LSSAH had stabilized the Romanian sector, the Soviets increased the pressure on XXX Army Corps. The Soviets did not respond to the build-up of the 1st Panzer Army on their northern flank. On 1 October the Germans started their counterattack from the north and west. The rapid advance of German armoured and motorized forces from the north compelled the Soviets to retreat on October 3. The 11th Army took up the pursuit, with the Leibstandarte's attack eliminating the Soviet 30th Rifle Division's HQ section and dispersing its subordinate formations. Melitopol was captured by III Panzer Corps on 5 October. The LSSAH reconnaissance battalion under Kurt Meyer captured Berdiansk on 6 October. The XIV motorized Army Corps under Gustav Anton von Wietersheim linked up with the Leibstandarte to encircle seven Red Army divisions in the Mariupol-Berdiansk area on October 7. Four days later the battle was over. Caught in the pocket, 150,000 troops of the 9th and 18th Army were killed or captured. The Germans took more than 106,332 prisoners, both in the pocket and during the pursuit, along with 212 tanks and 772 guns of all types. Smirnov, the 18th Army commander, was killed in action and buried with full military honours by the Germans. [2]

Aftermath

First Battle of Rostov

The assault on Rostov began on 17 November, and on 21 November the Germans took Rostov. However, the German lines were over-extended, and von Kleist's warnings that his left flank was vulnerable and that his tanks were ineffective in the freezing weather were ignored. On 27 November the Soviet 37th Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Anton Ivanovich Lopatin, as part of the Rostov Strategic Offensive Operation (17 November 1941 – 2 December 1941), counter-attacked the 1st Panzer Army's spearhead from the north, forcing them to pull out of the city. Adolf Hitler countermanded the retreat. When von Rundstedt refused to obey, Hitler sacked him, and replaced him with von Reichenau. However, von Reichenau saw at once that von Rundstedt was right and succeeded in persuading Hitler, via Franz Halder, to authorise the withdrawal, [4] and the 1st Panzer Army was forced back to the Mius River at Taganrog. It was the first significant German withdrawal of the war.[ citation needed ]

Renewed offensive

The offensive along the Azov coast was resumed in the summer of 1942, during Fall Blau . With air support from the Ju 87s of Sturzkampfgeschwader 77 , Wilhelm List's Army Group A recaptured Rostov, the "gate to the Caucasus", on 23 July 1942 relatively easily. [5]

Further South along the coast, the remaining small ports and coastal areas still in Soviet hands were captured by Romanian Cavalry. Yeysk fell to the Romanians on 8 August. The campaign came to an end on 23 August, when the Romanians captured the port of Temryuk after bitter house-to-house fighting against Soviet naval infantry. As Romanian troops entered the last Soviet-held Azov port, the main warships of the Soviet Azov Flotilla were scuttled to avoid capture: gunboats Bug, Don and Dniester (each of 840 tons and armed with two 130 mm guns). [6]

With the Sea of Azov secured, the Axis proceeded to launch a massive amphibious operation (Fall Blücher) in a bid to wipe out Soviet resistance on the Taman Peninsula and open the sea route to the Crimea. [7]

Related Research Articles

<i>Waffen-SS</i> Military branch of the Nazi SS

The Waffen-SS was the combat branch of the Nazi Party's paramilitary Schutzstaffel (SS) organisation. Its formations included men from Nazi Germany, along with volunteers and conscripts from both German-occupied Europe and unoccupied lands. It was disbanded in May 1945.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erich von Manstein</span> German field marshal (1887–1973)

Fritz Erich Georg Eduard von Manstein was a German Generalfeldmarschall in the Heer (Army) of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was subsequently convicted of war crimes and sentenced to 18 years imprisonment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Third Battle of Kharkov</span> 1943 series of battles on the Eastern Front of World War II


The Third Battle of Kharkov was a series of battles on the Eastern Front of World War II, undertaken by Nazi Germany's Army Group South against the Soviet Red Army, around the city of Kharkov between 19 February and 15 March 1943. Known to the German side as the Donets Campaign, and in the Soviet Union as the Donbass and Kharkov operations, the German counterstrike led to the recapture of the cities of Kharkov and Belgorod.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist</span> German field marshal during World War II

Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist was a German Generalfeldmarschall of the Wehrmacht during World War II. Born into the Prussian noble family von Kleist, Kleist entered the Prussian Army in 1900 and commanded a cavalry squadron during World War I. Kleist joined the Reichswehr of inter-war Germany before being discharged in 1938.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Winter Storm</span> German offensive in World War II

Operation Winter Storm, a German offensive in December 1942 during World War II, involved the German 4th Panzer Army failing to break the Soviet encirclement of the German 6th Army during the Battle of Stalingrad.

Army Group A was the name of three distinct army groups of the Heer, the ground forces of the Wehrmacht, during World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler</span> German armored division from 1933 to 1945

The 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler or SS Division Leibstandarte, abbreviated as LSSAH, began as Adolf Hitler's personal bodyguard unit, responsible for guarding the Führer's person, offices, and residences. Initially the size of a regiment, the LSSAH eventually grew into an elite division-sized unit during World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)</span> Nazi German offensive on the Eastern Front of World War II

The siege of Sevastopol, also known as the defence of Sevastopol or the Battle of Sevastopol, was a military engagement that took place on the Eastern Front of the Second World War. The campaign was fought by the Axis powers of Germany and Romania against the Soviet Union for control of Sevastopol, a port in Crimea on the Black Sea. On 22 June 1941, the Axis invaded the Soviet Union during Operation Barbarossa, with Axis land forces reaching the Crimean peninsula in the autumn of 1941 and overrunning most of the area. The only objective not in Axis hands was Sevastopol. Several attempts were made to secure the city in October and November 1941. A major attack was planned for late November, but heavy rains delayed it until 17 December 1941. Under the command of Erich von Manstein, Axis forces were unable to capture Sevastopol during this first operation. Soviet forces launched an amphibious landing on the Crimean peninsula at Kerch in December 1941 to relieve the siege and force the Axis to divert forces to defend their gains. The operation saved Sevastopol for the time being, but the bridgehead in eastern Crimea was eliminated in May 1942.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Case Blue</span> 1942 German plan to further invade the Soviet Union following Operation Barbarossa

Case Blue was the Wehrmacht's plan for the 1942 strategic summer offensive in southern Russia between 28 June and 24 November 1942, during World War II. The objective was to capture the oil fields of Baku, Grozny and Maikop for two purposes: to enable the Germans to re-supply their low fuel stock and also to deny their use to the Soviet Union, thereby bringing about the complete collapse of the Soviet war effort.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Rostov (1941)</span> 1941 battle on the Eastern Front of World War II

The Battle of Rostov (1941) took place on the Eastern Front of World War II around Rostov-on-Don and was fought between Army Group South of Nazi Germany and the Southern Front of the Soviet Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Little Saturn</span> Soviet attack on German holdouts

Operation Little Saturn was a Red Army offensive on the Eastern Front of World War II that led to battles in Don and Chir rivers region in German-occupied Soviet Union territory in 16–30 December 1942.

The 1st Panzer Army was a German tank army that was a large armoured formation of the Wehrmacht during World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">I SS Panzer Corps</span> German armoured corps during World War II

The I SS Panzer Corps was a German armoured corps of the Waffen-SS. It saw action on both the Western and Eastern Fronts during World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hans Graf von Sponeck</span> German general

Hans Emil Otto Graf von Sponeck was a German general during World War II who was imprisoned for disobeying orders and later executed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of the Caucasus</span> Series of Axis and Soviet operations on the Eastern Front of WWII

The Battle of the Caucasus was a series of Axis and Soviet operations in the Caucasus as part of the Eastern Front of World War II. On 25 July 1942, German troops captured Rostov-on-Don, opening the Caucasus region of the southern Soviet Union to the Germans and threatening the oil fields beyond at Maikop, Grozny, and ultimately Baku. Two days prior, Adolf Hitler had issued a directive to launch an operation into the Caucasus named Operation Edelweiß. German units would reach their high water mark in the Caucasus in early November 1942, getting as far as the town of Alagir and city of Ordzhonikidze, some 610 km from their starting positions. Axis forces were compelled to withdraw from the area later that winter as Operation Little Saturn threatened to cut them off.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">11th Army (Wehrmacht)</span> Unit of the German Army in the Eastern Front of World War II

The 11th Army was a World War II field army.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dnieper–Carpathian offensive</span> 1944 Soviet offensive on the Eastern Front of WW2

The Dnieper–Carpathian offensive, also known in Soviet historical sources as the Liberation of Right-bank Ukraine, was a strategic offensive executed by the Soviet 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Ukrainian Fronts, along with the 2nd Belorussian Front, against the German Army Group South, Army Group A and elements of Army Group Center, and fought from late December 1943 to early May 1944. The battles in right-bank Ukraine and in the Crimea were the most important event of the 1944 winter-spring campaign on the Eastern Front.

The LIV Army Corps was a Wehrmacht army corps during World War II. It was formed in June 1941. After February 1944, it was upgraded to a command equivalent in rank but not in name to an army, something that the Wehrmacht dubbed an army detachment. It operated under the following names:

The Donbas Operation was a frontline defensive operation of the Soviet Red Army in the territory of Donbas on the Eastern Front of the Second World War in Europe. It was an integral part of the Donbas–Rostov Strategic Defensive Operation.

The Donbas–Rostov Strategic Defensive Operation was a defensive operation of the Southern Front and the left wing of the South–Western Front of the Red Army on the territory of Donbas during the World War II. During it, the Donbas and Rostov front–line defensive operations were carried out.

References

Citations

  1. "1941". Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Liedtke 2016, p. 149.
  3. Werner Haupt, Army Group South: The Wehrmacht in Russia 1941-1945, pp. 87-91
  4. Clark, Alan (1965). Barbarossa: The Russian-German Conflict 1941–45; p. 178
  5. Hayward (2001), p. 145.
  6. Robert Forczyk, The Caucasus 1942–43: Kleist’s race for oil
  7. Malcolm H. Murfett, Naval Warfare 1919–45: An Operational History of the Volatile War at Sea, p. 203

Bibliography